中国城乡居民生活碳排放驱动因素分析

本文基于时间序列数据从生活消费视角定量评估居民人均生活碳排放的驱动因素。基于Kaya恒等式基本原理,采用LMDI分解法构建一个包括消费碳排放强度、消费结构、城乡消费比重、消费水平、经济水平和城乡结构在内的居民人均生活碳排放驱动因素分解模型,对我国1995-2012年的城乡居民人均生活碳排放影响因素进行分解分析。研究结果表明:消费水平、经济水平、消费结构、城乡结构、城乡消费比重各因素效应对我国城镇居民人均生活碳排放的影响均大于对我国农村居民人均生活碳排放的影响;消费水平、经济水平、消费结构因素对我国城乡居民人均生活碳排放的影响最为明显;城镇人口效应对城镇居民人均生活碳排放量的减排意义重大,而农村人口效应导致农村居民人均生活碳排放量的增加;城乡结构变化会带动居民人均生活碳排放的变化,随着时间推移,城乡结构达到一定程度,我国城乡居民人均生活碳排放的变化也相对稳定。在此基础上,提出我国家庭生活消费节能减排的对策及建议,引导居民低碳生活,绿色消费。     

基于LMDI分解模型的中国居民生活间接碳排放特征分析

进入21世纪,温室气体排放引发的全球变暖等问题成为世界关注的焦点,长期以来我国控制碳排放的政策手段多集中于工业生产领域,对居民生活领域碳排放控制涉及较少。基于此,本文使用LMDI模型计算并分析了2000-2015年间我国居民生活间接碳排放的驱动因素,结果显示:(1)城乡居民人均生活间接碳排放驱动因素中,消费碳排放强度因素、消费水平因素、经济水平因素具有同向的碳排放驱动效应,消费结构因素、城乡消费比重因素、城乡结构因素具有反向的碳排放驱动效应;(2)经济水平的提高是城乡居民生活间接碳排放的主要推动力,考虑到与碳排放强度相关的技术趋于稳定,短期内难以取得突破,因此居民人均生活间接碳排放量及总生活碳排放量的上升趋势难以逆转;(3)从生活消费特点上对比,城镇居民相比农村居民有更有利于碳减排的生活消费结构,这一点由消费结构因素、城乡结构因素的对比得以印证,但从绝对值上看,城镇居民人均生活间接碳排放值仍显著大于农村居民,因此城镇化进程将显著推动全国居民生活碳排放量的上升。本文研究可为精细化控制居民生活碳排放的政策制定与实施提供科学参考。     

北京市终端能源消费碳排量研究

本研究通过分析北京市1990-2012年间终端能源消费总量以及主要能源的消费量,研究了北京市终端能源消费结构特征以及终端能源消费的直接碳排放量的变化。结果表明,在所研究的时间段内,北京市能源消费总量增加了1.65倍,占据北京市能源消费结构中比重较大的煤炭消费量占总能源消费量的比例呈逐年下降的趋势,而油类、天然气和电力消费量所占比例呈不断增加的趋势。北京市单位GDP碳排放量、单位能耗的碳排放量及人均碳排放量都呈下降之势,碳排放总量在1990-2007年间逐年增长,在2008-2012年间逐年下降,总体上增加了20.3%。通过对煤炭消费比例和碳排量的相关性分析发现,煤炭消费比例减少,单位能耗碳排放量就随之减少。     

数字经济是否有效促进了节能和碳减排?北大核心CSCDCSSCI

中国作为世界上最大的能源消费和碳排放国,节能减排形势十分严峻。然而,数字经济发展方兴未艾。为探析数字经济发展如何影响能源消费和CO_(2)排放,该研究以中国2011—2019年30个省份面板数据为样本,运用熵值法测析各省份数字经济发展水平,构建双固定效应模型实证分析数字经济与能源消费和数字经济与碳排放间存在的正“U”型或倒“U”型关系。结果表明:①中国数字经济发展水平存在省际和区域差距,广东和东部地区数字经济发展水平最高,青海和西部地区数字经济发展水平最低;②数字经济与能源消费规模和数字经济与碳排放规模均存在显著正“U”型关系,而数字经济与能源消费结构、数字经济与能源消费效率和数字经济与碳排放效率均显著存在倒“U”型关系,数字经济发展的节能效应大于碳减排效应;③东部、中部、西部及东北地区的数字经济与能源消费规模、能源消费结构、能源消费效率和数字经济与碳排放规模、碳排放效率间的非线性关系存在异质性;④数字基础设施、数字创新环境、数字用户规模及数字产业规模对能源消费规模、能源消费结构、能源消费效率的非线性影响存在差异,对碳排放规模、碳排放效率的非线性影响亦存在差异。据此,从缩小数字经济发展水平差距、制定数字经济发展政策、改善数字创新环境,增加数字用户规模三方面提出相关政策建议,以期为中国发展数字经济的同时兼顾节能减排效应提供实证支撑和理论依据,助推实现碳达峰、碳中和目标。     

长江经济带碳排放现状及未来碳减排

长江经济带是我国"三大支撑带"之一,其碳减排目标实现对我国生态文明建设具有重要意义。采用2005~2013年长江经济带(含9省2市)的能源消耗与经济社会数据,通过数理统计,得出各地历年碳排放量、人均碳排放、能源强度、产业结构多元水平的具体数值及变化率,结合运用弹性计算和矩阵分类法,发现长江经济带碳排放存在空间与结构差异。研究结果显示:(1)长江经济带碳排放及增长率、人均碳排放及增长率、能源强度都高于全国平均水平,能源强度下降率低于全国平均水平;把长江经济带分为东中西三段区域,碳排放总量、人均碳排放及能源强度下降率梯度下降,碳排放增长率、人均碳排放增长率、能源强度梯度上升。(2)工业化开始越早、重工业化主导向生产性服务业主导转变越快、越充分地区,经济低碳化水平越高;通过提升产业结构多元化速度有利于碳减排。(3)长江经济带各地实现碳减排措施应有不同,东段地区应着重降低人均碳排放,中西段地区应着重于降低能源强度。(4)未来碳减排应兼顾公平与效率,各地区碳减排目标分配应结合各地支付能力、碳汇能力、生产效率、能源结构等因素来安排。     

“双控”目标下产业智能化的节能降碳减排效应

作为新一轮技术进步的重要标志,产业智能化是“双控”目标下实现节能降碳减排的重要路径。运用2011—2021年275个城市面板数据,检验产业智能化对能源消费、碳排放、工业污染排放总量和强度的影响及机制。理论分析表明,产业智能化应用产生规模扩张效应、技术创新效应和产业结构升级效应,三种效应的相互作用将决定产业智能化对能源消费、碳排放、工业污染排放总量和强度的影响方向和程度。该研究采用固定效应模型进行基准回归,并运用工具变量、GMM动态面板、外生冲击检验和替换解释变量等方法,确保基准结果的稳健性。研究表明：(1)产业智能化不仅能够减少能源消费和工业污染排放总量,而且可以降低能源消费、碳排放和工业污染排放强度,实现节能降碳减排。(2)经验证据显示,产业智能化对能源消费、碳排放和工业污染排放的总量影响小于对其强度的影响。产业智能化主要作用于“能耗双控”,对“工业污染排放双控”作用较小,但未能实现“碳排放双控”。(3)机制检验得出,目前产业智能化所推动的绿色技术创新水平较低是产业智能化未能实现“碳排放双控”的根本原因,采用智能化技术提升绿色技术创新水平是由“能耗双控”向“排放双控”转型的重要条件。...     

低碳省区试点政策的净碳减排效应北大核心CSCDCSSCI

低碳试点是实现中国绿色发展的一项重要政策,旨在探索和推广工业化与城镇化过程中低碳建设的做法及经验。客观评估低碳省区试点政策效果,有助于更好积累和推广省级层面的低碳建设经验,进而全面推进绿色化进程与生态文明建设。作者基于2000—2017年中国26个省区的面板数据,采用合成控制法从人均碳排放和碳强度两个方面,对辽宁、广东、陕西、湖北、云南和海南等6个“低碳省区”试点政策的净碳减排效应进行分析和评价,并通过安慰剂检验和双重差分(DID)估计对政策效应的稳健性进行验证和补充分析。研究发现:低碳省区试点政策下,辽宁和湖北的人均碳排放和碳强度均显著下降,即政策效应双有效;广东和云南的人均碳排放显著下降,而这两个省区的碳强度变动并非源于低碳试点政策;低碳省区试点对陕西和海南的碳减排均无效,相反,这两个省区的碳强度以及陕西的人均碳排放显著上升。分析认为,导致各省区净碳减排效应异质性的因素有以下四点:①工业占地区生产总值比重越低,越有利于人均碳排放控制;省区经济水平越高,即人均地区生产总值越高,越有利于碳强度控制。②碳排放权交易试点政策叠加有效促进碳减排。③政策实施前,省区人均碳排放和碳强度指标越低,其减排空间越小,减排难度越大。④经济发展和产业结构优化的惯性作用会长效推进碳减排。有鉴于此,提出以下建议:在省级层面合理布局低碳产业,特别是低能耗、低排放的第三产业,有效降低能源消费;推动人均碳排放和碳强度较高的省区率先减排;加大对经济欠发达省区的节能减排资金与技术支持;加快全国碳排放权交易市场的建设与完善,形成长效的低碳发展机制,实现生态绿色和经济增长和谐共赢。     

中国北方农牧区生存性碳排放特征与实证

以中国北方农牧区的内蒙古通辽地区为例,结合实地问卷调查,研究农牧民家庭生存性碳排放特征。研究提出了农牧民家庭生存碳排放评估指标体系,其中能源产品和非能源产品成为农牧民家庭生存性碳排放的两大来源。计算了农牧民人均能源消费碳排放量及食物消费碳排放量。研究结果表明:在能源方面,农牧民家庭生存性碳排放构成呈能源消费主导型,2008年,该区人均生存性碳排放总量为1 040.36 kg,其中矿物燃料、用电消费碳排放分别占总生存性碳排放的45.53%和30%;受传统生活方式影响,家庭用能结构粗放,以矿物化石能及一次生物质能为主,电能使用比例相对较低。在食物方面,农牧民家庭食物消费结构渐趋低碳化,2008年和2009年人均食物消费总碳排放量分别为78.42 kg和76.67 kg,以粮食消费占主导,占总消费量的60%;2009年与2008年比较,含碳量较高的粮食和食用油消费分别降低4%和3.8%。该区农牧民人均食物消费碳排放量只是美国的39.2%,英国的49.6%,日本的72%,属基本生存线碳排放。     

四川省能源消费碳排放影响因素分解研究

结合《省级温室气体清单编制指南(试行)》,对四川省2005-2013年能源消费碳排放量进行测算,表明该阶段四川省能源消费碳排放量呈稳定增长态势。利用LMDI(对数平均迪氏指数)分解方法,将能源消费碳排放分解为人口、人均GDP、产业结构、能耗强度、能源消费结构五方面效应,对四川省2006-2013年碳排放增量进行分解研究,表明该阶段人均GDP对四川省碳排放量具有强烈拉动作用,其次为产业结构,能耗强度对四川省能源消费碳排放具有强烈抑制作用,而人口、能源消费结构逐年效应有正有负,贡献度绝对值较小。根据上述结论,针对性地对四川省"十三五"期间控制碳排放提出了建议。     

碳交易的“能源-经济-环境”影响及碳价合理区间测算

构造纳入碳交易模块以及在生产模块CES函数中纳入碳排放成本的四层嵌套宏观经济CGE模型,采用2007年投入产出数据构造了社会核算矩阵(SAM),用以分析和评价不同总量减排目标情景下,碳价引入对宏观和产业部门层面经济产出、能源消费和碳减排的影响,以及相应合理的碳价水平,得到结论:①在宏观层面上,碳价越高,碳减排效果越显著,GDP损失越大,能源消费越少。综合考虑宏观经济损失和减排效果,确定了各情景下的最优碳价以及合理碳价区间,其中,在减排目标为10%时,碳市场能接受幅度更大的价格波动(6.9-35€/tC)冲击,宏观经济损失相对小,引入碳市场是最好的选择;参考Kaya等式的因素分解,说明碳价所引致的总碳减排效果,主要来自于能源强度效应和技术进步效应;引入碳价,不仅能够降低能源消费,还会引致能源消费结构向低碳方向调整,煤炭消费明显下降。②在产业部门层面,各产业部门特别是能源部门经济产出水平降低,但总体产业结构影响不大;对部门能源消费产生的主要影响是,能源部门和交通运输部门的能源消费总量显著下降;将部门合成能源单位利用成本分解为能源自身价格变动和碳排放成本两部分,得出合成能源单位利用成本变动主要由碳排放成本引起的结论;进一步,能源密集型部门的碳排放成本较高,同时实现的减排率也相对较高,但减排效果仍不充分,建议采取能源资源税和交通燃油税等激励政策,保持必要的能源市场价格水平,同时促进煤炭和交通领域的减排。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.