福建某钢铁厂区域表层土壤PAHs污染特征与风险分析

采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析福建某钢铁厂区域不同功能区表层土壤中16种优控PAHs含量,并对其组成、来源和环境风险进行了分析.结果表明,各样点土壤中16种优控PAHs的检出率达到100%,其总含量范围为68.7—18100.6μg.kg-1,平均值为5084.5μg.kg-1.7个功能区土壤中PAHs主要以高环(4—6环)为主.异构体比值法分析表明该钢铁厂区域各功能区土壤中PAHs主要来源于石油燃料的燃烧.土样中16种PAHs的TEQBaP为6.01—3110μg.kg-1,平均值为852μg.kg-1,7种致癌PAHs对16种PAHs总TEQBaP的贡献达到99.1%,其中BaP和DBA对总TEQBaP的贡献值较大,分别达到61.6%和14.5%.除郊区外,其它6个功能区土壤样品10种PAHs的总TEQBaP都超过荷兰土壤标准目标参考值,表明该钢铁厂区域多数功能区表层土壤均存在潜在的环境风险.     

黄河口表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的生态风险分析

以黄河口11个表层沉积物站位的实测16种多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度为基础资料,采用平均效应区间中值商法和阈值效应浓度、可能效应浓度法2种评价方法分析黄河口表层沉积物中PAHs的生态风险.阈值效应浓度和可能效应浓度法评价结果表明:所有站位表层沉积物中苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、和苯并(ghi)苝、茚并(1,2,3)芘可能具有一定的生态风险,黄河口东部和东南部海域表层沉积物中萘可能具有一定的生态风险.平均效应区间中值商法结果表明,所有站位表层沉积物中的MERM-Q都小于0.1,发生综合生态风险的可能性较小,危害概率远小于10%.     

曹妃甸和黄骅港近岸海域表层水体中PAHs的分布、来源及风险评价

曹妃甸和黄骅港是河北省近海工业布局和港口分布较密集的区域,对其近岸海域海水水质进行监测具有重要意义。2014年9月采集研究区近岸海域表层海水,并利用GC-MS对其中16种优先控制PAHs进行测定。结果表明,曹妃甸和黄骅港近岸海域表层海水中∑PAHs含量分别为52.6~192.1 ng·L~(-1)和85.4~156 ng·L~(-1),平均含量分别为74.59 ng·L~(-1)和121.45 ng·L~(-1)。黄骅港近岸海域∑PAHs含量高于曹妃甸近岸海域的含量,但PAHs的种类没有差异。对比其他研究区域水体中PAHs的含量,本区域表层海水中PAHs的含量处于中等水平,属于轻污染。异构体比值结合该区域现状分析初步判断,研究区表层海水中PAHs来源于石油污染和煤、生物质等的燃烧。应用风险商值法(RQ)对研究区域表层海水中PAHs的生态风险进行评价,结果表明该海域存在低生态风险,需采取措施控制PAHs的污染。     

黄浦江表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源

利用GC/MS对黄浦江8个断面表层沉积物中的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析.沉积物中PAHs总量为0.244—2.805μg·g-1,从上游到下游呈升高趋势,工业污染和城市活动是黄浦江水环境中多环芳烃的重要来源.苏州河对黄浦江下游水环境中的多环芳烃具有较大的输入贡献.特征化合物指数分析表明,黄浦江沉积物中的多环芳烃主要来自于化石燃料的不完全燃烧,中下游显示一定的混合来源特征.相关性分析表明,总有机碳是影响沉积物中多环芳烃分布的重要因素.     

珠江水体表层沉积物中PAHs的含量与来源研究

沿珠江白鹅潭水域及大学城官州河流域设立6个采样点,利用沉积物捕获器收集沉积物。参照美国EPA8000系列方法及质量保证和质量控制,对各采样点表层沉积物中16种多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）进行分析,以阐明珠江广州河段表层沉积物中PAHs的含量和分布特征,并结合特征化合物指数对其来源作初步探讨。珠江广州河段表层沉积物中PAHs总量介于4 787.5～8 665 ng·g^-1,平均值为7 078 ng·g^-1,黄沙码头河涌出口沉积物中总量为最高（8 665 ng·g^-1）,芳村码头为最低（4 787.5 ng·g^-1）。16种多环芳烃中菲、荧蒽、芘含量较高,分别占PAHs总量的16.11%、14.47%和17.77%。特征化合物荧蒽/202比值均小于0.5,茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘/276比值均大于0.2,表明珠江广州段表层沉积物中PAHs主要来源于化石燃料的不完全燃烧。     

泉州湾表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量分布特征及污染来源

采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)方法,对泉州湾表层沉积物中16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAHs)进行定量分析,采用LMW/HMW、BaA/(BaA+Chr)、InP/(InP+BgP)、Ppi等特定比值对PAHs来源进行分析.结果表明,沉积物中PAHs的总含量在182.8-721.1ng·g-1之间,以3-5环为主;P...     

深圳表层土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源

2007年1月采集深圳市36个土壤,采用气相色谱-质谱仪对其中的16种优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行分析.结果表明:16种PAHs的含量范围在67.77137.0 ng · g-1之间,平均值为664.7 ng · g-1,其中苯并[b]荧蒽的含量最高,致癌性PAHs占总量的51.9﹪.PAHs在深圳不同土地利用类型的土壤中的含量由高到低的次序为:菜园地,城区,果园地,林地.PAHs主要来源于燃烧来源,果园地、林地中的PAHs主要来源于长距离的大气迁移,部分城区土壤指示有石油来源.深圳市19.4﹪的土壤属重污染,重污染的土壤主要分布在菜园地和城区两类土壤中,城区表层土壤PAHs含量较国外其他城市低.结果对于认识PAHs在深圳土壤中的分布规律和环境迁移、以及如何控制PAHs污染具有重要的意义.     

北京地区表层土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及污染源分析

根据北京地区不同环境功能区62个样品的分析结果,讨论了研究区表层土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及污染源类型。结果表明：（1）研究区表层土壤中检测到的多环芳烃主要包括萘、苊、菲、惹烯、三芴、荧蒽、芘、、苯并蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[e]芘、苯并[a]芘、苝、二苯并[a,h]蒽、茚并[1,2,3–cd]芘、苯并[g,h,i]苝及其同系物;（2）不同环境功能区表层土壤中多环芳烃的组成及质量分数均存在一定的差别,16种优先控制的多环芳烃质量分数为175.1~10 344 ng.g-1,其中城市中心区表层土壤中多环芳烃的质量分数最高,交通干线附近、工矿企业附近表层土壤中PAHs的质量分数较高,林地、果园和农田表层土壤中PAHs的质量分数较低;（3）表层土壤中PAHs既有来源于石油源,也有来源于化石燃料燃烧产物的,但不同功能区二者贡献存在差别,其中农业用地（林地、果园、农田）中PAHs主要来源于石油源（或部分来源于土壤母岩中的有机质）,城区、交通干线附近及工矿企业附近表层土壤中PAHs污染源以化石燃料燃烧产物输入为主。     

杭州市郊区表层土壤中多环芳烃的风险分析

采集杭州市郊区表层土壤中多环芳烃的样品,用色谱-质谱技术对多环芳烃化合物进行定量分析。美国环保总署推荐优先控制的16种多环芳烃单体质量分数在1.49～87.43 ng.g-1之间,萘、芴、苊等低分子量芳烃质量分数相对较低;、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘、苯并[ghi]苝等高分子量芳烃质量分数相对较高,其中苯并[ghi]苝质量分数最高。对照荷兰的土壤标准,杭州市郊区表层土壤中的荧蒽、、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘、苯并[ghi]苝超标比较严重,超标率100%;多环芳烃的Bap等效毒性当量是荷兰规定目标值的2倍;因此,杭州市郊区表层土壤中存在一定的潜在风险。多环芳烃Ant/（Phe＋Ant）、BaA/（Chr＋BaA）、Flua/（Pyr＋Flua）等参数表明,多环芳烃主要来源于燃烧源,且以机动车尾气为主;BeP/（BeP＋BaP）比值偏高,可能与土壤中的多环芳烃主要来源于大气沉降有关。     

新乡市地表水中多环芳烃的分布特征及生态风险

利用GC-MS测定了新乡市地表水中15种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,分析了其组成特征,并通过安全阈值(MOS10)法评价了新乡市地表水中PAHs的生态风险.结果表明,新乡市地表水中PAHs的含量为369—4248 ng·L,与国内其他河流相比,污染水平较高.PAHs的组成以3环和4环为主,分别占总量的41.3%和40.3%.新乡市地表水中单种PAHs对水生生物的生态风险大小依次为蒽(Ant)菲(Phe)芘(Pyr)苯并[a]芘(Ba P)荧蒽(Flua)芴(Flu)苊(Ace),其中Ant和Phe的暴露浓度超过影响10%水生生物的概率分别为30.2%和10.4%,具有潜在生态风险;Ace、Flu、Flua、Pyr和Ba P的暴露浓度超过影响10%的水生生物的概率分别为0.85%、1.96%、4.26%、6.71%和5.69%,生态风险较低.联合生态风险评价结果表明,新乡市地表水中∑PAH7等效浓度超过影响10%水生生物的概率为43.7%,大于任何单种PAHs对水生生物的生态风险,主要河流的生态风险从大到小依次为金堤河(56.6%)共产主义渠(43.0%)天然文岩渠(16.4%).     

Residual levels and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in freshwater fishes from Lake Small Bai-Yang-Dian, Northern China

The residual levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the liver, brain, gill and muscle tissues of four common edible freshwater fish species including crucian carp, snakehead fish, grass carp and silver carp collected from Lake Small Bai-Yang-Dian in northern China were measured by GC-MS. The distribution and composition pattern of PAHs in the fish tissues, and the effects of lipid contents in fish tissues and the octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) of PAHs congeners on them were analyzed. The human health risk of PAHs though fish consumptions was estimated. The following results were obtained: (1) The average residual levels of total PAHs (PAH₁₆) on wet weight base in the different tissues of each fish species ranged from 4.764 to 144.254 ng/g ww. The differences in the average residual levels on wet weight base for PAH₁₆ within four fish species were not statistically significant (P > 0.05); however, these within four fish tissues were statistically significant (P < 0.01). (2) There were very similar distribution patterns of PAH congeners among both the fish tissues and the fish species, as indicated by statistically significant positive interrelationships (R = 0.58-0.97, P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs predominated the distribution in the fish tissues, accounting for 89.97% of total PAHs. Phe was the most dominant component, according for 37.79% of total PAHs, followed by Ant (18.59%), Flo (12.59%), Nap (10.79%), Fla (9.82%) and Pyr (6.43%). (3) The PAHs residues and distribution in the fish tissues are dependent on both the Kow of PAH congeners and the lipid contents in the fish tissues. There was a significant positive relationship (R = 0.7116, P < 0.0001) between lipid contents and PAHs residual levels. The statistically significant negative relationships (P < 0.05) were found between LogKow and log-transformed PAHs contents on wet weight base for all fish tissues except for the muscle tissue of snakehead fish, the brain and liver tissues of crucian carp. (4) The risk levels of total PAHs were lower than 10⁻⁵ for the muscle tissues of four studied fish species and for the brain tissues of grass carp and snakehead fish; while these were higher than 10⁻⁵ for the brain tissues of crucian carp and silver carp. The risk levels of total PAHs in the liver tissues of four studied fish species except for snakehead fish exceeded 10⁻⁵ for 2-4.5 times. However, the potency equivalent concentration (PEC) of total PAHs in four studied fish tissues were still lower than the maximum permissible BaP limits for crops and baked meat and for plants in the national criterions. The distributions of PAH congeners in fish were well simulated by a level III fugacity model, especially for low molecule weight PAHs.     

东莞市夏季大气颗粒物中的多环芳烃及硝基多环芳烃

以东莞市2011年夏季不同区域的大气颗粒物为研究对象,定性定量分析了其中多环芳烃(PAHs)及硝基多环芳烃(NPAHs)的浓度、组成.采用特征比值法分析了PAHs及NPAHs的来源,并通过PEFs毒性评价法评价了颗粒物中多环芳烃及硝基多环芳烃的BaP等效毒性,估算出个体致癌指数.结果表明东莞市颗粒物上16种多环芳烃总含量在12.60—193.95 ng·m-3范围内,6种硝基多环芳烃的总含量在5.88—62.79 ng·m-3,隧道环境中多环芳烃及硝基多环芳烃的浓度最高.除隧道环境中颗粒物的等效毒性及个体致癌指数超标外,东莞市颗粒物上PAHs及NPAHs对人体均不构成严重威胁.     

Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Datuo karst Tiankeng of South China

Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in surface soils of Datuo karst Tiankeng (large sinkholes) in South China with the use of a gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) system. This paper provides data on the levels and distribution of PAHs from the top to the bottom of the Datuo karst Tiankeng. The results showed that the sum of the 16 EPA priority PAHs from the sampled locations from top to bottom had a relative increment in PAHs concentration. summation operatorPAHs ranged from 16.93 ng/g to 68.07 ng/g with a mean concentration of 42.15 ng/g. The correlated results showed the bottom of the large sinkhole, which accounts for the higher concentrations, probably acts like a trap for the PAHs. Thus, the low evaporation rate at the bottom may play a key role in controlling the high concentration of PAHs at the bottom.     

Particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in typical urban of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: Characterization,sources and risk assessment

• The sampling was conducted in city on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau for one year. • The groups of PAHs revealed their different environmental fates and migration paths. • Seasonal biomass burning could affect the concentration by long-distance transport. • Industrial sources and traffic emissions were the main contributor of PAHs. • Living in industrial areas or winter had higher health risk by exposure PAHs in PM_2.5. Monthly particle-phase ambient samples collected at six sampling locations in Yuxi, a high-altitude city on the edge of Southeast Asia, were measured for particle-associated PAHs. As trace substances, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are susceptible to the influences of meteorological conditions, emissions, and gas-particulate partitioning and it is challenging job to precise quantify the source and define the transmission path. The daily concentrations of total PM_2.5-bound PAHs ranged from 0.65 to 80.76 ng/m³, with an annual mean of 11.94 ng/m³. Here, we found that the concentration of PM_2.5-bound PAHs in winter was significantly higher than that in summer, which was mainly due to source and meteorology influence. The increase of fossil combustion and biomass burning in cold season became the main contributors of PAHs, while precipitation and low temperature exacerbated this difference. According to the concentration variation trend of PM_2.5-bound PAHs and their relationship with meteorological conditions, a new grouping of PAHs is applied, which suggested that PAHs have different environmental fates and migration paths. A combination of source analysis and trajectory model supported local sources from combustion of fossil fuel and vehicle exhaust contributed to the major portion on PAHs in particle, but on the Indochina Peninsula the large number of pollutants emitted by biomass burning during the fire season would affect the composition of PAHs through long-range transporting. Risk assessment in spatial and temporal variability suggested that citizens living in industrial areas were higher health risk caused by exposure the PM_2.5-bound PAHs than that in other regions, and the risk in winter was three times than in summer.     

Application of probabilistic risk assessment at a coking plant site contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Application of Probabilistic Risk Assessment （PRA） and Deterministic Risk Assessment （DRA） at a coking plant site was compared. By DRA, Hazard Quotient （HQ） following exposure to Naphthalene （Nap） and Incremental Life Cancer Risk （ILCR） following exposure to Benzo（a）pyrene （Bap） were 1.87 and 2.12 × 104. PRA revealed valuable information regarding the possible distribution of risk, and risk estimates of DRA located at the 99.59th and 99.76th percentiles in the risk outputs of PRA, which indicated that DRA overestimated the risk. Cleanup levels corresponding acceptable HQ level of 1 and ILCR level of 104 were also calculated for both DRA and PRA. Nap and Bap cleanup levels were 192.85 and 0.14mg.kg-1 by DRA, which would result in only 0.25% and 0.06% of the exposed population to have a risk higher than the acceptable risk, according to the outputs of PRA. The application of PRA on cleanup levels derivation would lift the cleanup levels 1.9 times for Nap and 2.4 times for Bap than which derived by DRA. For this coking plant site, the remediation scale and cost will be reduced in a large portion once the method of PRA is used. Sensitivity analysis was done by calculating the contribution to variance for each exposure parameter and it was found that contaminant concentration in the soil （Cs）, exposure duration （ED）, total hours spent outdoor per day （ETout）, soil ingestion rate （IRs）, the air breathing rate （IRa） and bodyweight （BW） were the most important parameters for risk and cleanup levels calculations.     

汕头经济特区土壤中优控多环芳烃的分布

运用气相色谱-质谱方法对汕头经济特区131个土样中的美国EPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)进行定性、定量测定,讨论了PAHs的分布特征。结果表明,该区表层土壤中优控PAHs的总质量分数范围从22.1 ng/g到1256.9 ng/g之间,平均质量分数为(317.3210.2) ng/g。其分布随采样点的位置不同而有显著变化:工业区附近多环芳烃的质量分数最高,城市中心次之,郊区最低。大多数样点中?PAHs质量分数和单种PAH质量分数都呈现w(5~20 cm)> w(0~5 cm)>w(20~40 cm)>w(40~100 cm)的垂直分布规律。该区土壤PAHs以3环和4环化合物为主,单种PAH以萘、菲和苯并[b]萤蒽为主。