城市自然景区游客环境责任行为影响因素研究

城市自然景区是城市中不可多得的旅游资源和游憩空间,游客旅游行为对城市自然景区的游憩冲击一直是城市旅游管理亟待解决的棘手问题,研究游客的环境责任行为是控制游憩负面冲击,增强城市自然景区可持续发展能力的有效途径。本研究在国内外文献综述和实践观察基础上,将游客社会责任意识引入游客环境冲击感知和环境责任行为的关系研究中,建立了包含生态环境冲击感知、不友善行为感知、游客冲突感知和设施管理冲击感知四个游憩冲击感知变量,自我约束行为和保护促进行为两个环境责任行为变量的"游憩冲击感知—社会责任意识—环境责任行为"理论模型,应用问卷调查和结构方程模型,以长沙岳麓山国家5A级景区为案例,对城市自然景区游客环境责任行为的影响因素及其相互关系展开定量实证研究。研究发现:(1)游客游憩冲击感知对环境责任行为的直接影响作用较小,生态环境冲击感知对环境保护促进行为具有显著正向影响;(2)游客社会责任意识对环境自我约束行为具有显著正向影响,其在游客环境冲击感知、设施管理冲击感知、游客冲突感知与环境责任行为的影响关系中起中介作用;(3)游客冲击感知对社会责任意识的影响主要表现为游客生态环境冲击感知和设施管理冲击感知对游客社会责任意识具有显著的正向影响,而游客冲突感知对游客社会责任意识具有显著的负向影响。根据研究结论,文章最后指出城市自然景区游客环境责任行为若干管理启示。     

居民感知公平对社区参与旅游发展的影响研究——基于社区认同的视角

居民是社区参与旅游发展的主体,而居民感知公平是决定社区参与旅游发展的重要因素。文章基于社区认同的视角,探讨居民感知公平对社区参与旅游发展的影响及作用机理。研究以山东济南朱家峪古村为例,通过构建结构方程模型,对感知公平、社区认同和社区参与之间的关系进行了实证检验。研究结果表明:1居民感知公平对社区参与旅游发展具有正向影响。当感知到在旅游发展中所享受到的利益分成越公平时,感知到这种分成过程越公平时,感知到人际交流和信息沟通越公平时,社区居民越能积极参与到旅游发展之中。同时,相比较程序公平和互动公平,分配公平更能促进社区居民参与旅游发展的程度,这是由中国现阶段乡村旅游从业人员所处状况所决定的。2居民感知公平对社区认同具有正向影响。当感知到旅游发展中的分配公平、程序公平和互动公平越高时,越会认为自己是旅游社区建设和发展中的一员,且有一种作为成员的自豪感和主人翁意识,越会对社区有一种忠诚感,越会认同自己所属社区的价值理念。此外,相比较分配公平和程序公平,互动公平对社区认同影响最大,这是由中国所处的文化结构和文化背景所决定的。3社区认同正向影响社区参与旅游发展。社区认同的三个维度成员感、忠诚感、相似性均对社区参与旅游发展具有良好的预测作用,其中社区忠诚感的作用最为显著。文章丰富了社区参与旅游发展的相关理论,为增强居民的社区认同感和提高社区参与程度提供了方法指导和决策参考。     

乡村旅游地居民政府信任对旅游发展支持度的影响——地方依恋的调节效应

乡村旅游发展不仅能够拉动地方经济的增长,也能助推乡村振兴战略的有效实施。探索居民旅游发展支持度的前因变量和形成机制是推动旅游可持续发展的重要因素,并受到国内外学者的普遍关注,尤其在乡村旅游发展引发的多利益主体复杂关系中,居民对政府的信任度是保证乡村旅游有序发展的关键环节,但现有研究中关于旅游地居民政府信任对社区居民旅游发展支持度的影响机制尚缺乏深入的探讨。文章基于社会交换理论,以居民旅游参与度和旅游影响感知为中介、地方依恋为调节,以山东省8个代表性乡村旅游地为案例研究地,量化分析政府信任对社区居民旅游发展支持度的影响机理。实证分析结果表明:政府信任正向显著影响居民旅游发展参与度、旅游感知获益和支持度,负向显著影响旅游感知成本;参与度和旅游感知获益部分中介政府信任与旅游发展支持度的关系;地方依恋对政府信任与参与度之间的关系具有正向调节作用。与已有研究相比,文章从乡村旅游地居民政府信任切入,阐释了居民旅游发展支持度的形成机制,在影响机制探索中强化了社区参与和地方依恋的作用,对深刻理解居民政府信任促进旅游发展支持度的传导机制、激发居民旅游发展支持行为提供了理论解释和实证支持。这意味着,为有效提升社区居民旅游支持度,需要重视社区居民的政府信任度,增强政府与居民良性互动,广泛吸纳社区居民积极参与旅游发展过程,提升社区居民在乡村旅游发展中的获得感,并培育居民对乡村的地方依恋情感,进而发挥乡村旅游助推乡村振兴战略的积极作用。     

旅游者对旅游风景区的环境感知研究——以五泉山风景区为例

通过对旅游者旅游资源环境感知调查、态度分析,能了解旅游者对风景区的满意度,对于促进当地旅游业的可持续发展具有极其重要的作用和意义。以五泉山风景区为例,结合实地问卷调查与访谈的方法,研究旅游者对五泉山风景区的环境感知,结果显示:旅游者对五泉山风景区旅游环境总体环境感知一般;对五泉山风景区的自然环境呈正面、积极感知,但是对饮食服务水平、旅游从业者服务态度、文化特色、环境设施等持保留态度;旅游者对在风景区内的环保责任和行为都表现出了积极的态度;旅游者对景区的忠诚度一般;地方政府在环境保护和旅游规划方面应当更有所作为。     

旅游环境契合度、地方依恋与旅游者亲环境行为——以武陵源世界遗产地为例

旅游者的亲环境行为对于旅游地环境保护和可持续发展意义重大,旅游环境契合度与地方依恋对旅游者亲环境行为有重要影响.基于旅游环境契合度理论,以世界遗产地武陵源为数据调研地,通过对正在或曾在武陵源旅游的一千余名游客的问卷调查,用AMOS结构方程模型进行多层次假设检验以及中介效应检验,以廓清旅游环境契合度对旅游者亲环境行为的影响机制.研究表明:旅游旅游环境契合度对旅游者亲环境行为的直接影响不显著,旅游环境契合度正向影响地方依恋,地方依恋也对亲环境行为有着正向影响,地方依恋在旅游者-环境契合度与亲环境行为之间起着中介作用.据此给遗产地景区提出管理建议,引导旅游者的亲环境行为,促进世界遗产地的环境可持续发展.     

乡村旅游背景下农户生计策略转变意愿研究

近年来在乡村振兴战略实施背景下,乡村旅游在发展农村经济中的作用更加凸显。促进乡村旅游的健康发展和乡村农户生计的持续改善是当前学术界讨论的重要话题。现有研究表明,可持续生计框架中客观环境影响作用是可持续旅游生计研究的热点方向,但可持续生计框架外其他主观因素对生计策略转变影响的动态定量考量却较为空缺。本研究在乡村旅游背景下探讨政府信任度对农户生计策略转变意愿影响机制,引入居民参与度、居民支持度和生活满意度多重链式中介作用,通过结构方程模型对山东省乡村旅游地进行定量分析,并对特定路径间中介作用进行比较。实证研究结果显示:①政府信任度对居民参与度和居民支持度具有正向影响,居民支持度正向影响居民参与度。②居民参与度和居民支持度均正向影响生活满意度。③生活满意度对农户生计策略转变意愿产生正向影响。这表明在居民支持度、居民参与度和生活满意度多重链式中介作用下,政府信任度对生计策略转变意愿具有间接影响。因此,为了助推乡村振兴,实现乡村旅游和农户生计的可持续,应发挥政府作用,从政策实施、旅游市场监控、完善基础设施建设等方面提高政府信任度,培养农户的主人翁意识,引导农户融入乡村旅游发展过程中,提高生活满意度,增强农户生计策略转变意愿。     

环境约束条件下景区旅游效率与旅游生产率评估北大核心CSCDCSSCI

旅游活动不仅能够为景区创造经济效益,而且也给生态环境体系形成负面影响,因而对环境约束下景区旅游效率与旅游生产率进行测度具有重要意义。本研究参照网络DEA与方向性环境距离函数法,将环境因素纳入景区旅游效率与旅游生产率测度框架,结合以景区碳足迹表征的生态环境压力指标,构建了考虑环境因素的景区旅游效率与旅游生产率测度模型,规避了传统DEA方法的"黑箱"问题,更为准确地涵盖了环境治理效率。以四川省成都市26家景区为评估对象的研究结果显示,各景区旅游效率存在较大差异,多数景区旅游生产率差异受旅游服务产品生产环节效率主导,囊括环境治理效率的旅游效率与旅游生产率评估更为科学、合理。最后本文在发展理念、旅游服务产品结构、能源结构、碳汇增加等方面针对景区旅游经济发展提出对策建议。     

环境约束条件下景区旅游效率与旅游生产率评估

旅游活动不仅能够为景区创造经济效益,而且也给生态环境体系形成负面影响,因而对环境约束下景区旅游效率与旅游生产率进行测度具有重要意义。本研究参照网络DEA与方向性环境距离函数法,将环境因素纳入景区旅游效率与旅游生产率测度框架,结合以景区碳足迹表征的生态环境压力指标,构建了考虑环境因素的景区旅游效率与旅游生产率测度模型,规避了传统DEA方法的"黑箱"问题,更为准确地涵盖了环境治理效率。以四川省成都市26家景区为评估对象的研究结果显示,各景区旅游效率存在较大差异,多数景区旅游生产率差异受旅游服务产品生产环节效率主导,囊括环境治理效率的旅游效率与旅游生产率评估更为科学、合理。最后本文在发展理念、旅游服务产品结构、能源结构、碳汇增加等方面针对景区旅游经济发展提出对策建议。     

风险感知视角下后疫情时期中国公民生态环境行为影响机制

新冠肺炎(COVID-19)疫情的暴发给人们带来了巨大的风险,同时引起人类生态伦理方面的思考。那么后疫情时期人们是否会因自己所经历和感知到的疫情风险而对现有人与自然关系等生态伦理问题进行深刻反思,并进一步提升生态环境行为规范践行程度呢?为回应这一问题,该研究从新冠疫情风险感知概念出发,通过质性研究的方法剖析疫情风险感知的内涵和结构,结合社会认知理论,以"风险感知-反思-责任-行为"为逻辑框架,探究在生态伦理反思与生态环境责任感的顺序中介效应下,疫情风险感知对中国公民生态环境行为规范践行影响的内部机制。通过对823份有效数据进行分析表明:(1)中国公民对于此次新冠肺炎疫情风险的感知主要包含本质感知、工作/学习感知、生活质量感知、社交质量感知、生理健康感知、消极情绪感知和政府控制感知等7个维度。(2)通过编制量表与实证分析,发现人们的疫情风险感知程度越高,后疫情时期越能够促进生态环境行为的产生。(3)从生态伦理反思和生态环境责任感视角探讨疫情风险感知对公民生态环境行为的影响,并验证了生态伦理反思与生态环境责任感在疫情风险感知与公民生态环境行为之间发挥顺序中介作用。基于研究结论认为,应从"人与自然共同体"视角出发,构建公民生态环境责任感提升导向的"政府-组织-公民"递进式生态文明教育体系,以生态伦理为价值导向,有效促进生态知行合一,提升公民的生态环境行为。     

基于百度指数的长江三角洲虚拟旅游流流动特征和影响因素分析

旅游流是游客在空间区域内的集散过程所带来的一系列经济社会发展效应,是旅游系统的神经中枢和纽带.传统旅游流研究多集中于现实旅游流,对虚拟旅游流涉及较少,数据获取多依靠调查问卷与景区提供,具有局限性.文章基于百度指数,在保证数据容量与准确度的基础上以长江三角洲为研究对象,构建O-D虚拟旅游流矩阵探究区域虚拟旅游流流动特征,并利用地理加权回归(GWR)模型从流入市域、流出市域两方面,分析不同市域的虚拟旅游流影响因素.结果 表明:(1)长江三角洲虚拟旅游流空间分布不均,流动性较强,形成以合肥、南京、苏州、杭州、上海为核心节点的放射状网络.(2)A级景区数量、住宿和餐饮业从业人员以及公路里程可以较好的解释流入虚拟旅游流市域分布.其中,A级景区对流入虚拟旅游流影响最为显著,住宿和餐饮业的发展对长江三角洲西北部虚拟旅游流的流入具有推动力,而公路里程对整个长江三角洲流入虚拟旅游流影响最小.(3)私人汽车拥有量、社会消费品零售总额、互联网宽带用户接入量对流出虚拟旅游流有较强的影响.社会消费品零售总额代表的经济因素是市域虚拟旅游流流出的决定因素,经济越发达的区域,人们的出游意愿越强烈,也更愿意利用网络抓取旅游信息流追求高质量旅游出行行为.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.