金属冶炼进口物料的固体废物鉴别方法

建立了金属冶炼进口物料的固体废物鉴别方法,并利用该方法对海关查扣的3种金属冶炼进口物料进行了固体废物鉴别。鉴别结果显示:物料1、2和3的自然属性分别为砷含量超标铜精矿、锰阳极泥、回转窑氧化锌,产生来源分别为有害物质超标的产品、污染控制设施产生的物质、有意识加工的目标产物;物料1和2属于我国禁止进口的固体废物,物料3不属于固体废物。本文建立的固体废物鉴别方法可行,可为金属冶炼进口物料的固体废物鉴别和监管提供参考。     

进口初级产物类物品的固体废物属性鉴别研究

利用红外光谱、气相色谱/质谱联用、液相色谱/质谱联用、核磁共振波谱、原子发射光谱、凝胶渗透色谱、X-射线荧光光谱等多种分析方法,剖析了申报进口的一个未知有机物品的组分、含量和理化指标;阐述了进口物品的产生来源,探讨了其固体废物属性。结果表明,样品不属于固体废物。呈现了一个以回收物料为原料加工的未知有机初级产物固体废物属性鉴别的全过程,为从事进口固体废物相关的人员提供参考,另外,初级产物固体废物属性鉴别非常复杂,建议制定详细的鉴别标准。     

某未知含铜物料固体废物属性鉴别研究

以一批含铜物料为例,通过外观、化学分析、X射线荧光光谱和X射线衍射光谱等分析手段,结合样品物理、化学等特性,对该物品的属性进行鉴别研究。     

关于发布《进口废物管理目录》(2017年)的公告 公告2017年 第39号

正根据《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》《控制危险废物越境转移及其处置巴塞尔公约》《固体废物进口管理办法》和有关法律法规,环境保护部、商务部、发展改革委、海关总署、质检总局对现行的《禁止进口固体废物目录》《限制进口类可用作原料的固体废物目录》和《非限制进口类可用作原料的固体废物目录》进行了调整和修订:将来自生活源的废塑料(8个品种)、未经分拣的废纸(1个品种)、废纺织原料(11个品种)、钒渣(4个品种)等4类24种固体废物,从《限制进口类可用作原料的固体废物目     

某未知含铁物料固体废物属性鉴别研究

以一批含铁物料为例,采用化学分析方法、x射线荧光光谱及X射线衍射等分析方法,结合样品的物理、化学等特性,对该物品的属性进行鉴别研究.     

进口固体废物原料相关问题探讨

近年来我国进口固体废物原料贸易发展迅速,针对进口固体废物原料相关政策体制、环保及贸易方面常见的问题进行分析和探讨,并提出相应建议。     

进口旧机电固体废物属性鉴别体系研究

随着我国工业化水平发展和环境保护工作的强化,我国对于固体废物的管理日趋严格。2020年,《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》进行了修订,根据该法律要求,我国于2021年全面禁止进口固体废物,固体废物属性鉴别的工作要求进一步加强。为更准确地把握进口旧机电固体废物属性鉴别的评判标准,统一评判尺度,分析了进口旧机电固体废物属性鉴别工作的特殊性和面临的困难;提出了口岸对进口旧机电的查验流程,明确了口岸初筛快速查验技术要点;结合《禁止进口旧机电目录》及机电产品维修再制造等机电产品口岸管理特殊要求,研究了机电产品实验室固废鉴别的流程和关键技术要点,提出了基于机电产品的功能特点、开展关键缺陷评估以完成固废属性鉴别的思路。     

进口物品固体废物属性鉴别探讨

随着我国经济持续快速发展,各种生产资源需求日益旺盛,在优惠政策的支持下,国外固体废物原料不断进入我国市场,一定程度上弥补了我国生产资源的不足,促进了循环经济的发展.但进口固体废物原料必须符合我国法律规定.我国对固体废物进口的管理非常严格,进口固体废物的管理需要海关、环保、工商、检验检疫等多个部门的密切合作.实际当中,对某些进口物品的固体废物属性需要通过专门的鉴别才能确认,结合一个进口"铅矿砂"的实例,对该物品的固体废物属性进行探讨,提出物品固体废物属性鉴别的基本流程.     

关于发布限定固体废物进口口岸的公告 公告[2018]79号

为进一步规范固体废物进口管理,防治环境污染,根据《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》《固体废物进口管理办法》《国务院办公厅关于印发禁止洋垃圾入境推进固体废物进口管理制度改革实施方案的通知》及有关法律法规,海关总署、生态环境部对限定固体废物进口口岸事项公告如下:一、国家允许进口的固体废物应当从《限定固体废物进口口岸目录》(详见附件)进口,并办理报关手续。二、进口者申领固体废物进口许可证时应填写《限定固体废物进口口岸目录》中的关区代码。     

进口废塑料清洁程度定量化合格评定方法的探讨

目前国内对进口废塑料清洁程度的合格评定,长期以来一直采取感官检验的定性方法,引起了较多争议.以<进口可用作原料的固体废物环境保护控制标准--废塑料>(GB16487.12)为依据,分析了GB16487.12对进口废塑料清洁程度进行规定的原因,并在此基础上探讨了对进口废塑料清洁程度采取定量化的合格评定原理,提出参照<一般工业固体废物贮存、处置场污染控制标准>(GB18599)和<生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准>(GB16889)对进口废塑料清洁程度制定定量化限量要求,并建议尽快修订现行国家标准<进口可用作原料的固体废物环境保护控制标准--废塑料>.     

Enrichment of elements in industrial waste incineration bottom ashes obtained from three different types of incinerators,as studied by ICP-AES and ICP-MS

The elemental composition of the industrial waste incineration bottom ash (IWIBA) samples collected from three different types of incinerator with different kinds of wastes were compared. The major-to-ultratrace elements in the IWIBA samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). As a result, ca. 40 elements in the concentration range from milligrams per gram to submicrograms per gram could be determined with relative standard deviations of less than 5%. The IWIBA sample from petrochemical wastes contained lower concentrations of the elements, because fewer mineral constituents were contained in the input waste materials. On the contrary, the elemental concentrations in the IWIBA sample from industrial solid wastes provided the highest values for most elements, while the elemental compositions of the IWIBA sample from food wastes were similar to those of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash. In addition, it was found from the analytical results that the levels of various heavy metals such as Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, As, Zr, Mo, Sb, Ba, and Pb were higher in the IWIBA samples than in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash. The enrichment factors of the elements in the IWIBA samples were estimated from the analytical results to compare the elemental distributions in incineration bottom ashes in relation to their mining influence factors, which are the indices for human use of the elements.     

Use of mix of clay/solid waste from steel works for civil construction materials.

The present study focuses on the use of solid waste generated by the steel works in Brazil for manufacturing clay-based structural products. The waste sample was characterized regarding chemical composition, X-ray diffraction, particle size, morphology, specific surface and plastic properties. The waste was added in gradual proportions to a kaolinitic clay from zero up to 3 wt.%. Ceramic bodies were formed by vacuum extrusion and fired at 950 degrees C. The physical-mechanical properties (linear shrinkage, water absorption, apparent density and flexural strength) of the resulting clay/solid waste mixtures were determined. In addition, leaching tests were performed according Brazilian Standards as well as a preliminary analysis of gases evolved during the thermal process. It was found that the solid waste is formed by irregular particles, ranging in size from 1 to 500 microm. The test results indicate that solid wastes generated by steel works can be used as filler in construction materials, thereby increasing reuse in an environmentally safe manner.     

利用铅锌尾矿和CRT玻璃固体废弃物协同制备微晶玻璃工艺

以铅锌尾矿和CRT玻璃固体废弃物为主要原料,采用烧结法制备微晶玻璃材料.为确定基础玻璃的成分,以及尾矿、CRT玻璃及各化工原料的用料比例,设计了正交实验;研究了CaO,Al2O3,MgO等氧化物添加量对微晶玻璃结构及性能的影响规律.通过差热分析（DTA）、X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）等分析方法,考察了微晶玻璃产品的晶相、晶体形貌特征及性能.结果表明：利用铅锌尾矿、CRT玻璃废弃物制备微晶玻璃的最佳配方为：尾矿20％、CRT玻璃30％、添加辅料石英砂29.7％、方解石25％、Al2O3 12％、晶核剂TiO2 1％.SEM和XRD分析可知,微晶玻璃的主晶相为透辉石;打磨抛光处理后,平均显微硬度为8.76 GPa,平均抗折强度为223.1MPa;经酸、碱浸蚀后,质量变化分别为0.43％和0.58％,耐酸碱腐蚀性良好.     

Revisiting the elemental composition and the calorific value of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes

In this work, the elemental content (C, N, H, S, O), the organic matter content and the calorific value of various organic components that are commonly found in the municipal solid waste stream were measured. The objective of this work was to develop an empirical equation to describe the calorific value of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste as a function of its elemental composition. The MSW components were grouped into paper wastes, food wastes, yard wastes and plastics. Sample sizes ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 kg. In addition to the above individual components, commingled municipal solid wastes were sampled from a bio-drying facility located in Crete (sample sizes ranged from 8 to 15 kg) and were analyzed for the same parameters. Based on the results of this work, an improved empirical model was developed that revealed that carbon, hydrogen and oxygen were the only statistically significant predictors of calorific value. Total organic carbon was statistically similar to total carbon for most materials in this work. The carbon to organic matter ratio of 26 municipal solid waste substrates and of 18 organic composts varied from 0.40 to 0.99. An approximate chemical empirical formula calculated for the organic fraction of commingled municipal solid wastes was C₃₂NH₅₅O₁₆.     

Cu2O-g-C3N4异质结催化剂光催化降解甲基橙

采用水热还原法和高温煅烧法将Cu₂O生长到石墨型氮化碳（g-C₃N₄）表面,制得Cu₂O-g-C₃N₄异质结复合光催化剂。通过XRD、XPS、SEM、TEM、DRS、PL、BET等技术对催化剂进行了表征,研究了Cu₂O-g-C₃N₄降解甲基橙的光催化性能及主要活性物种。实验和表征结果表明： Cu₂O与g-C₃N₄面面接触,两相间化学作用强烈;Cu₂O-g-C₃N₄催化剂能有效利用太阳光,电子-空穴得到有效分离;当n（Cu₂O）∶n（g-C₃N₄）=5∶1时,Cu₂O-g-C₃N₄催化剂的活性最佳,在可见光下反应30 min时,甲基橙降解率达84.1%;Cu₂O-g-C₃N₄具有较好的活性稳定性,重复使用6次,甲基橙降解率降至64.7%;电子-空穴是Cu₂O-g-C₃N₄光催化降解甲基橙的主要活性物种。     

硅胶固载胍盐离子液体脱硫材料的制备及其SO2吸附性能

采用一步法分别合成了1,1,3,3-四甲基胍辛二酸盐离子液体([TMG][SUB])和1,1,3,3-四甲基胍聚乙二醇二羧酸盐离子液体([TMG][PBE]),并采用浸渍法将其分别固载到硅胶上,制备了2种硅胶固载胍盐离子液体脱硫材料(固载材料)。对离子液体和固载材料进行了表征,并考察了固载材料对SO2的吸附性能和再生性能。实验结果表明:固载材料对SO2的吸附发挥了离子液体和硅胶的协同作用,离子液体结构中的醚基基团可促进固载材料对SO2的吸附;在固载比为0.2∶1时,所制备的固载材料[TMG][PBE]-SiO2的SO2饱和吸附量为1.22 g/g(以离子液体计,下同),[TMG][SUB]-SiO2的SO2饱和吸附量为1.01 g/g,均大于纯离子液体,且[TMG][PBE]-SiO2的再生性能更好。     

Municipal solid waste composition determination supporting the integrated solid waste management system in the island of Crete

A one-year survey was conducted in the greater region of Crete (located at the lower region of the Aegean Sea) for the purpose of identifying waste composition (including chemical and physical characterization), as well as any seasonal variation. The investigation was carried out repeatedly at seven landfills and one transfer station in Crete, in four phases. Each sampling phase corresponded to a season (autumn, winter, spring, summer). ASTM D5231-92(2003) standard method and RCRA Waste Sampling Draft Technical Guidance were used. Hand sorting was used for classifying the collected wastes into the following categories: plastics, paper, metals, aluminium, leather-wood-textiles-rubbers, organic wastes, non-combustibles and miscellaneous. Further analysis included proximate and ultimate analysis of combustible materials. Metals such as lead, cadmium and mercury were also investigated. The results show that there has been a significant decrease of organic wastes during the last decade due to the increase of packaging materials, as a result of a change in consumption patterns. Three main waste categories were determined: organic wastes, paper and plastics, which combined represent 76% of the total waste in Crete. Furthermore, a high fraction of glass and a seasonal variation of aluminium indicate a strong correlation of waste composition with certain human activities, such as tourism. There is also a variation between the municipal solid waste (MSW) composition in the region of Crete (2003-2004) and MSW composition suggested in the National Solid Waste Planning (2000) [National Solid Waste Planning, 2000. Completion and particularization of Common Ministerial Act 113944//1944/1997: National Solid Waste Planning, June 2000]. The results of this survey are to be utilized by the regional solid waste authorities in order to establish an integrated waste treatment site, capable of fulfilling the regional waste management demands.     

固相萃取—微波衍生化—GC-MS法同时测定水中6种雌激素物质

建立了固相萃取—微波衍生化—气相色谱-质谱联用法快速同时测定水中雌酮（E1）、17α-雌二醇（α-E2）、17β-雌二醇（β-E2）、雌三醇（E3）、17α-乙炔基雌二醇（EE2）、双酚A（BPA）等6种雌激素物质的分析方法,对色谱柱升温程序、固相萃取及衍生化条件进行了优化。色谱柱最佳升温程序为：初始温度50 ℃,保持2 min;以20 ℃/min速率升至260 ℃,保持5 min;最后以10 ℃/min速率升至280 ℃,保持5 min。实验结果表明,在选取 HC-C18萃取小柱、添加双（三甲基硅烷基）三氟乙酰胺（BSTFA）+1%三甲基氯硅烷（TMCS）+吡啶作为衍生化试剂、微波315 W衍生化加热4 min的条件下,6种目标物标准曲线的相关系数均大于0.999,BPA、E1、EE2及E3的线性范围为3~300 ng/L,17α-E2及17β-E2的线性范围为5~300 ng/L,方法检出限为2.0~5.0 ng/L,加标回收率为76.45%~96.24%。     

Vitrification of lead-rich solid ashes from incineration of hazardous industrial wastes

Lead-rich solid industrial wastes were vitrified by the addition of glass formers in various concentrations, to produce non-toxic vitreous stabilized products that can be freely disposed or used as construction materials. Toxicity of both the as-received industrial solid waste and the stabilized products was determined using standard leaching test procedures. The chemically stable vitreous products were subjected to thermal annealing in order to investigate the extent of crystal separation that could occur during cooling of large pieces of glass. Leaching tests were repeated to investigate the relation between annealing process and chemical stability. X-ray, scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques were employed to identify the microstructure of stabilized products before and after thermal treatment. Relation between synthesis and processing, chemical stability and microstructure was investigated.