伯胺N1923萃取一元有机酸的研究

考察了伯胺Ｎ１９２３对甲酸、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸以氯乙酸、二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸等一元有机酸的萃取、萃取反应属离子缔合机理,有机相中主要生成１：１的萃合物。探讨了有机酸种类、稀释剂性质、温度和无机盐等对萃取的影响。     

二元有机酸的络合萃取研究

研究了磷酸三丁酯（ＴＢＰ）和甲基异丁基酮（ＭＩＢＫ）对乙二酸,丙二酸,丁二酸和己二酸等二元有机酸的萃取及其影响因素。结果表明,萃取反应为中性络合萃取机理,有机相中生成１：２的萃合物;空腔效应,偶极作用和氢键等是影响萃取性能的主要因素;稀释剂,无机盐,温度及二元有机酸结构等对萃取性能都有重要影响。     

磷酸三丁醌（TBP）对苯酚的络合萃取

基于可逆络合反应的萃取分离方法极性有机物稀溶液具有高效性和高选择性，本文系统进行了磷酸三丁酯（ＴＢＰ）对苯酚稀溶液的络合萃取的实验研究，负载有机相的红外谱图分析表明，ＴＢＰ与苯酚通过氢键缔合形成萃合物，以ＴＢＰ－煤油为萃取剂对工业含酚废水进行了萃取平衡和错流萃取实验，讨论了其应用的可能性及开发新的有效的络合萃取剂的途径。     

有机酸与表面活性剂联合作用对土壤重金属的浸提效果研究

重金属污染土壤的原位淋洗修复既要实现对重金属的高效去除,还要尽量减少对土壤性质的破坏,这一点在农业污染土壤修复中尤为重要。以张士污灌区农田土壤为研究对象,利用振荡浸提技术筛选有机酸和表面活性剂组合,并确定了两者联合淋洗修复污染土壤的最佳配比。结果表明：有机酸（酒石酸、乙酸、柠檬酸和苹果酸）中的酒石酸浓度为0.5 mol.L-1和表面活性剂（SDBS、鼠李糖和皂素）中的皂素质量分数为0.7%时对土壤Cd、Pb、Zn的浸提效果较好;在酒石酸与皂素体积配比为1∶1时,对重金属Cd、Pb、Zn浸提效果最好,浸提率分别为87.62%、36.30%、20.67%;单一有机酸、表面活性剂或者有机酸与表面活性剂的混合溶液,对土壤重金属的浸提效果均为Cd〉Pb〉Zn。虽然有机酸与表面活性剂联合浸提效果略低于酒石酸浸提,但其弱酸性对土壤性质影响较小,在原位淋洗修复工程中有较好的应用前景。     

小球藻对水中有机酸类稀土配合物的富集

通过ＭＩＮＴＥＱＡ２程序研究了稀土有机酸类配合物在小球藻中的生物富集作用，结果表明：富集作用可用表面配合模型（ＳｕｒｆａｃｅＣｏｏｒｄｉｎａｔｉｏｎＭｏｄｅｌ）来解释，对同一稀土而言，其富集能力的大小与其有机酸１：１配合物的稳定常数呈负相关，稀土一ＥＤＴＡ，ＮＴＡ〉Ｃｉｔｒａｔｅ，Ｔａｒｔｒａｔｅ的配合物在小球藻中的富集能力小于相应的稀土离子，而稀土而与Ａｃｅｔａｔｅ的配合物要大于相应的稀土离子。     

有机磺酸类化合物的络合萃取研究

本文以三烷基胺为络合剂,正辛醇,煤油,氯仿,四氯化碳等为稀释剂,测定了络合萃取剂对于对甲基苯磺酸,磺基水杨酸稀溶液的相平衡分配系数,讨论了稀释剂,体系ＰＨ值和７３０１络合剂含量对萃取相平衡分配系数Ｄ值的影响,确定了形成的萃合物的组成。     

不同耐铝型小麦品种苹果酸分泌差异与有机酸代谢关系研究

铝胁迫下不同耐铝型植物有机酸分泌存在显著差异,有机酸主要在三羧酸循环途径中产生,但目前有机酸分泌差异与有机酸代谢关系还不是很清楚。以耐铝型小麦Triticum aestivum L.品种ET8和铝敏感型小麦品种ES8为材料,研究了铝胁迫对不同耐铝小麦品种根内源苹果酸含量及磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸脱氢酶（PEPC）,柠檬酸合成酶（CS）和苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）等酶活性的影响。结果表明：铝处理（0、25、50、100μmol.L-1）对内源苹果酸含量无显著影响,相同处理条件下ET8和ES8间亦无显著差异,分别为每根尖（0.48±0.01）、（0.46±0.03）、（0.57±0.02）、（0.52±0.02）nmol和（0.45±0.02）、（0.51±0.09）、（0.51±0.11）、（0.54±0.04）nmol;同无铝处理相比,50或100μmol.L-1铝处理显著促进ET8和ES8根尖细胞PEPC活性升高,但各铝浓度处理对CS和MDH活性无显著影响;相同处理条件下ET8和ES8根尖细胞PEPC,CS和MDH 3种酶活性均无显著差异。综上所述,铝胁迫下不同耐铝小麦品种根苹果酸分泌差异与内源苹果酸含量及有机酸代谢无关。     

含酚废水中有机酸的气相色谱测定

本文报导从复杂的高浓度废水,特别是含高浓度酚的废水中分离测定有机酸的气相色谱分析方法。利用有机酸和酚在酸性上的差别,在水溶滚中加入适量的碳酸氢钠,用二氧甲烷萃取,有机酸留在水相,而酚类进入有机相.在水相中的羧酸用乙醚萃取,或经甲醇-硫酸甲酯化处理,得到羧酸酯类化合物,再用乙醚萃取.然后将萃取液进行气相色谱或色-质谱测定。 采用正交设计试验选择了最佳衍生化条件.一元羧酸和二元羧酸衍生化的收率分别为64—98%和60—91％.用本方法检出煤气化废水中的羧酸类化合物四十余种,并进行了定量测定.     

有机酸与表面活性剂联合作用对土壤重金属的浸提效果研究

重金属污染土壤的原位淋洗修复既要实现对重金属的高效去除,还要尽量减少对土壤性质的破坏,这一点在农业污染土壤修复中尤为重要。以张士污灌区农田土壤为研究对象,利用振荡浸提技术筛选有机酸和表面活性剂组合,并确定了两者联合淋洗修复污染土壤的最佳配比。结果表明:有机酸(酒石酸、乙酸、柠檬酸和苹果酸)中的酒石酸浓度为0.5 mol.L-1和表面活性剂(SDBS、鼠李糖和皂素)中的皂素质量分数为0.7%时对土壤Cd、Pb、Zn的浸提效果较好;在酒石酸与皂素体积配比为1∶1时,对重金属Cd、Pb、Zn浸提效果最好,浸提率分别为87.62%、36.30%、20.67%;单一有机酸、表面活性剂或者有机酸与表面活性剂的混合溶液,对土壤重金属的浸提效果均为Cd>Pb>Zn。虽然有机酸与表面活性剂联合浸提效果略低于酒石酸浸提,但其弱酸性对土壤性质影响较小,在原位淋洗修复工程中有较好的应用前景。     

南昌前湖区域夏季降水中低分子有机酸的分布与来源

2020年5—9月，共采集南昌前湖区域20个降水事件的88个分段降水样品，测定降水中3种低分子有机酸(甲酸、乙酸、草酸)和4种无机阴离子(Cl^-、NO₂^-、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-)浓度，分析讨论降水有机酸的分布、来源，定量解析云下冲刷、云水对降水有机酸的贡献.结果表明，降水中甲酸、乙酸、草酸占所测定阴离子总量的16%，降水有机酸与无机酸总量的月变化呈相反趋势；长降水事件的降水有机酸浓度在降水进程中呈现先逐渐降低，到降雨末期趋于平稳或稍稍反升的变化特征；降水进程中，云下冲刷对降水中3种有机酸的贡献率逐渐减小，而云水对其贡献率逐渐增大，降雨前期，云下冲刷为降水中有机酸根的主要来源，降雨后期，以云水贡献为主；前期降水中3种有机酸两两之间的相关性比末期降水中的弱，降水中草酸与SO₄^2-的相关性较甲、乙酸与SO₄^2-的相关性强，反映降水中草酸受二次污染影响大；...     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture