过硫酸钠同时消解养殖尾水中总氮和总磷的探索

大部分池塘养殖尾水中总氮、总磷质量浓度偏高,测定过程中需要对样品进行稀释,耗时较长且影响准确度。实验室分析时,通常采用过硫酸钾对尾水样品进行消解,其配置过程对温度要求较高,易析出晶体,且耗时较长。而过硫酸钠易溶于水,受温度影响较小,易配制。因此,分别采用上述2种过硫酸盐消解液对样品进行消解并同时测定总氮、总磷的质量浓度,比较2种消解方式对校准曲线、加标回收率、养殖尾水实际样品测定的影响。结果表明,等质量或等物质的量的过硫酸钠消解液均能满足总氮、总磷的消解要求,且后者消解样品无须改变氢氧化钠的加入量和调整pH值,即可达到同等消解效果。因此,可采用等物质的量的过硫酸钠代替过硫酸钾同时消解养殖尾水中的总氮、总磷。     

里下河典型区域渔业养殖水质及其对地表水环境质量影响分析

对渔业养殖水体进行监测分析，是评估养殖污染源对地表水环境质量影响的重要依据。选取里下河典型地区兴化市的养殖池塘和地表水断面作为研究对象，采用手工监测、相关性分析、三维荧光指纹和风险商值法等技术和分析方法，对养殖池塘和地表水断面水质开展研究。结果表明：养殖水体水质总体劣于地表水断面，养殖尾水排放达标率为89.7%，主要影响指标为pH值；Y1和Y2池塘对S1断面的高锰酸盐指数具有负面贡献；以养殖尾水为代表的农业源是影响S1断面水质的主要污染来源；地表水和养殖水体中林可酰胺类抗生素检出率均达100%，四环素类和头孢类抗生素在该地区养殖活动中的使用较多。风险商值法评估结果显示，Y2池塘养殖水体受磺胺甲恶唑影响的生态风险较高。     

菰草滤床净化模拟村落污水尾水的试验研究

采用菰草（Latifolia griseb）滤床净化模拟村落污水尾水的实验表明,以污染物去除负荷最大值确定滤床的水力负荷为0．9m3／m2·d,此运行条件下水生植物滤床对TN、TP、COD。,的去除率分别为33．5％、39．2％、22．8％;以出水可达《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）一级A排放标准确定水力负荷应不大于0．3m3／m2·d,此条件下TN、TP的去除率分别为52．2％、58．3％。菰草滤床适宜栽培水深为15～25cm。     

多环芳烃测定中净化方法的研究

对多环芳烃测定中的净化方法进行研究,为了选出最佳净化柱,在一定条件下分别采用硅胶LC-Si、弗罗里LC-Florisil和C18固相萃取净化柱对一定浓度的多环芳烃标准溶液进行净化,测定吸附后流出液多环芳烃浓度,计算吸附率;测定洗脱后流出液多环芳烃浓度,计算洗脱率。测定结果为硅胶、弗罗里和C18固相萃取净化柱对多环芳烃的吸附率分别在87．1％～100％,99．5％～100％和96．6％～100％之间,洗脱率分别在0～106％,78．7％．109％和79．0％～115％之间。结果表明,GC／MS内标法测定样品中多环芳烃使用最理想的净化柱为弗罗里净化小柱,其次为C18净化小柱,最后为硅胶净化小柱。     

土壤和沉积物中多氯联苯单体测定的净化方法研究

对浓硫酸净化、铜粉脱硫、氟罗里硅土柱、硅胶柱、石墨碳柱等净化方法在土壤和沉积物多氮联苯单体测定中的应用进行了研究.浓硫酸对多氯联苯单体的净化回收率达92.4％～109％;氟罗里硅土柱用正己烷/丙酮混合溶液淋洗,净化洗脱液体积为8 mL～10 mL时,回收率达85.7％ ～ 108％;硅胶柱用正己烷淋洗,净化洗脱液体积为...     

滨海新区地表水水质评价与污染源分析

滨海新区在大力发展工业的同时,面临水资源紧缺与水环境恶化等问题,基于2020年至2021年滨海新区内15个监测站位的丰水期、枯水期实测数据,通过改进型加拿大水质指数模型对滨海新区地表水进行水质评价,在水质评价的基础上,利用相关性分析与绝对主成分-多元线性回归模型分析影响地表水水质状况的污染源。15个水质监测站位水质评价结果表明：丰水期水质指数为32.27～82.80,良好水质站位1个,中等水质站位6个,较差水质站位7个,差等水质站位1个;枯水期水质指数为47.28～81.36,良好水质站位1个,中等水质站位12个,较差水质站位2个。污染源分析结果表明：丰水期中,污染源为生活污水、农业面源污染、养殖尾水点源污染;枯水期中,主要污染源为工业废水、生活污水、养殖尾水面源污染。     

固相膜萃取-高效液相色谱法测定地下水中的多环芳烃

采用C18固相膜萃取对地下水中15种多环芳烃进行富集净化,以二氯甲烷作洗脱溶剂,高效液相色谱法,荧光检测器测定。对萃取、浓缩和色谱条件进行优化,在1．ooixg／L～40．0μg／L范围内测定标准系列溶液并绘制标准曲线,相关系数R2〉0．999;15种多环芳烃的仪器检出限为0．4ng／L～3．0ng／L;对地下水样品加标,平均回收率在75．7％～96．7％之间;标准溶液平行测定7次的RSD为3．1％～11．9％。     

青岛市松针中多环芳烃污染状况研究

松针、苔藓类等植物可有效的监测环境空气中多环芳烃等有机污染物。为了解青岛市松针中多环芳烃的污染状况,本文使用索氏提取、氧化铝-硅胶净化柱净化、气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析的方法,研究了青岛市6个不同区域的松针中多环芳烃的含量。该方法的提取净化效率在70．8％以上。在6个采样点中,1号采样点松针中的多环芳烃含量最低,平均为7．54ng/g（湿重含量）,5号和6号采样点最高,分别为41．0ng/g和39．6ng/g。多环芳烃浓度季节变化规律为春季〉冬季〉夏季;松针中三、四环多环芳烃占总量的82％～90％,苯并（a）芘与多环芳烃总量具有较好的相关性。     

同位素稀释-液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定养殖水体中23种镇静剂

建立了同位素稀释-液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）同时测定养殖水体中23种镇静剂残留的方法。样品经0.45 μm滤膜过滤后,用Oasis HLB固相萃取柱净化,浓缩后用50%的甲醇水定容。以1%甲酸水溶液和乙腈为流动相,采用Agilent InfiniityLab Poroshell 120 SB-C18色谱柱分离后,在多反应监测模式下测定,内标法定量。结果表明,23种镇静剂在0.5～100ng/L质量浓度范围内线性关系良好（r>0.99）,检出限和定量限分别为0.1~0.3和0.4 ~1.0 ng/L。加标回收率为73.5%~117.6%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.1%~9.9%。该方法前处理简单,净化效果较好,灵敏度较高,适用于池塘养殖水体中23种镇静剂类药物残留的快速检测。     

共沉淀浮选分离富集铊

本文首次采用氢氧化铁做共沉淀剂,阴离子表面活性剂油酸钠作起泡剂,共沉淀浮选富集水样中铊,实验结果表明,其富集率可达96±2.5％,方法具有设备简单,速度快等优点,有实际应用价值。     

Differences in the treatment efficiency of a cold-resistant floating bed plant receiving two types of low-pollution wastewater

A floating bed system vegetated with Oenanthe javanica was adopted in this study to treat two types of low-pollution wastewater (LPW): polluted river water (PRW) and treated domestic wastewater (DW). The water was treated for 111 days during the low-temperature season. The results indicated that the total nitrogen (TN) removal rates were higher in the DW groups than in the PRW groups during the initial 30 days. This difference may stem from the different C/N ratio of the influent. As the water temperature rose above 15.5 °C after March 12, the purification capability of nitrogen in the DW groups was enhanced, and the removal rates of TN were 89.8 and 76.8 % in DW and the control 2 at 111 days. Conversely, the performance of total phosphorus (TP) removal was robust during the initial stage of the experiment, despite receiving domestic wastewater with a relatively high N/P ratio (16:1). The TP removal rates in DW were as high as 91.5 % compared to 78.9 % in PRW at 30 days. At the same time, the N/P ratios of plant tissue were higher in the DW groups compared to that in the PRW groups. Plant uptake played a significant role in nutrient removal in the PRW groups (52.5 % for TN, 68.2 % for TP), followed by sedimentation. In contrast, plant uptake only accounted for 25.3 % of TN removal and 24.1 % of TP removal in DW. The results provide engineering parameters for the future design of an ecological remediation technology for LPW purification.     

基于比值法解析老城区河段氮磷污染特征

2013年12月—2015年2月,对南淝河老城区约4 km河段水体和主要点源的氮、磷污染物进行测定,并利用碳氮比(CODCr/TN)、氮磷比(TN/TP)、氨氮百分含量(NH3-N/TN)等主要指标对所得数据进行分析研究。结果表明,南淝河老城区段水体的氮磷污染严重,氨氮百分含量接近甚至超过50%,具有一般城市生活污水的特征;氮磷比在春夏季处于藻类适宜的生长范围(9.0TN/TP22.6);整个水体处于低碳氮比水平(碳氮比小于2.5),不利于水体的净化;主要受上游望塘污水处理厂、城市生活污水和地表径流的影响。其主要支流四里河水体的氮磷污染亦相当严重,且氮、磷污染物的输入途径一致。     

Evaluation of preservation methods for nutrient species collected by automatic samplers

Automatic samplers are a common method of data collection for numerous monitoring projects in the South Florida region and elsewhere. Although total phosphorus (TP) is the primary parameter of interest within this region, nitrogen species such as ammonia nitrogen (NH₄-N), nitrate+nitrite nitrogen (NO_x-N), and total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) are also collected and analyzed. Federal and state quality assurance guidelines require nutrient samples to be preserved by acidification with H₂SO₄ to a pH < 2 and stored immediately at 4 °C. However, the remoteness of manysampling locations in South Florida makes it difficult to supplyelectricity for the refrigeration of samples collected by autosamplers. In addition, the use of propane-powered refrigerated autosamplers is a costly and ineffective solution in the South Florida climate. Consequently, while samples collected at these remote locations are routinely pre-preservedwith acid, they are not cooled to 4 °C for a period fromone to seven days. This study evaluated if a statistically significant difference ( = 0.05) existed between concentrations of nitrogen species from a common source samplethat was either: processed immediately; refrigerated to 4 °C for seven days; or not refrigerated for seven days.In all cases, the collected sample was pre-preserved by adding 1 mL of 50% H₂SO₄ to each 1 L discrete sample container before each 7 day testing period. Differences in concentrations of the calculated parameter total nitrogen (TN)were also investigated.Analyses using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test showed no significant differences among the three treatment groups for NO_x-N, TKN, TN and TP. Significant differences were observedwhen the NH₄-N samples that were processed immediately werepaired with NH₄-N samples that were left unrefrigerated or refrigerated for seven days. Information from this study can be used by researchers and managers in evaluating the usefulness of nutrient water quality data that is collected when sample refrigeration is not available.     

淀山湖水质状况及富营养化评价

对2001年—2007年淀山湖水质监测结果进行了分析和评价。结果表明,淀山湖的水质均未达到Ⅱ类水质标准,主要超标项目为氨氮、TP、TN、石油类、IMn、COD和BOD5。综合营养状态指数为60.79～63.57,均处于中度富营养状态,chla与石油类和透明度具有很好的相关性,与TP具有较好的负相关性,与BOD5具有一定的负相关性,与水温、DO、IMn、COD、氨氮、TN的相关性不显著。chla季节变化较为明显。     

凤眼莲死亡对湖泊水质的持续性影响分析

凤眼莲是优良的污水净化植物,凤眼莲死亡后残体对水质的影响制约了其应用.在凤眼莲衰亡后,调查研究凤眼莲死亡对自然水体水质的影响,结果表明,在凤眼莲的衰亡期,其对富营养化水体的透明度、CODMn、TN、TP、NH4 -N等指标仍然具有改善作用;在后续影响期(次年春季),在有凤眼莲死亡腐烂的水体中,除了水体TN浓度呈现增加趋势外,其他主要水质指标的浓度变化均不明显.     

Nonpoint source pollution loading from an undistributed tropic forest area

Water quality and unit nonpoint sources (NPS) pollution load from a forest area were studied in a mountainous watershed in Taiwan. The flow rates were measured with rectangular weirs and samples taken for water quality analysis in both non-rainy and rainy days for 2 years. The subroutine of the Hydrological Simulation Program--FORTRAN was used to simulate runoff for additional 3 years. Total annual loads of various water quality parameters were then estimated by a regression model. Most of the parameter concentrations are higher during the rainy days; their values are typically higher as compared to data from other undisturbed forest areas. Nevertheless, the concentration ratio of dissolved inorganic nitrogen to TN or PO4(3-) -P to TP shows TN or TP no correlations with the flow rates, whereas the concentrations of SS and TP are positively correlated with the flow rate. The fluctuation of annual load from this watershed is significant. For example, six major events of the entire year, for which the total duration is merely 6.4 days, contribute 42% of the annual precipitation and at least 40% of the annual NPS loads. The management for controlling the NPS pollution from this forest watershed is discussed.     

太湖氮磷大气干湿沉降时空特征

为了探索太湖氮磷营养盐干湿沉降特征及对太湖营养盐输入的贡献,于2011年不同季节采集太湖不同位点的大气干湿沉降样品,分析干湿沉降中氮（N）和磷（P）的形态和沉降量。研究结果表明,输入太湖的磷以干沉降为主,而氮以湿沉降为主。在太湖干沉降中总无机氮（TIN）占总氮（TN）的77.1%,溶解性磷（DIP）占总磷（TP）的77.9%。干沉降中TIN主要以NH+4-N为主。西太湖是TN与TP通过大气干湿沉降输入太湖的最高湖区。太湖全年大气TN沉降总量为20 978 t,TP沉降总量为1 268 t,因此,氮磷大气干湿沉降是太湖营养盐输入的重要来源之一。     

Assessment of Wastewater Reuse Effects on Nutrient Loads from Paddy Field Using Field-Scale Water Quality Model

CREAMS-PADDY, a modified version of the field-scale CREAMS model, simulates the hydrologic, sediment, and nutrient cycles in paddy fields. The CREAMS-PADDY model was applied to estimate the effects of using wastewater for irrigation on nutrient loads from paddy fields in Republic of Korea. The model was calibrated and validated using data from two rice paddy fields. The coefficient of determination between observed and simulated total nitrogen and total phosphorus were 0.92 and 0.57, respectively, for the calibration period and 0.84 and 0.73 for the validation period. Simulations showed that when using wastewater for irrigation, the total nitrogen loads increased by 210% and total phosphorus by 1,270% when compared with conventional water irrigation. The total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentration in the ponded water increased by 254 and 534%, respectively, when compared with conventional water irrigation. The effect of reducing N and P fertilizer application rates by 10, 30, and 50% on nutrient loads exiting a paddy field were also simulated using the validated CREAMS-PADDY model. These simulations indicated that total phosphorus loads from the paddy were reduced only slightly by reducing the fertilizer, while total nitrogen loads were reduced by as much as 8.8, 16.6, and 24.4% when N ferlitizer rates were reduced by 10, 30, and 50%, respectively. An erratum to this article can be found at     

高浓度含氨废水中氨氮的快速测定

依据铵盐与甲醛反应生成等物质量酸的原理,建立了一种快速测定高浓度含氨废水中氨氮含量的甲醛法。试验结果表明,甲醛法所测结果与国家标准分析方法比较无显著性差异。该方法的加标回收率范围为96％～103％,具有快速、简便的优点,对合成氨工业废水和生活污水中氨氮的测定结果令人满意。     

滆湖大型底栖动物群落分布和氮磷因子的相关分析

于2012年12月—2013年11月对滆湖水体进行了调查,分析了水体氮、磷及大型底栖动物的时空分布,初步探讨大型底栖动物群落结构与氮、磷环境因子的关系。结果表明,滆湖水体的ρ(TN)在冬春季较高,ρ(TP)四季的差异不大,在空间分布上,北部湖区的ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)均高于南部湖区;大型底栖动物出现频率最高的为霍甫水丝蚓和中国长足摇蚊,其丰度在时间上均表现为秋季夏季冬季春季,在空间上的规律性不明显;CCA分析表明滆湖大型底栖动物群落结构随季节变化规律显著,且氮含量是滆湖底栖动物群落结构的重要影响因子;对优势种的丰度与氮磷的相关性分析结果显示,滆湖底栖动物优势种与TN和NO_3~--N有显著的负相关关系。