城市竞争、空间溢出与生态效率:高位压力和低位吸力的影响

在推进新型工业化、信息化和城镇化同步发展的过程中,得益于要素资源的有效集聚,部分城市成为新的枢纽城市或者标杆城市,城市间在经济增长和环境规制等方面存在不同程度的竞争,研究城市竞争如何影响生态效率提升对于实现区域可持续发展具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文利用191个地级及以上城市2003—2015年面板数据,测度经济增长和环境规制空间溢出的高位压力和低位吸力,研究城市间经济增长竞争和环境规制竞争对城市生态效率提升的影响。主要发现有:(1)邻近地区经济增长和环境规制空间溢出的高位压力和低位吸力对本市生态效率的作用方向具有显著差异,低位促进,高位抑制,且分别以"破罐子破摔"效应和"污染天堂"效应最突出。(2)邻近阈值为750 km时,经济增长高位压力和低位吸力每增加1个单位,生态效率增长率会分别降低14.5%和提高9.7%。而环境规制低位吸力每增加1个单位,生态效率增长率会提高4.5%。(3)分组比较发现,各组城市经济增长竞争对生态效率提升的影响仍表现为"破罐子破摔"效应。(4)与资源型城市和环境保护非重点城市相比,非资源型城市和环境保护重点城市更易受到环境规制更宽松的邻近城市影响,呈现显著的"污染天堂"效应。实证发现暗示着:在区域可持续发展进程中应积极引导城市间的良性竞争;地方政府应高度重视经济增长和环境规制的正、负向空间溢出,生态效率增长极地区应积极发挥示范效应和溢出效应;对不同城市类型采取差别化约束机制,坚持分类指导、特色发展,以快速有效地提升城市生态效率,实现区域绿色发展。     

中国环境污染与地方政府税收竞争——基于空间面板数据模型的分析

随着经济不断发展,环境污染问题日益严峻已引起社会各界的广泛关注。本文通过理论研究表明地方政府间税收竞争对环境污染加剧具有必然影响,一方面税收竞争导致地方政府间相互降低税率;另一方面,税收竞争还影响地方政府的环境政策力度,导致地方政府采用宽松的环境政策。降低税率会使环境污染的负外部性得不到补偿,降低税收效率;放松环境政策则会导致环境政策的"趋劣竞争",都将导致环境污染加剧和环境质量的降低。对2000-2009年中国28个省份的空间面板数据的实证检验则表明:环境污染在地理空间上具有非常明显的空间联动性,环境污染受到相邻地区的溢出效应影响非常明显;税负降低确实促进了工业废水、工业废气及工业废弃物等环境污染排放量的增加,对环境质量的降低具有显著影响;而地方政府执行宽松的环境政策促使工业废水排放量增加,各地方政府倾向于承担较低水平的废水减排努力,出现环境政策的"趋劣竞争",而对工业废气和固体废弃物的排放却起到一定的缩减功能。     

工业经济结构、经济增长对环境污染的非线性影响

本文从生产要素投入端将环境污染引至索洛增长模型,理论考察工业经济结构、经济增长对环境污染的非线性影响机制,基于1999—2014年我国30个省份的面板数据,以SO_2排放量作为环境污染水平的代理变量,采用面板平滑迁移回归(PSTR)模型检验全国及分区域工业经济结构、经济增长对环境污染的非线性影响效应及区域差异性。研究结果表明:随着工业化进程的不断加快,工业产出及污染排放均呈现不断上升的趋势,但由于资本边际收益递减规律使得这种增长趋势逐渐减弱,最终导致经济增长和环境污染增长趋于稳态,当污染排放增长率降低为负时,经济增长对环境污染的影响作用由正向转变为负向。实证表明我国工业经济结构、经济增长与SO_2排放具有显著的产出水平门槛效应,随着经济产出水平由低区制平滑的过渡到高区制,经济增长对SO_2排放的影响由正向促进作用转变为负向减排效应,但工业经济结构对SO_2排放呈现逐渐增强正向促进作用,可见工业经济结构、经济增长对SO_2排放具有显著的非线性影响。此外,研究发现工业经济结构、经济增长对SO_2排放的非线性影响存在显著的区域差异性,东部地区经济增长与SO_2排放呈现显著的倒"U"型曲线关系,而在中西部地区表现出逐渐增强的促进作用,中部地区的工业经济结构对SO_2排放的促进作用最大,西部其次,东部最弱,研究还表明,减排技术水平以及环境治理投资增加对SO_2污染排放具有遏制作用,能源投资的增加加速了SO_2的排放。在未来经济发展中,应摒弃传统"高投入、高消耗"的工业化模式,政府应实施创新管理,完善环境保护立法,鼓励企业发展环境污染治理方面的技术,避免以环境容量过渡为代价,追求工业经济高质量、可持续发展模式。     

地方政府竞争、环境规制与绿色发展效率

绿色发展效率是新时代中国特色社会主义经济转向高质量发展的重要衡量指标,政府主导的中国经济发展体制决定了地方政府竞争和环境规制是影响绿色发展效率的主要影响因素。文章在识别地方政府竞争、环境规制对于绿色发展效率的作用机制的基础上,基于2001—2015年中国30个省级区域面板数据,利用SBM-DEA方向性距离函数测算了包含能源消耗与非期望产出的2001—2015年省级区域绿色发展效率,并使用动态面板GMM模型进行了实证分析。结果显示:环境规制对于绿色发展效率的提高具有促进作用,环境规制对于保护环境、促进经济高质量发展,具有正向推动作用。地方政府竞争对绿色发展效率的提高具有抑制作用,地方政府间的经济赶超、官员的晋升激励,导致地方以破坏生态环境为代价更快地发展经济。地方政府竞争与环境规制的共同作用对于绿色发展效率的提高具有抑制作用,地方政府在发展经济与保护环境之间,更多地选择了更快发展经济,而忽视了经济发展的质量,破坏了生态环境。地方政府在经济赶超与环境规制之间的选择摇摆不定,导致地方政府的政策不具有持续性,进一步导致绿色发展效率在一个低水平上持续波动。东、中、西部地区均存在由于地方政府竞争所引致的环境规制力度不足,环境规制政策存在着波动性,进而抑制了绿色发展效率的提高。因此应当进一步完善地方政府官员的考核体系,引导建立起以高质量发展为导向的地方政府竞争制度,加强环境规制的力度,加强对企业技术创新的支持,鼓励企业发展绿色技术,提高绿色发展效率。     

财政压力会降低地方政府环境治理效率吗——一个被调节的中介模型

近年来,尽管中央对地方政府的环保考核持续保持高压态势,但地方政府在环境治理中"重发展,轻环保"的现象仍然屡见不鲜,究其原因,是地方政府在环境治理中面临了公共价值冲突。基于公共价值理论和环境联邦主义理论,采用我国206个地级市2012—2016年的面板数据,构建了一个被调节的中介模型实证分析了财政压力、公共价值冲突与地方政府环境治理效率间的关系。本文使用DEA方法中的Super-SBM模型测量了地方政府环境治理效率,采用文本分析方法和Griffin公式测量并计算了地方政府在环境治理中面临的公共价值冲突程度,最后使用Bootstrap方法对所提假设进行了检验。研究发现:财政压力会显著降低地方政府的环境治理效率,财政压力越大,地方政府环境治理效率越低;财政压力影响地方政府环境治理效率的作用机制在于公共价值冲突所扮演的中介作用,即财政压力首先诱发地方政府出现了公共价值冲突,使地方政府陷入了一个该做什么、不该做什么的公共价值困境中,进而负面影响了其环境治理效率。研究同时发现,环保垂直管理可以有效缓解公共价值冲突在财政压力与地方政府环境治理效率间的中介作用,若地方政府实施了环保垂直管理,则公共价值冲突所扮演的中介作用可以得到有效弱化。研究结论对于理解地方政府环境治理困境,打开公共价值"黑箱",分析公共价值冲突的来源和作用机理,探索公共价值冲突的应对策略有一定的理论和现实意义,可为中央环保垂直管理改革的持续推进提供支持性证据。     

收入增长、大气污染与公众健康——基于CHNS的微观证据

中国经济高速增长所带来的严峻环境污染及其对公众健康的损害,受到国内外媒体的极大关注。基于中国健康与营养家庭调查数据(CHNS),结合相应地区环境污染物与经济发展数据,本文试图从理论机制和实证层面探讨家庭收入提高对健康的正向效应能否缓解大气污染对公众健康的负向影响。研究发现:总体上,经济增长所带来的家庭收入提高能够显著减缓工业粉尘对健康损害,但并未能抵消工业氮化物(NOX)对公众健康的负向影响。进一步分析理论机制发现,收入对大气污染健康损害的减缓效应主要取决于家庭的环境支付意愿,"南低北高"的地区污染特征客观上造成"南低北高"的环境支付意愿差异,北方地区家庭收入提高抵消环境污染的健康福利表现较南方地区更为明显;受教育程度不同的群体显现出环境支付意愿的差异,受教育年限越高的人群更倾向于将家庭收入转换为减轻环境污染的健康福利。     

政府主导、市场分割与资源诅咒——中国自然资源禀赋对经济增长作用研究

资源诅咒现象形成的主要机制是,优良的自然资源禀赋通过降低市场制度效率、扭曲经济正常结构和提升市场信息成本三个渠道降低经济系统的投入-产出效率,最终影响长期经济发展水平。这三个机制顺利实现的前提条件是市场行为支配着资源流动结构,而这一条件在我国仍需要检验,政府主导是我国经济增长中的显著特征,因此资源禀赋影响经济增长的性质需要在考虑政府作用条件下进行解释。地方政府影响经济具有严格的区域性,因此资源诅咒性质的区域内外是否一致是政府主导经济是否显著的重要表现,基于此本文区分行政区域和经济区域,利用劳动生产率和资源禀赋之间的统计关系来判定我国"资源诅咒"的存在性及其性质,并从经济制度角度对其进行解释。首先,利用Malmquist指数方法对我国2000-2010年省际经济增长的经济效率分解并作为经济增长的质量指标,同时为避免变量的"内生性问题"而采用采矿业就业人数占总人口比例度量各省的资源丰裕度。控制经济区位后的计量回归结果表明:各省份自然资源对各种经济效率均有正向作用,但是各省份相邻区域的自然资源禀赋对于具体省份经济效率并无影响,经济区位对于各省份技术进步和整体经济效率的影响显著,但对于各省份技术使用效率并不存在显著影响,各省份自身制度效率受资源丰裕度、相邻地区资源丰裕度、经济区位的影响不显著。制度分析表明:政府主导和区域市场分割构成我国经济增长体制环境的典型特征,这种体制中地方政府的效率是决定区域经济增长效率的重要因素。在这种制度环境中,自然资源通过影响地方政府对经济干预力度来影响经济增长效率形成"资源福祉"现象,并且由于地方政府主导经济的区域性和政府之间经济角色的竞争关系性质,这种"资源福祉"被严格限定在行政区域内。     

地方政府环境治理压力会“挤出”企业绿色创新吗?北大核心CSCDCSSCI

企业环境污染行为能否在根本上得到遏制,在很大程度上取决于地方政府对环境政策的执行力度。以往研究更多地关注了地方政府放松环境管制对企业污染行为的影响,而尚未关注地方政府环境管制动机增强后会对企业绿色创新产生什么影响。文章以《环境空气质量标准》为外生政策冲击,研究了空气质量新标准实施引致的地方政府治理动机变化对企业绿色创新的影响。基于2004—2018年中国A股上市公司数据,运用三重差分(DDD)分析法,通过比较新标准实施前后、试点城市相对于非试点城市、重污染行业相对于轻污染行业,企业绿色发明申请量是否变化来检验地方政府环境治理压力对企业绿色创新的影响。研究发现:(1)2012年新标准第一阶段方案实施后,74个试点城市地方政府环境治理压力对重污染企业绿色创新的“挤出”效应显著高于轻污染企业,并且经过稳健性检验结果依然稳健。(2)经异质性分析发现,2013年新标准第二阶段方案在190个试点城市实施后上述“挤出”效应不再显著;相对于非国有企业,地方政府环境治理压力对国有重污染企业产生的“挤出”效应更为显著;将第一和第二阶段实施方案引入同一模型进行整体分析后上述研究结论依然稳健。(3)从影响机制来看,新标准实施引致的地方政府环境治理压力增大对企业绿色创新产生的“挤出”效应是因试点城市重污染企业大幅增加环保投资而挤占了绿色创新资源而导致的,在第二实施阶段,试点城市重污染企业不再大幅增加环保投资后,对绿色创新的“挤出”效应也不再显著。这意味着,中央政府制定合理的环境规制可以有效激发地方政府环境治理动机。因此,地方政府需要加大对污染企业的环保补助和绿色创新资源支持,以有效缓解因企业大幅增加的环保投资而挤占的绿色创新资源。     

经济增长是否能自动解决环境问题——倒U型环境库兹涅茨曲线是内生机制结果还是外部控制结果

环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)认为随着经济的增长,环境污染情况呈现先加剧后减轻的趋势。传统的观点认为经济增长能够内生性地自动解决环境问题,把倒U型EKC出现逆转趋势的原因归结为经济增长本身,认为经济增长达到一定程度后环境问题能够得到自动解决。本文使用2001-2010年的数据构造了综合污染指数CPI对环境和经济增长的关系进行实证研究,先使用实际污染物排放量和处理后污染物排放量作为对比,发现在不考虑污染物处理因素的情况下,使用实际排放量得出的结果全部是线性增加的,使用处理后排放量的计量结果显示CPI与人均GDP的关系呈倒U型。然后引入产业结构、居民素质、技术进步、政府行为、外商投资、产业集中度、人口密度七个变量对传统的EKC进行补充解释,找出了哪些是主要影响因素,哪些是次要影响因素,并对东部、中部、西部的区域差异进行实证和解释。结果表明,环境和经济增长的"倒U"型关系不是经济增长内生机制所致,而是诸多外部控制措施作用的结果,环境污染很难随着经济增长而自动减轻,改善环境质量要从经济和社会的方方面面入手,综合调整经济社会发展模式才是根本途径。     

欲速则不达:地方政府经济预期目标与绿色发展效率北大核心CSCDCSSCI

地方政府的经济预期目标决定了地方政府的经济行为,进而影响地区的绿色发展效率。受晋升锦标赛和同群效应的影响,地方政府易制定过高的经济预期目标,高速增长的压力造成地方政府的短视行为,降低了绿色发展效率。文章在理论分析的基础上,使用超效率SBM模型对中国地级市的绿色发展效率进行了测算,进而运用2003—2018年238个地级市的经济发展目标与绿色发展效率,实证检验了二者之间的关系,并研究了地方政府经济预期目标对绿色发展效率的内在影响机制。研究结果显示:①地方政府经济预期目标显著抑制了地区绿色发展效率的提升,过高的经济增长目标导致了地方政府过度追求经济快速增长而忽略绿色转型。②地方政府经济预期目标通过缩小政府的科技支出、减少污染治理投资、干扰市场的要素配置、集中发展高污染和高耗能的第二产业的内在机制影响了政府行为,抑制了绿色发展效率的提高。③地方政府经济预期目标在2014年后显著提升了绿色发展效率,说明“新常态”提出后,在绿色发展理念指导下地方政府不再单一追求经济高速增长,更注重经济增长与生态保护的协调发展;相较于中、西部,东部地区政府经济增长目标对绿色发展效率的抑制作用更强。基于此提出:①应为地方政府制定更多元化的目标;②同时调整晋升与考核机制,促进地方政府官员重视地区的长期高质量发展;③进一步扩大对外开放以充分利用绿色生态技术的扩散效应。文章为国家提升绿色发展效率与完善政府经济目标管理提供了重要的经验证据,对推动中国经济高质量发展具有重要的现实意义。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.