我国4个大气背景点环境空气颗粒物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))中水溶性离子分布特征

为研究国家大气背景点颗粒物质量浓度与水溶性离子组成特征,于2013年2月、7月、9月、12月分别对4个国家大气背景点进行了PM2.5及PM10的采样,通过超声萃取-IC法测定了样品中的9种水溶性离子(F-、Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4、Na+、NH+4、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+)质量浓度,结果表明:(1)可吸入颗粒物浓度水平一、二季度重于三、四季度,PM2.5、PM10年均值分别为17μg·m-3、32μg·m-3,与其他主要国家和地区背景区域浓度相当,背景点大气状况良好;(2)PM2.5中水溶性离子比重全年波动不大,为35.5%—42.2%,浓度排序为SO2-4、NH+4、NO-3Ca2+、Cl-、K+、Na+F-、Mg2+,第一季度PM10中Ca2+浓度显著升高,控制风沙尘将有效降低PM10的浓度;PM2.5及PM10中的9种水溶性离子在不同季节的浓度分布规律与颗粒物浓度类似,一季度较高,三、四季度较低;(3)二次离子是背景点区域的主要水溶性离子,浓度值与其他主要国家和地区相当.NO-3、SO2-4的物质的量浓度与NH+4存在显著相关性,相关系数r为0.7539,斜率小于1,水溶性离子中酸性离子的量比铵根离子略占优势,对气溶胶酸度产生重要贡献.     

菏泽市夏季PM10和PM25中水溶性离子组分污染特征

为分析菏泽市大气颗粒物及其水溶性离子组分特征,本研究于2015年8月期间在菏泽市6个监测点位采集环境受体PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)样品共120个,利用离子色谱法测定颗粒物中水溶性无机离子(SO■、NO~-_3、NH~+_4、Cl~-、Ca~(2+)、K~+、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、F~-),并同步收集气象参数及气态污染物质量浓度等资料.结果表明,菏泽市夏季环境受体中颗粒物质量浓度ρ(PM_(10))和ρ(PM_(2.5))分别为94.5μg·m~(-3)、55.2μg·m~(-3),稍低于国内其他城市,这与各城市经济发展、产业能源结构、气象条件等因素有关.PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)值在0.5—0.8之间,表明菏泽市夏季细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))污染较为严重.但PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子质量总浓度ρ(WSIs)分别为30.5μg·m~(-3)、17.0μg·m~(-3);质量分数w(WSIs)分别为32.4%、29.6%.其中SO■、NO~-_3、NH~+_4为PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中主要水溶性离子,3种离子浓度和分别占PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中总离子浓度的84.3%、88.3%.SO■、NO~-_3、NH~+_4、K~+主要集中在细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)则广泛存在于粗颗粒物(PM_(10))中.各采样点的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中,SO■、NO~-_3、NH~+_4、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)浓度分布具有空间差异.离子相关性表明,NH~+_4与SO■、NO~-_3相关性均较强,3种离子主要以NH_4HSO_4、NH_4NO_3形式存在.PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中NO~-_3/SO■值分别在0.41—0.49和0.36—0.47之间,平均值分别为0.46、0.42,表明固定源是菏泽市夏季颗粒物污染的主要污染贡献源.     

兰州市大气颗粒物中水溶性离子研究

本文对兰州市不同季节大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的主要理化特性及其与降水的关系进行了研究，认为大气颗粒物中水溶性离子是当地降水中ＳＯ４＾２－，Ｃａ＾２＋，Ｃｌ＾－等主要离子的来源。在１３种被测的水溶物中，ＳＯ４＾２－和Ｃａ＾２＋离子所占比例较高，分别占总离子的３１．４％和２７．８％，年均浓度值为１０．７２μｇ／ｍ＾３和３．９６μｇ／ｍ＾３。同时大气颗粒物中水溶物浓度与ＳＯ２，ＴＳＰ等大气污染物浓度之间也     

舟山市环境空气PM2.5及水溶性离子污染特征分析

为探究舟山市PM_(2.5)及水溶性离子组分的污染特征,于2016年4月、7月、10月和2017年1月在舟山市区3个国控点采集了168个PM_(2.5)样品,利用离子色谱仪测定颗粒物中的9种水溶性离子(Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+、K~+、F~-、Na~+、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)),结合气象数据和数值分析手段对舟山市区PM_(2.5)和水溶性离子质量浓度特征、颗粒物酸碱度及二次离子的影响因素(气象参数、前体物)进行研究.结果表明,采样期内,舟山市PM_(2.5)质量浓度时间变化规律为春季冬季夏季秋季,空间分布较为均匀;二次离子是舟山PM_(2.5)主要水溶性组成,且在PM_(2.5)中具有一致的季节变化特征;阴阳离子平衡分析显示舟山市PM_(2.5)整体呈现酸性,并以夏季酸度最低、秋季酸度最高;温度是影响舟山市二次离子浓度的主要气象因素;以燃煤源为主的固定源是舟山市水溶性污染物的主要污染来源,檀枫和临城采样点的SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-受电厂和燃煤锅炉的污染排放影响严重,普陀区船舶客货运输量大,是普陀点二次离子前体物的主要污染来源.     

西安市大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的季节变化特征

用离子色谱法对11种无机水溶性离子(Na+,NH4+,K+,Mg2+,Ca2+,F-,Cl-,Br-,NO-2,NO-3和SO2-4)进行分析,探讨大气颗粒物中水溶性无机组分的季节变化与典型污染(灰霾、浮尘、燃烧秸秆和燃放烟花)的理化特性.结果表明,西安市大气中PM2.5和TSP的日均质量浓度分别为167.1和382.0μg·m-3,PM2.5占TSP总质量浓度的44%.PM2.5和TSP中无机水溶性离子组分的年均值分别为75.2μg·m-3和101.7μg·m-3.PM2.5中水溶性离子组分占PM2.5总质量浓度的45%左右,TSP中水溶性离子组分占TSP总质量浓度的30%左右.各种水溶性离子的来源和形成机理不同,其季节变化趋势和粒径分布也不同.典型污染事件期间,颗粒物污染特征与平时相比有很大差异:雾霾时PM2.5和TSP的质量浓度都显著增加,主要污染组分为二次污染离子NH+4,NO-3和SO2-4;浮尘发生时,大气颗粒物中人为污染组分会大大减少,而来自沙尘传输和地面扬尘等的地壳物质显著增加;燃烧秸秆对大气颗粒物中K+和Cl-的影响最大;燃放烟花时K+,Mg2+和Ca2+的质量浓度显著增加.     

石家庄冬季道路积尘PM_2.5与PM_10碳组分污染特征分析

为探讨石家庄市冬季道路积尘中PM_2.5与PM_10的碳组分污染特征和来源,利用移动式采样法对市区不同类型铺装道路积尘进行收集,用热光碳分析仪测定样品中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的含量并分析其特征.结果表明,OC、EC在PM_2.5中的平均质量浓度为166.54 mg·g~(-1)、25.35 mg·g~(-1),在PM_10中的平均质量浓度为118.31 mg·g~(-1)、20.3 mg·g~(-1),总碳(TC)占PM_2.5中百分比为19.2%,占PM_1013.9%,表明碳组分更容易富集到细粒径颗粒物上;相关性分析表明OC、EC来源大致相同;8个碳组分中OC3的百分含量最高,OC4次之,EC3最低;主成分分析及OC、EC相关分析结果表明冬季道路积尘中的碳主要来自于机动车尾气排放和大气降尘中的燃煤成分.     

南京北郊冬季PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子以及碳质组分特征分析

2015年12月21日—2016年2月29日在南京北郊进行了大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)的观测,并分析其中主要水溶性离子(Na~+、NH_4~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-))浓度以及碳质组分(OC、EC)含量.结果表明,观测期间南京北郊冬季大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))污染较为严重,二次离子(NO_3~-+SO_4~(2-)+NH_4~+)为主要污染成分,占PM_(2.5)浓度的47%.对36个观测日进行SO_4~(2-)-NO_3~--NH_4~+三相聚类,发现3种离子在整个体系中的配比存在差异.排放源类型所造成的前体物的不同以及NH_4~+与SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-的结合方式是造成这种差异的主要原因.OC与EC的变化趋势相似,OC含量较高,而且浓度波动幅度较大.OC/EC的值为2.63±0.90,说明普遍存在二次反应产生的SOC.K+/PM_(2.5)比值法表明,除燃煤与机动车尾气排放以外,生物质燃烧亦是PM_(2.5)污染的排放源.     

黄石城区夏季大气PM_(10)/PM_(2.5)中元素特征分析

正随着对大气颗粒物研究的深入,人们认识到颗粒物对人体健康具有很大危害,颗粒物粒径越小,对人体健康危害越大.黄石市是长江中下游典型的资源性工矿城市,大气污染比较严重.本研究旨在通过对黄石大气颗粒物以及颗粒物中化学元素污染特征的分析,为黄石市大气污染治理及探讨颗粒物对人体健康的影响提供一定的依据.     

广州城区秋季PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中主要水溶性无机离子组成特征初步比较

在广州市中心城区,分别选取离地50m左右的楼顶采样点和交通干线路边采样点,在空气污染水平相对较严重的秋季,以大流量采样器同步采集了PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)样品,研究其水溶性无机离子组成特征.     

西安市混合功能区冬夏季大气颗粒物中可溶性Fe的分布特征

可溶性铁(Fe)一方面作为营养元素影响着生物地球化学循环,另一方面作为氧化剂对大气二次气溶胶的形成也有重要影响.本文分别开展了西安市混合功能区冬夏季不同粒径大气颗粒物的观测研究,通过使用改良的液体波导毛细管池(LWCC)测定颗粒物中酸性介质提取的可溶性铁浓度,并探究其季节变化、昼夜分布及粒径分布特征.季节分布特征表明,...     

Characteristics of carbonyls and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in residences in Beijing,China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyl compounds were measured both indoors and outdoors in 50 residences of Beijing in heating (December, 2011) and non-heating seasons (April/May, 2012). SUMMA canisters for VOCs and diffusive samplers for carbonyl compounds were deployed for 24 h at each site, and 94 compounds were quantified. Formaldehyde, acetone and acetaldehyde were the most abundant carbonyl compounds both indoors and outdoors with indoor median concentrations being 32.1, 21.7 and 15.3 μg·m⁻³, respectively. Ethane (17.6 μg·m⁻³), toluene (14.4 μg·m⁻³), propane (11.2 μg·m⁻³), ethene (8.40 μg·m⁻³), n-butane (6.87 μg·m⁻³), and benzene (5.95 μg·m⁻³) showed the high median concentrations in indoor air. Dichloromethane, p-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) and toluene exhibited extremely high levels in some residences, which were related with a number of indoor emission sources. Moreover, isoprene, p-dichlorobenzene and carbonyls showed median indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios larger than 3, indicating their indoor sources were prevailing. Chlorinated compounds like CFCs were mainly from outdoor sources for their I/O ratios being less than 1. In addition, indoor concentrations between two sampling seasons varied with different compounds. Carbonyl compounds and some chlorinated compounds had higher concentrations in the non-heating season, while alkanes, alkenes, aromatic compounds showed an increase in the heating season. Indoor concentration of VOCs and carbonyls were influenced by locations, interior decorations and indoor activities, however the specific sources for indoor VOCs and carbonyls could not be easily identified. The findings obtained in this study would significantly enhance our understandings on the prevalent and abundant species of VOCs as well as their concentrations and sources in Beijing residences.     

辽宁西南典型城市冬季大气细颗粒物水溶性无机离子污染特征及来源解析

本研究于2018年12月3日-2019年1月1日在辽宁省西南典型城市葫芦岛市和朝阳市分别布设3个城区采样点,在区域传输点龙屯水库布设1个采样点,采集大气细颗粒物PM2.5样品(n=201).使用离子色谱检测样品中的Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、K+、NH4+、SO42-、F-、Cl-和NO3-的质量浓度.观测期间PM2....     

Effects of a diesel oxidation catalyst on gaseous pollutants and fine particles from an engine operating on diesel and biodiesel

The effects of a diesel oxidation catalytic (DOC) converter on diesel engine emissions were investigated on a diesel bench at various loads for two steady-state speeds using diesel fuel and B20. The DOC was very effective in hydrocarbon (HC) and CO oxidation. Approximately 90%–95% reduction in CO and 36%–70% reduction in HC were realized using the DOC. Special attention was focused on the effects of the DOC on elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) fractions in fine particles (PM_2.5) emitted from the diesel engine. The carbonaceous compositions of PM_2.5 were analyzed by the method of thermal/optical reflectance (TOR). The results showed that total carbon (TC), OC and EC emissions for PM_2.5 from diesel fuel were generally reduced by the DOC. For diesel fuel, TC emissions decreased 22%–32% after the DOC depending on operating modes. The decrease in TC was attributed to 35%–97% decrease in OC and 3%–65% decrease in EC emissions. At low load, a significant increase in the OC/EC ratio of PM_2.5 was observed after the DOC. The effect of the DOC on the carbonaceous compositions in PM_2.5 from B20 showed different trends compared to diesel fuel. At low load, a slight increase in EC emissions and a significant decrease in OC/EC ratio of PM_2.5 after DOC were observed for B20.     

Indoor carbonyl compounds in an academic building in Beijing, China: concentrations and influencing factors

Carbonyl compounds in indoor air are of great concern for their adverse health effects. Between February and May, 2009, concentrations of 13 carbonyl compounds were measured in an academic building in Beijing, China. Total concentration of the detected carbonyls ranged from 20.7 to 189.1 μg·m^-3, and among them acetone and formaldehyde were the most abundant, with mean concentrations of 26.4 and 22.6 μg·m^-3, respectively. Average indoor concentrations of other carbonyls were below 10 μg·m^-3. Principal component analysis identified a combined effect of common indoor carbonyl sources and ventilation on indoor carbonyl levels. Diurnal variations of the carbonyl compounds were investigated in one office room, and carbonyl concentrations tended to be lower in the daytime than at night, due to enhanced ventilation. Average concentrations of carbonyl compounds in the office room were generally higher in early May than in late February, indicating the influence of temperature. Carbonyl source emission rates from both the room and human occupants were estimated during two lectures, based on one-compartment mass balance model. The influence of human occupants on indoor carbonyl concentrations varies with environmental conditions, and may become significant in the case of a large human occupancy.     

Fine atmospheric particles emitted by industrial,traffic and urban sources in France: characterization and genotoxicity

Health risks associated with inhalation of fine particulate matter of 2.5 µm in diameter or smaller depend on their atmospheric levels and physicochemical properties. The relationships between chemical compositions and genotoxic activities of particles emitted by mineral industries, traffic and urban sources during summer and winter in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (France) were investigated.

The fine particles were separated in respect to water-soluble (13 minerals and metals) and organic-extractable (16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) components that were quantified. The chromosome damaging properties of the hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts were assessed using the centromeric micronucleus assay on a human lung fibroblast cell line.

The composition of the fine particulate matter was variable and depended upon the sources and seasons. Both the hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts induced chromosome damage: (1) in hydrophilic extracts, Ca and Zn affected chromosome losses induction; (2) acenapthylene affected chromosome damage (breakages and losses) induction and naphthalene affected chromosome damage and losses induction in lipophilic extracts without metabolic activation; and (3) benzo[a]pyrene affected chromosome losses induction in lipophilic extracts with metabolic activation. Fine particulate matter arising from coal-fired power station, road traffic, and other urban sources were the most efficient to induce chromosome breakage.     

北京市东北城区夏季环境空气中苯系物的污染特征与健康风险评价

于2013年8月2日至31日,利用Airmo VOC在线分析仪开展了北京市东北城区环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的在线监测,分析了其中16种苯系物的污染水平、变化特征、来源及其臭氧形成潜势(OFP),并采用US EPA的健康风险评价模型对BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯、间-对二甲苯、邻二甲苯)和苯乙烯的人体健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,16种苯系物在观测期间总平均质量浓度为10.36μg·m-3,其中BTEX的质量浓度均值为7.45μg·m-3,约占总的苯系物质量浓度的72%。苯系物的质量浓度呈现明显的一次污染物日变化特征,即早晚较高,中午较低。苯与甲苯的质量浓度比值(B/T)平均为0.39,说明除机动车尾气外,涂料和溶剂的挥发释放对大气中苯系物也可能具有重要贡献。间-对二甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯和甲苯的OFP值较高,对北京市大气臭氧光化学形成具有显著贡献。BTEX和苯乙烯对人体的非致癌风险危害商值在8.70E-05至3.76E-02之间,危害指数为6.19E-02,对暴露人群尚不存在明显的非致癌风险;而苯的致癌风险值为8.80E-06,超过了US EPA的建议值1.00E-06,显示苯对研究区居民身体健康存在潜在的致癌风险。     

Perfluorinated compounds in water and sediment from coastal regions of the northern Bohai Sea,China

Concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and other perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were measured in water and sediment from coastal Bohai Bay and surrounding rivers flowing into the bay. Of the 15 PFCs measured, PFOS and PFOA were detected with the greatest frequency. Concentrations in water ranged from<0.2 to 31 ng·L^?1 and<1.0 to 82 ng·L^?1 for PFOS and PFOA, respectively. Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in sediments ranged from<0.1 to 2.0 ng·g^?1 dw and<0.1 to 0.5 ng·g^?1 dw, respectively. Concentrations of PFCs in Bohai Bay were less than those observed in other areas in Asia, but greater concentrations of ∑PFCs were observed in the Dalin River with concentrations increasing from upstream to downstream, and the greatest concentrations in sediment were observed in tidal flats. The ratio of ∑PFCs in sediment and water indicated that sediment could serve as a significant sink for PFUnA.     

北京地区表层土中饱和烃组成特征及成因分析

根据北京地区不同环境功能区62个样品检测结果,分析了研究区表层土壤中饱和烃类化合物的化学组成及其分布特征,并对其来源进行了讨论。结果表明：（1）北京地区表层土壤中分布有多种类型的烃类污染物,已检测到的饱和烃化合物主要包括正构烷烃、无环类异戊间二烯烷烃、单甲基取代支链烷烃（异构与反异构烷烃）、烷基环己烷和甾、萜烷类等系列化合物中的数百种单体化合物;（2）不同环境功能区,同一地区土地使用情况不同或周围环境不同的土壤样品中饱和烃的质量分数和组成特征均存在较大的差别,其中正构烷烃的质量分数为0.25~4.72μg.g-1;（3）随着距离城中心的距离减小,表土中饱和烃质量分数增高,南部地区饱和烃的质量分数高于北部地区;（4）表层土壤中饱和烃的来源比较复杂,主要来自于化石燃料及木材的不完全燃烧产物,部分地区有少量矿物油及其衍生物的输入。     

北京东南郊大气中多环芳烃的相分配及其致癌毒性表征

采用索氏提取法提取2005年3月至2006年1月间北京市东南郊3个采样点大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品和气相样品中的多环芳烃(PAHs),利用GC/MS分析其质量浓度,对PAHs在颗粒相和气相间的分配行为进行研究。结果表明,2环组分在气相PAHs中占优势地位,全年平均在95%左右;4环组分在颗粒相PAHs中全年平均占56%左右;5~6环组分几乎全部分布在颗粒相中。引入苯并[a]芘等当量毒性因子(TEFs),探讨致癌毒性组分在2相间的分配行为,研究发现低毒高质量浓度的低环组分与高毒低质量浓度的高环组分对致癌性贡献相当;利用苯并[a]芘等效质量浓度与16种PAHs组分质量浓度进行多元线性回归,得到的回归方程用于粗略计算大气中PAHs致癌性组分的等效质量浓度;在分析PAHs分配行为的季节变化规律基础上,结合气象参数和空气污染指数分析PAHs在大气气相和颗粒相中分配系数的影响因素,并提出了分配系数与气象参数和API指数的回归方程,并利用回归方程来计算PAHs组分在大气中的分配系数。