绿色低碳视角下中国区域创新效率研究北大核心CSCDCSSCI

绿色低碳已成为时代的主题,如何有效推进绿色科技创新以及改善中国目前的生态环境状况,对推动中国经济的健康可持续高速发展具有重要的意义。从绿色环保、低碳节能的角度出发,结合投影寻踪模型处理高维数据的特点,对随机前沿模型进行改进,从而构建了更加有效的估算创新效率的测度模型。在此基础上,选用2005-2011年中国30个省市地区的面板数据对中国各区域创新效率及影响因素进行实证分析,结果表明:中国区域平均创新效率约为0.645,虽然超过0.5,但仍然存在较大的无效率现象,创新效率有待于进一步的提高,且创新效率存在显著的区域异质性,各区域发展不均衡。同时,环境规制强度与创新效率呈"U"型关系,表明环境规制初期,由于成本的增加,会对创新效率产生负向影响,但随着时间的推移,环境质量得到改善,又会促进创新效率的提升;区域开放程度、技术市场成熟度和政府资助这三个因素对绿色创新效度均具有积极的推动作用,这说明较高的区域开放程度能够显著拉动中国创新效率向更高水平发展,成熟的技术市场有利于科技成果市场价值的实现并推动创新效率的提高,政府资助可有效降低区域绿色创新主体的创新成本和风险,激发其进行创新的积极性,对创新效率的提升具有显著影响。因此,要想有效提高中国及各区域的创新效率和社会经济的健康可持续发展,应当重视创新资源的有效利用,生态环境的改善,积极推进绿色创新技术,一方面要均衡经济增长与生态环境的协调发展,另一方面要积极引进并学习国外先进绿色创新技术,同时还要充分发挥政府作用来调控各区域创新能力的失衡现象。     

绿色低碳视角下中国区域创新效率研究

绿色低碳已成为时代的主题,如何有效推进绿色科技创新以及改善中国目前的生态环境状况,对推动中国经济的健康可持续高速发展具有重要的意义。从绿色环保、低碳节能的角度出发,结合投影寻踪模型处理高维数据的特点,对随机前沿模型进行改进,从而构建了更加有效的估算创新效率的测度模型。在此基础上,选用2005-2011年中国30个省市地区的面板数据对中国各区域创新效率及影响因素进行实证分析,结果表明:中国区域平均创新效率约为0.645,虽然超过0.5,但仍然存在较大的无效率现象,创新效率有待于进一步的提高,且创新效率存在显著的区域异质性,各区域发展不均衡。同时,环境规制强度与创新效率呈"U"型关系,表明环境规制初期,由于成本的增加,会对创新效率产生负向影响,但随着时间的推移,环境质量得到改善,又会促进创新效率的提升;区域开放程度、技术市场成熟度和政府资助这三个因素对绿色创新效度均具有积极的推动作用,这说明较高的区域开放程度能够显著拉动中国创新效率向更高水平发展,成熟的技术市场有利于科技成果市场价值的实现并推动创新效率的提高,政府资助可有效降低区域绿色创新主体的创新成本和风险,激发其进行创新的积极性,对创新效率的提升具有显著影响。因此,要想有效提高中国及各区域的创新效率和社会经济的健康可持续发展,应当重视创新资源的有效利用,生态环境的改善,积极推进绿色创新技术,一方面要均衡经济增长与生态环境的协调发展,另一方面要积极引进并学习国外先进绿色创新技术,同时还要充分发挥政府作用来调控各区域创新能力的失衡现象。     

长江经济带城市群环境规制效率时空演变及影响因素

环境规制是约束企业污染行为的政策组合,在区域发展过程中发挥着保护生态环境的作用.运用Undesirable-SBM模型、变异系数、基尼系数、趋势检验分析法和面板Tobit模型分析长江经济带三大城市群2009～2018年环境规制效率时空演变特征及影响因素作用机理.研究表明:(1)长三角城市群的城市发展阶段不同导致环境规制效率呈现差异性,成渝城市群末端治理不协同造成环境规制效率差异显著,长江中游城市群环境规制效率差异小,但水平低于其他城市群;(2)长三角城市群"经济-生态"协同发展,环境规制效率上升明显,成渝城市群注重产业结构调整与政策投入,环境规制效率稳定在中等水平,长江中游城市群是低效率水平城市集聚地带,恶化型城市占比高达45.16％;(3)三大城市群在投入产出方面存在一定的提升空间,需要在资金分配、政策投入以及污染物末端治理等方面加以完善;(4)市场化水平对城市群环境规制效率影响为正,经济发展水平、产业结构、城镇化水平和对外开放水平影响对不同城市群环境规制效率产生不同作用.本研究为三大城市群制定实施差异化的环境政策与措施,推动长江流域城市群可持续发展提供决策依据,也可为其它区域环境治理提供经验借鉴.     

京津冀生态协同发展评测与福利效应

区域生态协同发展是新常态时期生态文明建设目标下区域协同发展的新形式,京津冀作为中国区域整体协同发展改革引领区,其生态协同发展研究具有典型意义。作者基于复杂系统理论和协同学,以新常态下生态文明思想和绿色发展理念为指导,构建区域生态协同度测量模型,科学评估2006—2018年京津冀生态协同水平的动态演化,并运用计量模型分析生态协同度对区域发展的福利效应及其区域异质性特征。研究表明:①京津冀区域生态协同度普遍逐年上升,发展态势良好。津冀和京冀系统生态协同速度加快,但京津系统生态协同发展后劲不足,增长缓慢。②北京生态协同发展水平最高,已进入中度协同发展阶段;天津、河北仍处于低度协同水平,协同发展不稳定。地区内部各子系统发展不均衡,制约着协作效应的发挥和地区的整体发展。③生态协同度的提高对京津冀的社会福利和经济福利均具有显著的正向推动作用,福利效应显著存在。④生态协同度的福利效应具有显著的区域异质性特征,天津、河北的福利效应显著大于北京,表明京津冀生态协同度的提高有助于缩小天津、河北与北京的发展差距。为进一步提高区域生态协同水平,未来应创新区域发展的协同模式,实施生态协同发展模式,打造京津冀绿色发展的新动能;营造有利于区域生态协同发展嵌套的适配创新生态系统的软环境,全力构建以北京、雄安为两极的区域创新生态系统;合理分工、差异定位、积极融入;建立生态环境保护为目标的区域利益均衡机制,以支撑区域绿色高质量发展。     

地方政府竞争、环境规制与绿色发展效率

绿色发展效率是新时代中国特色社会主义经济转向高质量发展的重要衡量指标,政府主导的中国经济发展体制决定了地方政府竞争和环境规制是影响绿色发展效率的主要影响因素。文章在识别地方政府竞争、环境规制对于绿色发展效率的作用机制的基础上,基于2001—2015年中国30个省级区域面板数据,利用SBM-DEA方向性距离函数测算了包含能源消耗与非期望产出的2001—2015年省级区域绿色发展效率,并使用动态面板GMM模型进行了实证分析。结果显示:环境规制对于绿色发展效率的提高具有促进作用,环境规制对于保护环境、促进经济高质量发展,具有正向推动作用。地方政府竞争对绿色发展效率的提高具有抑制作用,地方政府间的经济赶超、官员的晋升激励,导致地方以破坏生态环境为代价更快地发展经济。地方政府竞争与环境规制的共同作用对于绿色发展效率的提高具有抑制作用,地方政府在发展经济与保护环境之间,更多地选择了更快发展经济,而忽视了经济发展的质量,破坏了生态环境。地方政府在经济赶超与环境规制之间的选择摇摆不定,导致地方政府的政策不具有持续性,进一步导致绿色发展效率在一个低水平上持续波动。东、中、西部地区均存在由于地方政府竞争所引致的环境规制力度不足,环境规制政策存在着波动性,进而抑制了绿色发展效率的提高。因此应当进一步完善地方政府官员的考核体系,引导建立起以高质量发展为导向的地方政府竞争制度,加强环境规制的力度,加强对企业技术创新的支持,鼓励企业发展绿色技术,提高绿色发展效率。     

“双碳”目标下中国绿色低碳创新发展测度、区域差异及成因识别

厘清绿色低碳创新发展的时空分异及其成因对于实现重大国家战略区域协同推进“双碳”目标具有重要意义。该研究采用序关系分析法和熵值法相结合的LWM主客观组合赋权法,基于创新资源配置、创新创造活力、创新效益溢出三个维度对2010—2019年重大国家战略区域绿色低碳创新发展进行综合测度,在此基础上借助Dagum基尼系数、Kernel密度估计和QAP方法全面揭示和识别重大国家战略区域绿色低碳创新发展空间非均衡性及其成因。研究发现：(1)样本考察期内,重大国家战略区域绿色低碳创新发展均呈现波动上升态势,但各个区域及省域间存在显著差距,粤港澳处于绝对领先地位,黄河流域处于较低水平;(2)重大国家战略区域绿色低碳创新发展整体差异较大,总体差异随时间推移呈现上升的趋势,区域间差异是空间差异的主要来源;(3)重大国家战略区域绿色低碳创新发展总体离散程度呈扩大趋势,京津冀、长三角和长江经济带呈多级分化状态,黄河流域大体上分化为两极;(4)知识扩散是影响地区绿色低碳创新差异的主导力量,其次为技术转化、生态建设和人才支撑,创新载体与财政支持的影响较弱。在新时代实施碳达峰碳中和战略和区域协调发展战略的背景下,研究结...     

长江经济带科技创新与生态效率的协同演化及影响因素

长江经济带发展战略的深入实施离不开科技创新与绿色发展的协调发展和共同进步。基于城市群视域,采用熵权法、超效率SBM模型、耦合协调度模型以及Tobit模型等方法,从多维度视角探讨2010～2019年长江经济带三大城市群85个城市科技创新与生态效率的耦合协调关系及其时空演变特征,并对二者耦合协调度的主要影响因素进行分析。结果表明：(1)长江经济带整体科技创新水平呈平稳上升趋势,生态效率水平呈降-升-降-升的“W”型变动趋势。科技创新与生态效率耦合协调度呈先升后降的倒“U”型波动上升趋势,且三大城市群空间差异性明显,呈现长三角城市群>长江中游城市群>成渝城市群的空间分布格局;(2)整体耦合协调发展水平存在显著的空间自相关特征,且多数城市表现为低低集聚,其中长三角城市群呈显著的“东高西低”型空间集聚特征,长江中游城市群与成渝城市群空间集聚特征不显著;(3)经济发展水平、劳动力集聚、对外开放程度以及产业结构对整体耦合协调水平有显著正向影响。基于以上结论,提出加大长江经济带生态环境保护力度、重视区域发展异质性、引进培育创新人才以及积极开展对外开放交流等政策建议。     

环境规制政策协同对经济高质量发展影响的异质性北大核心CSCDCSSCI

环境资源稀缺性决定了经济增长与环境保护之间的必然矛盾,而环境的公共物品属性决定了环境保护与生态治理应纳入政府规制范畴。该研究以中国30个省份面板数据为样本,构建经济高质量发展指标体系,以变异系数法与熵权法相结合的方式测算经济高质量发展综合指数,利用随机森林算法对模型变量进行筛选,利用对异常值不敏感的惩罚面板分位数回归研究经济高质量发展的环境规制政策协同异质性效应。结果表明,环境规制政策协同对经济高质量发展的影响存在明显异质性。具体而言:①在经济高质量发展水平较低地区(0.1分位点)政策2与政策3的组合协同效果最优;在经济高质量发展水平较高地区3种政策组合的协同效果最优。②政策协同整体上显著促进经济高质量发展,且存在“U”形影响,即随着政策协同度的不断增大,经济高质量发展水平呈“先降后升”趋势。③在经济高质量发展水平较低地区,政策协同的产出弹性值未越过“拐点”,一定程度抑制经济高质量发展,其结论支持“遵循成本说”;然而,经济高质量发展水平较高地区其产出弹性值均越过“拐点”,随着政策协同度的增大,有效促进经济高质量发展,其结论支持“创新补偿说”。因此,为降低地区间的差异,各级政府及相关部门之间应加强合作,不断促进政策间的协同效应,提高政策组合效率,这不仅有利于生态环境改善,还能提高要素生产率和能源利用率,从而促进地区间经济高质量发展。     

双重环境目标约束下的产业转型升级:“减污降碳”何以“协同增效”

在全面推进人与自然和谐共生的中国式现代化进程中,处理好多目标环境规制政策的协同性是推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要工作。面对建设美丽中国与实现“双碳”目标两大战略任务,环境政策协同是否可以更加有效推动产业转型升级,现有研究尚无确定答案。因此,该研究利用“两控区”和低碳城市试点政策作为环境政策协同的准自然实验,将有为政府与有效市场纳入统一分析框架,利用2003—2020年中国282个地级及以上城市面板数据,通过构建双重差分模型,研究减污降碳双重环境目标约束对地区产业转型升级的影响。研究表明：(1)与单一环境规制相比,减污降碳协同推进地区产业转型升级效果更佳,这一结论在一系列稳健性检验中均成立。(2)机制分析发现,在双重环境目标约束下,有为政府通过财政支出调节效应推动地区产业转型升级;有效市场激励微观企业产生易地搬迁效应和创新补偿效应,从而实现地区产业转型升级。(3)进一步研究发现,减污降碳双重环境目标推动产业转型升级具有明显的异质性,双重试点政策对东部地区、非老工业基地、高环保意识地区、环境基础设施水平高的地区产业转型升级的作用更加显著。基于此提出：(1)地方政府应统筹全局,避免走...     

环境规制对旅游生态效率影响的时空异质性研究——以长江三角洲城市群为例

在绿色发展背景下,政府如何适度运用环境规制工具,处理好旅游产业发展与生态环境保护间的关系是当前研究的热点问题。通过构建区域环境规制与旅游生态效率评价指标体系,运用熵值赋权法、超效率SBM模型,测算得到2007～2017年长江三角洲城市群环境规制与旅游生态效率值,在此基础上基于自然断点法分析两者的空间格局演化情况,而后建立面板模型,采用系统广义矩估计从时间和空间两个维度分析环境规制对旅游生态效率的影响。具体结论如下：(1)城市群总体环境治理力度有所增强,区域差异逐渐缩小。从空间分布来看,其空间格局变动较大,表现在高规制强度地区由城市群中部逐渐向东西部边缘地区进行转移。(2)城市群旅游生态效率水平整体不高,呈先降后升的趋势,空间差异先扩大后缩小。旅游生态效率逐渐形成中部地区高效率组团状集聚的空间分布形态。(3)城市群环境规制与旅游生态效率为显著的负相关关系,但随着滞后阶数的增加,环境规制对旅游产业绿色发展的不利影响正逐渐减弱。从空间维度上看,城市群内部各城市环境规制对效率的影响存在显著差异。其中,受环境规制正向影响的城市较少,主要分布在城市群中部地区。     

企业资源协同战略与可持续发展案例研究

目前采取相关多角化经营的企业有许多成功和失败的案例。怎么样才能够有效的使用企业所拥有的战略性资源，协调公司内部各个业务单元的相互关系，提高企业的整体价值，从而实现企业的可持续发展，是我们应该关注的问题核心。在有效的实现企业内部资源的系统，产生良好的协同效益的基础上向新的相关市场拓展也许是有效的解决之道。本文将结合一个汽车服务企业的案例进行探讨如何实现资源的协同，如何通过组织结构的调整支持这种协同，以实现企业的可持续发展。     

Agroecological Implications of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in Madagascar

A system of plant, soil, water and nutrient management for irrigated rice developed in Madagascar has been yielding 5, 10, even 15tha^–1 on farmers' fields where previous yields averaged around 2tha^–1. This is achieved using whatever variety of rice the farmer is already using and without having to utilize chemical fertilizer or other purchased inputs. This system, known as SRI, shows that alternative management practices, creating optimal growing conditions for plants, can bring out previously untapped genetic potential. It also shows that the practices farmers have used for centuries may not always be the best in agronomic terms.     

Are energy conservation and emission reduction policy measures effective for industrial structure restructuring and upgrading?

The use of energy conservation emission reduction policies to promote industrial restructuring and upgrading and thus facilitate energy conservation and emission reduction is one of the 10 important strategies of environmental management in China. The use of energy conservation emission reduction policies to promote industrial restructuring and upgrading and thus facilitate energy conservation and emission reduction is one of the important strategies of environmental management in China. Based on the systematic collection of 1,195 energy conservation emission reduction policies, we discuss the influence of individual measure and measure synergy of energy conservation and emission reduction policies respectively. The results show that the energy conservation and emission reduction policies have a significant effect on the overall promotion of industrial upgrading. The financial measures and guidance measures have a positive impact; the financial measures and guidance measures have significantly positive effect; however, the administrative measures, fiscal tax measures, and other economic measures do the opposite; the positive effect of the synergy of guidance measures and financial measures is greater than the negative effect of considering only the synergy of fiscal tax measures and other economic measures, and significantly greater than the negative effect of the synergy of administrative measures, fiscal tax measures, and other economic measures. We should strengthen and emphasize the use of the measure that has positive effect on industrial structure restructuring and upgrading individually and synergistically.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.