西南地区酸雨形成大气化学过程

通过野外观测、实验室实验和数值模拟研究了西南地区酸雨形成大气化学过程.新认识如下:①人为排放引起的酸雨及空气污染,目前尚未明显波及到西藏高原;②在重污染区SO_2污染严重,不管降水云是否酸性或污染,降水总是酸性、受污染的,云下洗脱痕量气体及颗粒物起重要作用,氧化剂是降水酸化的控制剂;③在典型农村地区,降水化学组成依赖于降水云的化学组成,即依赖于云化学,酸化过程中SO_2是控制剂;④该地区主要氧化剂是H_2O_2,高度越高,云水中H_2O_2含量越高;⑤该地区是硫酸型酸雨,硝酸含量有上升趋势,在考虑降水酸度时有机酸贡献不可忽视;⑥降水中很多元素来自颗粒物,颗粒物缓冲参数化并耦合到云下洗脱模型中,大大缩小了观测与数值模拟的降水酸度之差.     

南京典型水体春季温室气体排放特征研究

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对南京4条河流(内秦淮河、外秦淮河、金川河、团结河)和1座水库(丁解水库)的春季水-气界面CO2、CH4、N2O 3种温室气体通量进行包括昼夜变化的持续观测,对其变化趋势及影响因素加以分析.结果表明,春季团结河CO2和CH4的排放量最大,分别为1023.34,89.45mg/(m2·h),金川河两种气体排放量次之,内、外秦淮河CO2排放量相当,而内秦淮CH4的排放量比外秦淮小1个量级.丁解水库该2种温室气体排放量最小.金川河N2O的排放量最高,为151.31μg/(m2·h),团结河N2O排放量次之[111.74μg/(m2·h)],其他2条河流和丁解水库N2O的排放量均在一个量级上(101).水-气界面温室气体的排放受温度、压力、风速等环境因子影响.温室气体的昼夜变化分析结果表明,除了金川河N2O的排放趋势为昼间排放、夜间吸收外,其余河流及丁解水库均为温室气体的排放源.内秦淮和丁解水库的排放趋势受人为因素影响较大,外秦淮河的排放趋势主要受水位的高低变化影响,团结河的排放量受风速和温度的共同影响.金川河主要受微生物活性影响3种温室气体均呈明显的昼夜变化.5种水体在春季是大气3种温室气体的主要排放源.     

Effects of simulated acid rain on root growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba saplings planted in acidified soil

Results from pot culture (with one-year old Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba) are described. It was found that the biomass production and elongation of C. lanceolata was seriously inhibited at pH 2.0 rain, but for S. superba, was not affected markedly. When pH values of experimental rain were higher than 2.0, the root growth of both species was not adversely affected. Aluminium had already accumulated to some degrees in the roots of both trees, and started to affect the root growth of C. lanceolata at pH 2.0 rain. The soil chemistry was also examined. Increased acidity of experimental rain increased the leaching of Ca and Mg. The Al/Ca mol ratio increased from 0.3 to 0.9 in top soil, and in rhizosphere to 1.5 when the pH values of simulated acid rain were 4.5 to 2.0. In this experiment, NO3- fertilization effect was discovered.     

Relative sensitivities of woody plants to acid deposition in south areas of China

Relative sensitivities of 30 species of common woody plants to simulated acid rain with pH values of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.5 and control were studied. The results showed that 6 species of these plants were sensitive to simulated acid rain. The moderate included 18 species. The resistant included 6. Relative sensitivities to ambient acid rain and air pollutants and visible injury degree of 30 species of common woody plants in Chongqing City were investigated. Results showed that 6 species with foliage lesion rate at above 10 percent were sensitive, that 6 species with no lesion were resistant and that other 18 species with lesion at 10 percent below were moderate. Other 7 cities (Guiyang, Zunyi, Duyun, Changsha, Zhuzhou, Liuzhou and Guilin City) were also investigated and results were consistent with those of Chongqing City. The experimental and investigated results showed relative sensitivities and visible injury degree of woody plants to simulated acid rain were consistent with those of the woody plant     

抚顺市分段降水化学研究

本文采用分段监测的方式研究了抚顺市分段降水化学组成及其变化特征。结果表明：抚顺市降水中阴离子以SO42-、NO3-为主,阳离子以Ca2＋、NH4＋为主。分段降水中,pH值和各离子浓度随着降水时间的持续呈下降趋势。通过分析同一场降水中不同离子之间的相关性可以推断,抚顺市酸雨有可能受局地污染而成。     

南海海域重要养殖水域牡蛎体中的腹泻性贝类毒素

对2006年和2007年南海海域23个重要养殖水域牡蛎体中腹泻性贝类毒素(DSP)进行了调查,结果表明:甲子港、唐家湾、镇海湾、安埔港、防城港、八所港和榆林港等7个水域牡蛎体DSP毒性呈阳性结果,占调查水域的30.4%,其DSP值均为0.05MU/g.2006年牡蛎体DSP检出率为8.7%(n=23),2007年为21.7%(n=23).调查期间,牡蛎体DSP检出值0.05MU/g已达到了FDA(美国食品药物管理局)、日本、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、朝鲜等6个国家食用贝类标准警戒限量水平,和超出了我国<无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质的限量>规定贝类DSP不得检出标准,表明了近期南海海域某些养殖水域的牡蛎已经受到了DSP毒化的威胁.     

衡山冻雨金属元素污染特征和来源解析

冻雨是冬春季节常见的灾害性天气,在我国主要分布在南方山区。冻雨在到达地表前以过冷水形式存在,是一种特殊的降水类型,其化学特性鲜见报道。2015年12月—2016年3月在南岳衡山气象站(海拔1265.9 m)收集了38个冻雨样品,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱分析了其中25种金属元素的浓度,并运用正定矩阵因子法受体模型解析了其来源。结果表明：冻雨中25种金属元素的浓度变化范围达7个数量级(2×10^-4—4×10³μg·L^-1),且大部分元素的浓度随着冻雨温度和pH的降低而增加。26%的冻雨样本受东北气团的影响,地壳元素浓度较高;而来自西南气团的冻雨样本占38%,重金属污染较重;南部气团(36%)携带的元素浓度相对较低。与国内外其他高山站点观测结果相比,衡山冻雨中金属元素的浓度水平整体上高于雨水但低于云水。通过富集因子分析发现,冻雨中Sb、Se、Cd、As、Zn和Pb等重金属明显受到人为源的影响,呈严重富集特征。源解析结果表明燃煤对冻雨化学成分的贡献最大(占31%),二次源、扬尘、工业排放和生物质燃烧的贡献分别为30%、18%、1...     

北京市湿沉降特征分析

通过分析北京市降水中水溶性离子组分的浓度,研究了2005～2009北京市降水酸化程度及水质变化特征.北京市5 a年均pH为5.19,总体变化趋势平稳.5 a间,降水中各离子组分含量均有下降趋势,北京市的环境质量逐步改善;NH 4^＋和NO 3^-在降水中所占比例明显增加,北京市降水受含N污染物排放的影响较大.季节变化显...     

关于我国酸雨的污染物输送问题

我国燃煤消耗量很大,排放二氧化硫而引起的酸雨污染正引起国内外,特别是东亚地区各国的重视。本文通过4个方面探讨我国酸雨中污染物的输送问题：酸雨输送研究方式和湿沉降过程;我国酸雨分布和硫酸型特点;酸雨与天气系统的关系;我国典型酸雨区研究的成果。由此说明酸雨作为污染物的湿沉降,其前体物的主要部分涉及输送可能是中距离的,即几百公里以内。我国排放污染物对邻国酸雨长距离输送的影响可能存在,但影响究竟有多大则有待于大规模详细研究的结果。     

Temporal variability of iron concentrations and fractions in wetland waters in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Chemical forms, reactivities and transformation of iron fractions in marshy waters were investigated with cross-flow filtration technique to study the iron environmental behavior. Iron fractions were divided into four parts: acid-labile iron (pre-acidification of unfiltered marshy water samples, 0.7 μm), high-molecular-weight iron (0.7-0.05 μm), medium-molecular-weight iron (0.05-0.01 μm), and low-molecular-weight iron ( 0.01 μm). The cross-flow filtration suggested that iron primarily exist in both the 0.7 μm and 0.01 μm size fractions in marshy waters. Rainfall is the key for rain-fed wetland to determine fate of iron by changing the aquatic biochemical conditions. By monitoring the variation of iron concentrations and fractions over three years, it was found that dissolved iron and acid-labile iron concentrations exhibit a large variation extent under different annual rainfalls from 2006 to 2008. The seasonal variation for iron species proved that the surface temperature could control some conversion reactions of iron in marshy waters. Low- molecular-weight iron would convert to acid-labile iron gradually with temperature decreasing. The photochemical reactions of iron fractions, especially low-molecular-weight iron had occurred under solar irradiation. The relative proportion of low-molecular-weight in total dissolved iron ranging from 28.3% to 43.2% were found during the day time, which proved that the observed decreasing concentration of acid lability iron was caused by its degradation to low molecular weight iron.     

中国酸雨研究现状

中国酸雨区是继欧洲和北美之后的世界三大酸雨区之一,迫切需要科学有效的酸雨污染控制对策和措施,而及时总结酸雨研究现状是科学控制酸雨的重要基础. 综述了近年来中国酸雨的研究发展历程、空间分布特征、成因和控制对策的研究结果. 结果表明:中国降水化学组成仍属硫酸型,但正在向硫酸-硝酸混合型转变;南方酸雨区范围无明显变化,北方酸雨区继续扩展;强酸雨区范围为1994年以来最大,但酸度有所减弱;总体来看,与过去几年相比,2008年全国酸雨形势有所恶化. 最后对酸雨成因和控制对策进行了概述.      

Chemical characteristics of cloudwater over Maoer Mountain district

Samples of cloudwater, rainwater and ambient aerosol were collected over Maoer Mountain in the northeast of Guangxi Province in March 1988. The pH value of cloudwater ranged from 3.37 to 6.20 with a mean value of 4.34. SO42- , NO3- , NH4+, Ca2+ and H+ were the principal ionic species of cloudwater. The advance of cold fronts into Maoer Mountain appeared to lead to higher major ionic concentration and acidity than that of warm fronts. The relative acidity and concentration of NO3- of cloudwater were much greater than that of aerosol samples. With the exception of. NO3- and H+, most of the concentration of SO42- and NH4+ in cloudwater came from the nucleation scavenging of aerosol. Gaseous nitric acid and organic acid from local may be one of the important source of cloudwater acidity. Compared with other sites, Maoer Mountain can be as a clean contrast station for studying acidic precipitation in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces.     

Sensitivity of soils to acid rain in South China

This paper deals with the sensitivity of soils to acid rain in 5 provinces, South China. Based on field work and literature, and taking soil pH, CEC, and the types of residua into account, the authors classified the sensitivity into 4 categories: highly sensitive, sensitive, slightly sensitive, and non-sensitive. By overlapping the maps of soil pH, CEC, and types of residua, the map of soil sensitivity in South China has finally resulted.The authors try to summarize the regularity of soil sensitivity to acid rain in this area. The sensitivity of different soil types in the studied area has also discussed.The seriousness and its prospects of acid rain in this area have been pointed out in order to draw the attention of relevant authorities.     

Chemical characteristics and sources of water-soluble organic aerosol in southwest suburb of Beijing

PM_2.5 filter sampling and components measurement were conducted in autumn and winter from 2014 to 2015 at a suburban site(referred herein as "LLH site") located in the southwest of Beijing.The offline aerosol mass spectrometry(offline-AMS) analysis and positive matrix factorization(PMF) were applied for measurement and source apportionment of watersoluble organic aerosol(WSOA).Organic aerosol(OA) always dominated PM_2.5 during the sampling period,especially in winter.WSOA po...     

重庆市大气降水污染及其沉降特征

基于东亚酸沉降监测网（EANET）的湿沉降观测数据，针对2002~2016年重庆市的降水电导率、pH值和降水中水溶性离子浓度与沉降量进行了研究.结果表明，重庆市郊区站点的降水酸化问题较严重，而城市站点降水污染较严重.降水中水溶性离子平均浓度在城市和郊区站点分别达到627.00 μeq/L和480.14 μeq/L，其中城市站SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺和Ca²⁺的平均浓度为郊区站的1.21~1.47倍.由SO₄^2-与NO₃^-占比说明重庆市的降水类型由硫酸型向硫酸-硝酸混合型转变.城市站的主要离子沉降量较高，约为郊区站点的1.14倍.降水中的无机氮平均沉降量在17.59~47.31kg/（hm²·a）范围内浮动，并且主要以NH₄⁺-N为主，其平均沉降量为NO₃^--N的2倍左右，说明重庆市大气氨/铵污染比较严重.     

上海宝山区酸雨特征分析

分析了连续七年(2004年-2010年)上海宝山区的降水的化学特征。从酸雨发生频率来看,2004年-2007年酸雨频率为:78.6%、75.9%、89.5%和94.6%,呈逐年加重的趋势,表明降水的酸性及酸化频率非常高,雨水酸化已非常严重。但从2008开始酸雨状况开始改善,酸雨频率开始降低,分别为:78.6%、41.1%和23.6%,同时其pH值开始高于全市平均水平;对降水中的各种阴阳离子进行数理统计分析:SO24-对降水的酸化起主要作用,但其作用在逐步减小,而NO3-和Cl-的作用呈上升的趋势;c(Cl-)/c(Na+)总体呈下降趋势,说明化工、有色金属冶金等工业生产废气中Cl2和HCl等污染物作用减少;因子分析反映了降水的来源成因机制,其结果与相关性分析一致。     

Effects of acid rain on forest ecosystem in Southwestern China

The study of effects of acid rain in Southwestern China on forest ecosystems .has been inrestigated since 1984. The results have shown that the ecosystem of Pinus massoniana forest has been damaged severely by acid rain. Comparing the areas where the annual mean pH value is lower than 4.5 with that higher than 4.5, the productivity of the ecosystems decreased 50 percent. Both the percentages of the green leaves and the content of chlorophyll cut down; the acidity of soil increased a bit and the fertility showed the tendency to lower. The microbial population components in surface soil were changed and the total number of soil microbes reduced from 63.5 to 92.6 percent. Besides the direct effects of acid rain, the insect pest, especially, Blastophagus piniperdoz and Monochamus galloprovincialis, seized the opportunity to enter and reproduce in it so as to aggravate the forest dieback of P.massoniana in the areas where the annual average pH value is lower than 4.5.Additionally, the simulation study on the     

水体中锰离子对酚类有机物的光化学降解的影响

通过对不同锰离子浓度下三种酚在三种不同介质中的光降解情况的研究,来确定水体中的锰离子对酚类有机物的光化学降解的影响。实验结果表明,在不同条件下,不同浓度的锰离子对实验中所选的三种酚的影响有所不同。对邻硝基苯酚的光降解几乎不产生影响,对对甲基苯酚的光降解起到抑制作用,而对2,4-二硝基苯酚的光降解则起到促进作用。     

上海近期酸雨变化特征及其化学组分分析

依据上海1983─2004年的酸雨监测资料,对该地区酸雨的变化特征、离子化学组成进行了分析.结果表明:上海降水酸度呈波动性变化,特别是1997─2004年酸雨污染趋势加剧.对降水中离子含量的分析可知,酸雨主要为硫酸型和硝酸型.灰色关联度分析表明:降水pH与降水中碱性阳离子的关联序为Na+>NH₄+> Ca2+> K+> Mg2+;pH与酸性阴离子关联序为Cl-> NO₃-> SO₄2->F-.反映出上海降水的离子化学组成受海洋源影响较大.结果还表明,上海酸雨逐步由硫酸型转为硫酸型和硝酸型并重.      

2000—2016年珠海市酸雨变化特征及酸雨概念模型

为评估我国酸雨控制效果与发展趋势,利用2000-2016年东亚酸沉降监测网（EANET）的监测数据及同步气象资料,研究了珠海市酸雨变化特征及EANET中国网所有4个城市（珠海、厦门、重庆、西安）的城市降水化学组分特征.利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹聚类和潜在源区PSCF分析方法,研究了珠海市降水气团和酸雨来源,建立了珠海市酸雨概念模型.结果表明：①珠海市酸雨日数与频率呈先增后减趋势,2008年后珠海市酸雨污染程度明显改善,我国酸雨控制效果明显.②沿海城市（珠海、厦门）与内陆工业城市（重庆、西安）降水离子组分区别明显,内陆工业城市酸雨受碱性颗粒物影响较大.③沿海城市（珠海、厦门）酸雨为硫酸-硝酸混合型;内陆工业城市（重庆、西安）酸雨以硫酸型为主,近年有向硫酸-硝酸混合型转变的趋势.④综合酸雨降水HYSPLIT后向轨迹聚类分析与PSCF潜在源区分析结果可建立酸雨概念模型,有助解释酸雨成因.珠海市强酸雨主要受珠海市外的珠三角地区污染物输送影响.