电化学氧化垃圾渗滤液生化出水过程中溶解性有机物形态及可生化性

以垃圾渗滤液生化出水为研究对象,利用Ti/RuO_2阳极和Cu-Zn阴极进行电化学氧化去除溶解性有机物机理研究.应用三维荧光光谱对垃圾渗滤液生化出水溶解性有机物组成、结构变化和官能团变化进行分析,并对反应过程中垃圾渗滤液生化出水可生化性变化进行研究.结果表明,垃圾渗滤液生化出水中溶解性有机物主要由类富里酸类物质、类胡敏酸类物质和可溶性微生物降解产物为主,类色氨酸类物质和类酪氨酸类物质含量较低;反应过程中溶解性有机物的腐殖化程度降低,芳香性减弱,苯环上连接的极性基团率先被氧化去除;Ti/RuO_2-Cu/Zn电化学氧化体系降解垃圾渗滤液生化出水有机物,主要依赖生成次氯酸的间接氧化作用.电化学氧化过程中垃圾渗滤液生化出水可生化性增强.     

渗滤液中溶解性荧光有机物与铅的作用

采用荧光光谱和猝灭滴定实验,结合二维相关分析和区域体积积分分析,研究了生活垃圾渗滤液不同处理阶段样品中溶解性荧光有机物(DFOM)络合Pb(Ⅱ)的特性.结果显示:渗滤液中无机阴离子对Pb(Ⅱ)猝灭DFOM荧光影响较大,它们的存在致使Pb(Ⅱ)对DFOM的荧光猝灭效果不明显.在渗滤液DFOM的各种荧光基团中,Pb(Ⅱ)对类蛋白类物质的荧光猝灭效率高,而对类腐殖质物质的荧光猝灭效率低,这种猝灭特征不随渗滤液处理进行而改变;但Pb(Ⅱ)对调节池和厌氧处理中可溶性微生物降解副产物的荧光猝灭效率低而对氧化沟和MBR出水中DFOM的荧光猝灭效率高.分析结果表明,渗滤液DFOM中类蛋白物质络合Pb(Ⅱ)能力大于类腐殖质物质,经好氧生物处理后,可溶性微生物降解副产物络合Pb(Ⅱ)的能力有所提高.     

环境条件对渗滤液中溶解性有机物分子构型的影响

采用同步荧光光谱,结合移动窗口二维相关光谱技术,研究了垃圾渗滤液中溶解性有机物(DOM)在外界干扰下的分子构型变化.结果显示,填埋垃圾渗滤液DOM含有类蛋白、类富里酸和类胡敏酸物质,它们均含有羧基和酚羟基官能团,填埋3—5年垃圾渗滤液DOM酚羟基含量较高,且主要分布在类蛋白组分上,而填埋10年以上渗滤液DOM中羧基含量较高,但主要分布在类富里酸组分上.p H升高引起DOM分子构型改变不受Hg(Ⅱ)存在的影响,填埋3—5年垃圾渗滤液DOM在p H 3和p H 8—10时分别由于羧基和酚羟基解离分子构型发生了剧烈改变,而填埋10年以上垃圾渗滤液DOM仅在p H 3—4时由于羧基解离分子构型发生了变化.在Hg(Ⅱ)对DOM分子构型的影响上,填埋3—5年垃圾渗滤液DOM分子构型在溶液Hg(Ⅱ)浓度升至5μmol·L~(-1)和20—25μmol·L~(-1)时发生了两次剧烈改变,而填埋10年以上垃圾渗滤液DOM在体系Hg(Ⅱ)浓度为10—25μmol·L~(-1)发生了一次缓慢的改变.同步荧光光谱结合移动窗口二维相关光谱技术可以有效识别环境条件改变时DOM分子构型的变化及成因.     

我国城市垃圾渗滤液量预测与污染防治对策

本文阐述了垃圾渗滤液对水体的污染，讨论并总结了填埋液特征－污染物浓度极高、持续时间长、流量小且极不均匀、水质变化大。对我国城市垃圾波渗液量的预测说明我国每年产生的垃圾渗滤液污染物的量相当于几座百万人口城市每年排放的生活污水。根据垃圾渗滤液特征以及我国目前情况提出了其污染防治对策。     

海水养殖区排水中溶解性有机质的光化学研究

本研究通过光化学实验考察了莱州湾海水养殖区排水中溶解性有机质的光化学性质,并分析了排水中溶解性有机质的紫外可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱随养殖时期的变化.结果表明养殖排水中溶解性有机质光致生成活性物种如3DOM*、1O2和·OH的速率分别处于10-9(mol·L~(-1)·s~(-1))、10-9(mol·L~(-1)·s~(-1))和10~(-1)3(mol·L~(-1)·s~(-1))的量级,并随养殖时期表现出一定的规律性,即退潮阶段大于涨潮阶段,养殖间歇期大于养殖作业期.光谱分析表明,类蛋白荧光峰是养殖作业期内的优势荧光峰,其在溶解性有机质组成中的贡献随养殖排水累积汇入呈逐渐增加的趋势,这与养殖活动中排放的残余饵料和养殖排泄物等有关.与养殖作业期相比,类腐殖质荧光峰在养殖间歇期溶解性有机质中贡献相对较大,可能与养殖池沉积物的扰动释放有关.     

固体废弃物渗滤液组分动态变化预测

渗滤液(Leachate)是城市固体废物填埋场(MSWLF)污染环境的主要来源之一，因此掌握其水质变化规律是研究填埋场对环境污染的首要问题。渗滤液的主要来源是大气降水，使用垃圾淋滤的方法模拟大气降水，利用实验结果建立模拟模型，揭示了渗滤液组分随降水的变化规律。可以预测垃圾填埋后渗滤液污染组分的浓度变化。为研究填埋场渗滤液组分变化及确定其处理对策提供了理论依据。     

温度对填埋垃圾渗滤液特征的影响

温度对填埋场有机垃圾的厌氧降解具有十分重要的影响,因而对填埋场渗滤液特征也产生重要的影响。文章通过在常温及29~45℃范围内设置的6个不同温度下的模拟垃圾柱降解对照试验,分析研究了温度对填埋有机垃圾渗滤液特征的影响。结果表明,在垃圾降解适宜的温度范围(29~45℃)内,较高的温度对渗滤液COD衰减具有较大的促进作用,而保持恒定的温度比升高温度对渗滤液COD衰减的影响更加显著,但温度对垃圾降解渗滤液中氨氮影响并不明显。     

城市垃圾渗滤液及其生物处理对策

垃圾的填埋处理产生了大量的垃圾渗滤液，必须进行处理后才能排入水体。目前主要是采用生物方法处理垃圾渗滤液。本文着重分析了垃圾渗滤液的特点，加成分复杂，水质水量变化大，金属、有权物和氨氮浓度高，微生物营养元素比例失调等，并列举实例提出了提高生物处理效果的相应对策。     

垃圾填埋渗滤液全(多)氟化合物赋存与去除研究进展

全（多）氟化合物（per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs）是一类广泛存在、日益引起国内外关注的新微持久性污染物.近年来,PFASs已在全球垃圾填埋渗滤液中频繁检出,对生态安全与人体健康造成潜在威胁.本文系统综述了国内外废物填埋系统PFASs的来源,渗滤液赋存PFASs特征、影响因素及其去除方面的研究进展.总体上,垃圾填埋渗滤液赋存PFASs浓度水平跨越6个数量级(ng·L^-1—mg·L^-1),并呈现以短链PFASs为主的污染特征.降雨、渗滤液回灌、渗滤液理化性质等因素均会影响PFASs赋存特征,但具体影响机制尚未阐明.现有渗滤液处理工艺（生物处理、膜处理等）对PFASs的去除率可高达99.8%,但处理过程中仍存在前体物污染转化与副产物环境归宿不明等问题.本文还对该领域的前沿研究方向进行了展望,以期增进对填埋渗滤液赋存PFASs污染及其控制的科学认识,为填埋系统新污染物控制提供科技支持.     

垃圾渗滤液原位反硝化研究

场外硝化-原位反硝化是垃圾填埋场氮管理的新途径.本文利用垃圾柱模拟生物反应器填埋场.研究了硝化渗滤液在填埋场内部的变迁及其对垃圾降解的影响.结果表明,硝化渗滤液回灌促进了填埋场垃圾降解,回灌的总氧化态氮(TON)被完全还原,反硝化为主要作用反应,最大TON负荷为28.6 mg(N)kg(TS)-1d-1.当负荷大于11.4 mg(N)kg(TS)-1d-1时,垃圾产甲烷受到抑制.抑制作用随负荷的增加而加强.在此过程中,反硝化逐渐代替产甲烷作用成为填埋场内垃圾降解的主要反应,产生气体以氮气为主,而非甲烷;硝化渗滤液与垃圾的长期作用也改变了填埋场的菌群结构.图5表1参18     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.