荆马河沉积物的生物毒性及其农田利用

本文论述了荆马河沉积物的污染状况,对其生物毒性进行分析评估,并探讨了该沉积物农田利用的适宜性,提出了农业综合利用底泥的有效途径及相应采取的措施。     

沉积物疏浚技术在富营养化湖泊修复中的应用

沉积物疏浚是削减富营养化湖泊内源负荷的最为直接和有效的手段.分析了沉积物疏浚的效果和可能引起的风险;从外源污染、作业区域和深度、沉水植物3个方面探讨了影响沉积物疏浚效果的关键因素.最后指出,富营养化湖泊沉积物疏浚的重要原则是截断外源污染、划分作业区域、合理控制挖掘深度、创造适宜生境、恢复沉水植物、重构生态系统等.     

水体沉积物毒性鉴别与评价研究进展

综述了水体沉积物毒性鉴别与评价的主流方法以及研究进展,指出毒性测试和致毒因子鉴别方法是限制水体沉积物污染生态风险评价的关键因素,认为发展和应用以生物标记物和生物效应为导向,尤其是各种具有污染专一性指示作用的生物效应标志测试方法的建立和应用,并结合具有选择性的样品分级技术和先进的仪器进行定性定量分析,将是以生物效应为导向、以化学分析为基础的复杂水体沉积物毒性鉴别与评价的重要发展方向.     

大宝山矿区水体和沉积物中重金属的污染评价

分别于丰水期和枯水期对广东省大宝山矿区铁龙拦泥坝至凉桥河段水体中溶解态的重金属进行了调查,应用EPA推荐的健康风险评价模型发现,水体中非致癌物通过饮水途径所导致平均个人年风险排列顺序是Cu〉Pb〉Zn,最大值的平均个人年风险在丰水期和枯水期的平均值分别是2.14×10-7 a-1和4.13×10-7 a-1,小于国际防辐射委员会（ICRP）推荐的最大可接受平均个人年风险5.0×10-5a-1。致癌物Cd的平均个人年风险在丰水期和枯水期的平均值分别是3.52×10-4 a-1和4.53×10-4 a-1,大于ICRP推荐的最大可接受值,同时也大于非致癌物3～4个数量级。另外,通过对枯水期沉积物的重金属总量分析,发现凉桥槽对坑支流受水体pH的影响,导致其沉积物重金属的浓度最高。根据Long和Macdonald利用生物效应数据库法建立的沉积物质量基准,发现除冷水泾外,其他采样点的平均效应中值指数（mERMQ）值都大于1.5,可见沉积物中的重金属会对当地底栖生物产生毒害作用。     

鄱阳湖沉积物重金属质量基准研究及其生态风险评估

为有效保护鄱阳湖流域水环境质量和水生态系统健康,对鄱阳湖19个采样点的表层沉积物样品及其孔隙水中的4种典型重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd)含量及赋存形态进行了测定,利用相平衡分配法(EqPA)初步探讨了沉积物重金属质量基准,并以此为评价标准,采用潜在生态风险指数法对鄱阳湖沉积物重金属生态风险进行评估。基于物种敏感度分布(SSD)法确立的重金属水质基准,建立沉积物重金属质量基准低值(SQC-L,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的SQC-L分别为57.37、49.40、98.51、2.74mg/kg)和高值(SQC-H,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的SQC-H分别为140.86、710.45、189.06、47.20mg/kg),经过对比分析,推荐采用SQC-H和SQC-L为鄱阳湖流域沉积物重金属质量基准。以SQC-L为评价标准,采用潜在生态风险指数法,对鄱阳湖19个采样点的生态风险进行评估,发现鄱阳湖流域受到了一定程度重金属污染,主要集中在南部湖区,具有一定的生态风险。     

等浓度配比法研究苯酚、硝基苯和问硝基苯胺对发光菌的联合毒性作用

分别测定了苯酚、硝基苯和间硝基苯胺对发光菌的单一毒性，以及等浓度配比和等毒性配比的二元及三元混合体系的联合毒性，采用相加指数法对其联合效应进行了评价。结果表明，等浓度比和等毒性比混合体系的联合作用结果一致：苯酚＋间硝基苯胺二元体系为协同作用，其他各体系为相加作用。为简化联合毒性实验方法，建议在研究相关系列化合物的联合毒性作用机制中，可采用等浓度配比方法。     

丙烯腈废水及几种处理工艺出水的毒性

分别利用小麦、发光菌毒性测试技术研究了模拟丙烯腈废水以及几种处理工艺出水对小麦芽伸长、根伸长、发芽率和发光菌发光度的毒性效应差异。结果表明,丙烯腈对小麦芽伸长的毒性影响最大;各类物质对小麦根伸长和发芽率并未造成毒性影响;其他物质对发光菌发光度的毒性最大。模拟废水对小麦芽伸长、根伸长、发芽率和发光菌发光度的毒性效应分别为:部分相加、部分相加、协同和拮抗作用。几种处理工艺出水对上述指标的毒性影响顺序依次是:模拟废水加成出水活性炭吸附出水Fenton法出水;Fenton法出水模拟废水加成出水活性炭吸附出水;Fenton法出水活性炭吸附出水模拟废水加成出水;活性炭吸附出水加成出水Fenton法出水模拟废水。比较几种处理工艺出水的毒性发现,几乎每种废水的毒性都有所降低,这说明几种处理工艺能有效降低模拟废水的毒性,具有深刻的实际指导意义。     

水丝蚓生物扰动对沉积物磷释放的影响

研究了不同投放密度和不同环境条件下水丝蚓的生物扰动对沉积物磷释放的影响.研究表明,水丝蚓的生物扰动作用对沉积物磷释放有明显的促进作用,与未投放水丝蚓的空白组相比,当水丝蚓密度为1 ind./cm2和2 ind./cm2时,上覆水中总磷的平均浓度分别提高了190%和230%.温度的提高,会加大水丝蚓生物扰动对磷释放的影响...     

含氮杂环化合物吡啶的缺氧降解和毒性削减研究

运用摇瓶试验,研究了含氮杂环化合物吡啶的缺氧降解情况、毒性削减规律以及它们之间的关系。结果表明,在吡啶缺氧降解过程中,有利于废水毒性削减的C／N比为8左右;废水中主要致毒物质为吡啶和亚硝酸盐,且亚硝酸盐的毒性大于吡啶的毒性,两者的联合为毒性相加作用;在整个吡啶降解过程中,废水毒性与吡啶降解和亚硝酸盐的产生有着直接联系,毒性削减时间长短与吡啶初始浓度有关。     

湖泊底泥环保疏浚技术研究展望

湖泊底泥疏浚是清除湖泊内源污染(主要是污染底泥)的有效措施之一。在总结和分析湖泊底泥环保疏浚技术特点的基础上,综述了30多年来国内外湖泊底泥环保疏浚工程概况、环保疏浚设备的研制现状、取得的成果及存在的问题,同时结合国外环保疏浚技术研究的发展状况,探讨了中国环保疏浚技术的未来发展趋势。     

Characterization of heavy metal concentrations in the sediments of three freshwater rivers in Huludao City, Northeast China

Wuli River, Cishan River, and Lianshan River are three freshwater rivers flowing through Huludao City, in a region of northeast China strongly affected by industrialization. Contamination assessment has never been conducted in a comprehensive way. For the first time, the contamination of three rivers impacted by different sources in the same city was compared. This work investigated the distribution and sources of Hg, Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu in the surface sediments of Wuli River, Cishan River, and Lianshan River, and assessed heavy metal toxicity risk with the application of two different sets of Sediment Quality Guideline (SQG) indices (effect range low/effect range median values, ERL/ERM; and threshold effect level/probable effect level, TEL/PEL). Furthermore, this study used a toxic unit approach to compare and gauge the individual and combined metal contamination for Hg, Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu. Results showed that Hg contamination in the sediments of Wuli River originated from previous sediment contamination of the chlor-alkali producing industry, and Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu contamination was mainly derived from atmospheric deposition and unknown small pollution sources. Heavy metal contamination to Cishan River sediments was mainly derived from Huludao Zinc Plant, while atmospheric deposition, sewage wastewater and unknown small pollution were the primary sources for Lianshan River. The potential acute toxicity in sediment of Wuli River may be primarily due to Hg contamination. Hg is the major toxicity contributor, accounting for 53.3-93.2%, 7.9-54.9% to total toxicity in Wuli River and Lianshan River, respectively, followed by Cd. In Cishan River, Cd is the major sediment toxicity contributor, however, accounting for 63.2-66.9% of total toxicity.     

Behaviour of pharmaceuticals in spiked lake sediments - effects and interactions with benthic invertebrates

The behaviour and effects of atorvastatin (ATO), carbamazepine (CBZ), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) were investigated in spiked lake sediments, at concentrations up to 56.5 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight (dw), with the benthic invertebrates Chironomus dilutus and Hyalella azteca. Desorption constants were calculated in the presence and absence of animals, using linear isotherms, yielding K_d values of 28.2, 189.0 and 125.1 L kg⁻¹ (ATO), 73.7, 201.7 and 263.2 L kg⁻¹ (CBZ), and 114.9, 114.2 and 519.2 L kg⁻¹ (EE2) for C. dilutus, H. azteca, and without animals, respectively. For ATO and CBZ, K_d values were smaller in the presence of C. dilutus, indicating greater desorption to the overlying water from bioturbation, which is consistent with the predominantly benthic occurrence of C. dilutus compared to H. azteca. In contrast, due to its greater hydrophobicity, bioturbation did not significantly affect desorption of EE2. No significant toxicity was observed, indicating decreased bioavailability of the chemicals sorbed to sediments compared with water-only toxicity assays.     

Incorporating bioavailability into management limits for copper in sediments contaminated by antifouling paint used in aquaculture

Although now well embedded within many risk-based sediment quality guideline (SQG) frameworks, contaminant bioavailability is still often overlooked in assessment and management of contaminated sediments. To optimise management limits for metal contaminated sediments, we assess the appropriateness of a range methods for modifying SQGs based on bioavailability considerations. The impairment of reproduction of the amphipod, Melita plumulosa, and harpacticoid copepod, Nitocra spinipes, was assessed for sediments contaminated with copper from antifouling paint, located below aquaculture cages. The measurement of dilute acid-extractable copper (AE-Cu) was found to provide the most useful means for monitoring the risks posed by sediment copper and setting management limits. Acid-volatile sulfide was found to be ineffective as a SQG-modifying factor as these organisms live mostly at the more oxidised sediment water interface. SQGs normalised to %-silt/organic carbon were effective, but the benefits gained were too small to justify this approach. The effectiveness of SQGs based on AE-Cu was attributed to a small portion of the total copper being present in potentially bioavailable forms (typically <10% of the total). Much of the non-bioavailable form of copper was likely present as paint flakes in the form of copper (I) oxide, the active ingredient of the antifoulant formulation. While the concentrations of paint-associated copper are very high in some sediments, as the transformation of this form of copper to AE-Cu appears slow, monitoring and management limits should assess the more bioavailable AE-Cu forms, and further efforts be made to limit the release of paint particles into the environment.     

Runoff effect on eutrophic lake water quality and heavy metal distribution in recent littoral sediment

Multivariate statistical methods (hierarchical clustering analysis: HCA, and principal component analysis: PCA) were used to study the influence of runoff and other diffuse pollution sources on lake water chemistry of Hough Park lake in Central Missouri. In addition, heavy metal concentrations in lake littoral sediment were evaluated for enrichment and probable ecological risk. The abundance of macronutrients in the lake water column followed the order: Ca > Mg > TIC > K > Na > S > NO₃ - N > Fe > NH₃ - N > TP. Heavy metal concentrations in the lake water column were below acute and chronic level ecological guidelines. TN:TP ratios (range: 4.1-6.8) revealed nitrogen limitation of algal and other photosynthetic plant growth. The HCA showed two major clusters of similarity between the sampling points suggesting different pollution levels for the clusters. PCA 1, 2 and 3 reflected the influence of natural biochemical processes, atmospheric deposition and runoff respectively on lake water chemistry. The abundance of heavy metals and the normalizing element (Li) in littoral sediment (<63 μm fraction) samples analyzed in decreasing order were: Mn > Zn > Cr > Ni > Li > Cu > Pb > Cd > Hg. The average concentration of Cr, Mn and Ni in littoral sediment fraction exceeded the respective lowest effects level (LEL) threshold limit. Metal bioavailability in sediment fraction was low since the most labile metal species contained between 0% and 11% of the total metal content. Using the risk assessment code (RAC) criteria, only Mn posed a medium risk to the lake system.     

Organochlorinated pesticides in sediments from the Lake Albufera of Valencia (Spain)

Bottom sediment samples from 121 sites of the Lake Albufera of Valencia were analyzed. Dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor and op′-DDT were not detected (<0.01 ng g⁻¹) in 88–93% of the sites. Aldrin and HCB concentration ranges were between <0.01 and 0.1 ng g⁻¹ in 86% and 94% of the sites, respectively. Heptachlor-epoxide and lindane 95% confidence intervals were 0.2–0.5 and 0.06–0.12, respectively. The greatest average concentration corresponds to pp′-DDE, pp′-DDD and pp′-DDT. The sum of six isomers and derivatives of the DDT average concentration reaches 2.1 ng g⁻¹, as opposed to 2.7 ng g⁻¹ for the sum of 13 pesticides considered. In the site with a major contamination, 27.0 ng g⁻¹ of pp′-DDD and 12.8 ng g⁻¹ of pp′-DDT were accumulated. The DDE:DDT proportion average was 0.37, indicating an aged DDT contamination. Concentrations of pesticides in sediments were compared to three sediment quality guidelines, and indicated that a low biological effects level can be expected in either sediments or aquatic organisms.     

Sources and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Spanish northern continental shelf. Assessment of spatial and temporal trends

The distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was determined in surface sediments collected at 36 stations along the Spanish Northern continental shelf in March and September 2003, and February 2005. Concentrations of PAHs (Σ13 parent components) were in the range of 22-47528 μg/kg dw, the highest values corresponding to coastal urban-industrial hotspots and decreasing offshore. Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) showed that concentrations of total PAHs were below the threshold effect level (TEC) in 27 stations (81%) and above in 7, two of which (Gijon and Bilbao) were above the probable effect concentration (PEC). The detailed study of diagnostic ratios suggested a rather uniform mixture of petrogenic and pyrolytic PAH sources along the continental shelf, with a slight decrease of the latter moving westwards and offshore. In order to assess the incidence of sediment sampling on the variability of the results, selected stations were also monitored in February and September 2004 and September 2005. The average field variance of the values obtained for each station was 31% that decreased to 23% when the values were normalized to TOC.     

溶解氧对河流底泥中三氮释放的影响

作为内源污染的底泥沉积物中营养物的释放引起了越来越多的关注。通过大型静态土柱模拟实验,研究氮在上覆水和孔隙水中的分布特性和释放特性。在控制氧气条件、底泥有机质含量和粒径大小的条件下,连续观测氨态氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮的浓度及其垂向分布特性。结果发现：时间分布上,通氧条件明显影响水体底泥中三氮释放与反硝化作用达到平衡的时间;垂向分布上,三期实验的上覆水的无机氮以氨态氮为主,不同的通氧条件下,各柱的孔隙水的三氮浓度比上覆水高,且三氮在沉积物中随深度增加而增加;氨态氮和硝态氮浓度则以孔隙水的为高,随深度增加而增加;低溶解氧水平加快底泥释放氨氮速度和增大释放量。     

Distribution and ecological risk of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments from the Mediterranean coastal environment of Egypt

Organochlorine contamination in the Mediterranean coastal environment of Egypt was assessed based on 26 surface sediments samples collected from several locations on the Egyptian coast, including harbors, coastal lakes, bays, and estuaries. The distribution and potential ecological risk of contaminants is described. Organochlorine compounds (OCs) were widely distributed in the coastal environment of Egypt. Concentrations of PCBs, DDTs, and chloropyrifos ranged from 0.29 to 377 ng g⁻¹ dw, 0.07 to 81.5 ng g⁻¹ dw, and below the detection limit (DL) to 288 ng g⁻¹ dw, respectively. Other organochlorinated pesticides (OCP) studied were 1–2 orders of magnitude lower. OCP and PCBs had higher concentrations at Burullus Lake, Abu Qir Bay, Alexandria Eastern Harbor, and El Max Bay compared to other sites. OCP and PCB contamination is higher in the vicinity of possible input sources such as shipping, industrial activities and urban areas. PCB congener profiles indicated they were derived from more than one commercially available mixture. The ratios of commercial chlordane and heptachlor metabolites indicate historical usage; however, DDT and HCHs inputs at several locations appear to be from recent usage. The concentrations of PCBs and DDTs are similar to those observed in sediments from coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Ecotoxicological risk from DDTs and PCBs is greatest in Abu Qir Bay, Alexandria Harbor, and El-Max Bay.