煤氧化特性与影响因素实验研究

为分析自热临界温度和采空区漏风风速对煤自燃的影响,在常温(30℃)、中温(60℃)、不同通气量等条件下对滕东煤矿3下煤层煤样进行了煤炭自燃氧化规律实验。结果表明:煤样在60℃氧化所放出的CO量较30℃时高3.4~4.1倍,煤炭氧化速率上升梯度约1.35 ppm/℃;在恒温变通气量条件下,CO气体浓度呈现先减小后稳定的趋势,CO的释放量随通气量的增大而减小;在通气量为50 mL/min(采空区漏风为0.1 m/min)的条件下,煤氧化释放的CO量最大且煤氧化能力最强,应加强最易发生自燃漏风区域的密封防护。     

Effect of application of ammonium thiosulphate on production and emission of methane in a tropical rice soil

Agricultural sources of atmospheric methane include flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddies. However, certain soil nutrient management and cultural practices offer opportunities to reduce methane emissions. The effect of application of ammonium thiosulphate, a potential source of nitrogen and sulphur and also an inhibitor of nitrification and urease on methane production and emission from flooded alluvial (Typic Haplaquept) rice soil in India, was examined. Methane production and emission from control and urea-amended soil samples were almost identical. Application of ammonium thiosulphate to laboratory-incubated flooded soil (30 and 60 μg N g⁻¹ soil) and flooded rice fields (45.6 and 60 kg N ha⁻¹) effected a distinct inhibition of methane production and emission. Ammonium thiosulphate stimulated the population of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) to a greater extent at 60 μg N g⁻¹ soil than at 30 μg N g⁻¹ soil. In ammonium thiosulphate-applied rice field plots, mean methane efflux decreased by about 38 and 60% at 45.6 and 60 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively, over that of control. Inhibition of methane production by ammonium thiosulphate is, at least in part, due to the stimulation of SRB. Results suggest the mitigation potential of ammonium thiosulphate on methane emission from flooded rice paddies.     

Germination of Deyeuxia angustifolia as affected by soil type, burial depth, water depth and oxygen level

Deyeuxia angustifolia is a dominant species in the Sanjiang Plain, the largest freshwater marsh wetland in China. However, this species has declined because of great environment changes. In the effects of sea-level rise and greenhouse gas, magnitude and frequency of flood and rate of deposit in wetland increased greatly. Thus, in this paper, effects of soil environment (soil type, burial depth, water depth and oxygen concentration) on seed germination of D. angustifolia were investigated. Both soil type and burial depth affected seedling emergence. Seedlings emerged through 1-, 2-, 4-mm sand, and at 1-and 2-mm mud. Regardless of soil, seedling emergence time increased and emergence percentage decreased with increasing burial depth. For example, seedlings started to emerge on the 4th day and the final emergence percentage was 30% when covered with1-mm mud, whereas the initial emergence time was on the 6th day and the final emergence percentage was only 8% when covered with 2-mm mud. At the same burial depth, emergence percentage was higher in sand than in mud. Increasing water depth inhibited seed germination. Germination percentage in 2-cm water level (20%) was 1.2 times higher than that in 12-cm water level (9%). Oxygen concentration also affected germination. In the 21% oxygen concentration, germination was started on the 2nd day and the germination percentage was 36%, while seed started to germinate on the 4th day and the germination percentage was only 3% at the 7% oxygen concentration. These data indicate that seed germination of D. angustifolia was highly sensitive to soil type, burial depth, water depth, oxygen concentration, and these responses may be an explicit indication of maladjustment to environment changes, and an important reason accounting for the decline of this species in the Sanjiang Plain.     

Availability,addiction and alternatives: three criteria for assessing the impact of peak minerals on society

The concept of ‘peaks’ in the production of natural resources has attracted attention in the area of energy production, with concerns about ‘peak oil’ driving recent research and investment in alternative sources of energy. There are fundamental and important differences between a peak in the production of oil and peaks in the production of metalliferous minerals, but in both cases production changes from ‘easier and less expensive’ early in a resource’s life to ‘difficult and expensive’ as time progresses. The impacts of this change in production circumstances require critical consideration in the governance of national and sub-national mineral endowments.This paper develops a framework for evaluating the impacts of changing patterns of mineral production. The framework considers three criteria: availability of a resource (considering its geological characteristics and geographical distribution); society’s addiction to the resource (its centrality and criticality to economic, social and environmental systems); and the possibility of finding alternatives (whether the resource can be substituted or recovered). An initial assessment against these criteria provides an overview of how a production peak might affect the production of minerals in Australia and the impacts that this might have on the Australian economy.Assessing important resources against these three criteria will be imperative in future considerations regarding the roles minerals and metals play as service providers in our economic, social and environmental systems. Additionally, this analysis should prompt a reassessment of the value of minerals beyond economic measures. Indicators derived from these criteria will inform strategies that can address future changes in production characteristics – meeting challenges with strong governance, and realising opportunities with proactive policy.     

影响森林土壤N2O排放和CH4吸收的主要因素

利用正交试验设计法对长白山阔叶红松林土壤进行培养试验,考察了温度、水分、pH、NH^ 4及NO3^-对森林土壤N2O排放和CH4吸收的影响。结果表明：在本试验设计的因素、水平条件下,pH和温度对N2O排放速率和CH4氧化速率的影响是显著的。N2O排放速率和CH4吸收速率分别与5因素进行多元回归的结果显示：二者均与土壤pH和温度呈显著正相关关系。并且,在本实验条件下,N2O排放速率与CH4吸收速率间呈显著线性正相关关系。     

Planning rural water services in Nicaragua: A systems-based analysis of impact factors using graphical modeling

The success or failure of rural water services in the developing world is a result of numerous factors that interact in a complex set of connections that are difficult to separate and identify. This research effort presented a novel means to empirically reveal the systemic interactions of factors that influence rural water service sustainability in the municipalities of Darío and Terrabona, Nicaragua. To accomplish this, the study employed graphical modeling to build and analyze factor networks. Influential factors were first identified by qualitatively and quantitatively analyzing transcribed interviews from community water committee members. Factor influences were then inferred by graphical modeling to create factor network diagrams that revealed the direct and indirect interaction of factors. Finally, network analysis measures were used to identify “impact factors” based on their relative influence within each factor network. Findings from this study elucidated the systematic nature of such factor interactions in both Darío and Terrabona, and highlighted key areas for programmatic impact on water service sustainability for both municipalities. Specifically, in Darío, the impact areas related to the current importance of water service management by community water committees, while in Terrabona, the impact areas related to the current importance of finances, viable water sources, and community capacity building by external support. Overall, this study presents a rigorous and useful means to identify impact factors as a way to facilitate the thoughtful planning and evaluation of sustainable rural water services in Nicaragua and beyond.     

碱蓬湿地CH4排放通量及影响因素研究

2008年4月至10月,以辽河口碱蓬湿地为研究区域,采用静态箱—气相色谱法对CH4排放通量进行了原位测定,分析了碱蓬湿地CH4排放通量的季节变化特征,同时研究了地表温度、土壤有机质含量及碱蓬的地上生物量对排放通量的影响。结果表明,碱蓬湿地是CH4的排放源,CH4排放呈单峰型变化趋势,7月排放通量最大为55.29μg/(m2.h)。CH4排放通量与土壤温度、土壤有机质含量及碱蓬地上生物量密切相关。CH4排放通量与地表温度之间呈显著的指数相关关系;土壤有机质含量及碱蓬地上生物量的变化与CH4排放通量的季节变化呈二次正相关关系。     

Effect of land use and land cover change on soil erosion and the spatio-temporal variation in Liupan Mountain Region, southern Ningxia, China

The Liupan Mountains are located in the southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China, that forms an important divide between landforms and biogeographic regions. The populated part of the Liupan Mountain Region has suffered tremendous ecological damage over time due to population pressure, excessive demand and inappropriate use of agricultural land resources. To present the relationship between land use/cover change and spatio-temporal variation of soil erosion, data sets of land use between the late 1980s and 2000 were obtained from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, and spatial models were used to characterize landscape and soil erosion conditions. Also, soil erosion in response to land use and land cover change were quantified and analyzed using data from geographical information systems and remote sensing. Soil erosion by water was the dominant mode of soil loss, while soil erosion by wind was only present on a relatively small area. The degree of soil erosion was classified into five severity classes: slight, light, moderate, severe, and very severe. Soil erosion in the Liupan Mountain Region increased between the late 1980s and 2000, both in terms of acreage and severity. Moderate, severe, and very severe eroded areas accounted for 54.86% of the total land area. The lightly eroded area decreased, while the moderately eroded area increased by 368817 ha (22%) followed by severe erosion with 146552 ha (8.8%), and very severe erosion by 97067.6 ha (5.8%). Soil loss on sloping cropland increased with slope gradients. About 90% of the cropland was located on slopes less than 15°. Most of the increase in soil erosion on cropland was due to conversion of steep slopes to cropland and degradation of grassland and increased activities. Soil erosion was severe on grassland with a moderate or low grass cover and on dry land. Human activities, cultivation on steep slopes, and overgrazing of pastures were the main reasons for the increase in erosion severity.     

Effect of elevated tropospheric ozone on methane and nitrous oxide emission from rice soil in north India

Physiological changes in crop plants in response to the elevated tropospheric ozone (O₃) may alter N and C cycles in soil. This may also affect the atmosphere-biosphere exchange of radiatively important greenhouse gases (GHGs), e.g. methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) from soil. A study was carried out during July to November of 2007 and 2008 in the experimental farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to assess the effects of elevated tropospheric ozone on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice (Oryza sativa L.) soil. Rice crop was grown in open top chambers (OTC) under elevated ozone (EO), non-filtered air (NF), charcoal filtered air (CF) and ambient air (AA). Seasonal mean concentrations of O₃ were 4.3 ± 0.9, 26.2 ± 1.9, 59.1 ± 4.2 and 27.5 ± 2.3 ppb during year 2007 and 5.9 ± 1.1, 37.2 ± 2.5, 69.7 ± 3.9 and 39.2 ± 1.8 ppb during year 2008 for treatments CF, NF, EO and AA, respectively. Cumulative seasonal CH₄ emission reduced by 29.7% and 40.4% under the elevated ozone (EO) compared to the non-filtered air (NF), whereas the emission increased by 21.5% and 16.7% in the charcoal filtered air (CF) in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Cumulative seasonal emission of N₂O ranged from 47.8 mg m⁻² in elevated ozone to 54.6 mg m⁻² in charcoal filtered air in 2007 and from 46.4 to 62.1 mg m⁻² in 2008. Elevated ozone reduced grain yield by 11.3% and 12.4% in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Global warming potential (GWP) per unit of rice yield was the least under elevated ozone levels. Dissolved organic C content of soil was lowest under the elevated ozone treatment. Decrease in availability of substrate i.e., dissolved organic C under elevated ozone resulted in a decline in GHG emissions. Filtration of ozone from ambient air increased grain yield and growth parameters of rice and emission of GHGs.     

油气田开发建设对土壤的影响与减缓措施

油气田开发和建设过程中排放的废水、废气和固体废物直接或间接进入土壤环境中,会对土壤生态系统产生影响,本文对油田开发污染物进入土壤的途径及其在土壤上吸附／解吸的规律的分析,提出相应的油田环境的保护和治理措施。     

The impact of agroforestry combined with water harvesting on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in central Chile evaluated using the ICBM/N model

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N) stocks in an agroforestry system with water harvesting were analysed in a field experiment and the results compared with those of other crop management systems in the Mediterranean zone of central Chile. Agroforestry with water harvesting showed higher positive effects on N stocks, mainly in the upper soil layer, than the other crop management systems. However, soil analysis revealed a lack of differences between treatments, a fact that might be related mainly to the short study time (12 years) and the high spatial variability in these soil properties at the experimental site. In addition, the Introductory Carbon Balance Model that simulates N processes (ICBM/N) was evaluated for simulating trends in SOC and N stocks in the field experiment. Soil data collected between 1996 and 2008 in the field experiment and primarily literature data sets were used to test ICBM/N and its performance was evaluated by considering uncertainty in model inputs using Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) methodology. The GLUE estimates (5% and 95%) and measured SOC and N stocks were in satisfactory agreement. The observed SOC and N stocks were bracketed by the uncertainty bands in 70% and 80% of the simulations, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed the model to be most sensitive to C parameters, such as the humification coefficient (h). The results of this study show that ICBM/N can be an effective tool for estimating SOC and N stocks from agroforestry combined with water harvesting systems in the Mediterranean zone of central Chile over the medium term. However, they also indicate that additional data sets are needed to redefine the parameter distributions in the model and thus to predict trends in SOC and N stocks in the future.     

UV-B辐射增强和蒽对3种赤潮微藻生长的相互作用

通过实验生态学的方法,研究了赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻的生长对UV-B辐射增强和蒽处理的响应.结果表明:低剂量的UV-B辐射和低浓度的蒽处理对3种赤潮微藻的生长有刺激作用,而高剂量的UV-B辐射处理和高浓度的蒽处理对3种赤潮微藻的生长均显示出抑制作用.UV-B辐射对赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻的96 h半抑制剂量分别为1.63、2.34和2.58 J/m2,蒽处理对赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻的96 h半抑制剂量分别为0.078、0.119和0.112 mg/L.在刺激浓度的蒽处理的同时,添加刺激剂量的UV-B辐射条件下,3种赤潮微藻的生长同样表现出了抑制作用.     

山西省输电线路工程水土保持措施研究

本文分析了输电线工程水土流失的特点,结合山西省区域地形地貌及气候特点,提出输电线路工程中防治水土流失的一些措施,为山西省输电线路工程建设水土保持工作的进行提供科学依据。     

The impact of climate change mitigation on water demand for energy and food: An integrated analysis based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways

Climate change mitigation, in the context of growing population and ever increasing economic activity, will require a transformation of energy and agricultural systems, posing significant challenges to global water resources. We use an integrated modelling framework of the water-energy-land-climate systems to assess how changes in electricity and land use, induced by climate change mitigation, impact on water demand under alternative socioeconomic (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) and water policy assumptions (irrigation of bioenergy crops, cooling technologies for electricity generation). The impacts of climate change mitigation on cumulated global water demand across the century are highly uncertain, and depending on socioeconomic and water policy conditions, they range from a reduction of 15,000 km³ to an increase of more than 160,000 km³. The impact of irrigation of bioenergy crops is the most prominent factor, leading to significantly higher water requirements under climate change mitigation if bioenergy crops are irrigated. Differences in socioeconomic drivers and fossil fuel availability result in significant differences in electricity and bioenergy demands, in the associated electricity and primary energy mixes, and consequently in water demand. Economic affluence and abundance of fossil fuels aggravate pressures on water resources due to higher energy demand and greater deployment of water intensive technologies such as bioenergy and nuclear power. The evolution of future cooling systems is also identified as an important determinant of electricity water demand. Climate policy can result in a reduction of water demand if combined with policies on irrigation of bioenergy, and the deployment of non-water-intensive electricity sources and cooling types.     

Efficient magnetic capture of PE microplastic from water by PEG modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles:Performance,kinetics,isotherms and influence factors

Due to their resistance to degradation,wide distribution,easy diffusion and potential uptake by organisms,microplastics(MPs)pollution has become a major environmental concern.In this study,PEG-modified Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles demonstrated superior adsorption efficiency against polyethylene(PE)microspheres compared to other adsorbents(bare Fe3O4,PEI/Fe3O4 and CA/Fe3O4).The maximum adsorption capacity of PE was found to be 2203 mg/g by adsorption isotherm analysis.PEG/Fe3O4 maintained a high adsorption capacity even at low temperature(5℃,2163 mg/g),while neutral pH was favorable for MP adsorption.The presence of anions(Cl-,SO42-,HCO3,NO3-)and of humic acids inhibited the adsorption of MPs.It is proposed that the adsorption process was mainly driven by intermolecular hy-drogen bonding.Overall,the study demonstrated that PEG/Fe3O4 can potentially be used as an efficient control against MPs,thus improving the quality of the aquatic environment and of our water resources.     

民航机组人员个体与组织匹配对安全绩效的影响——基于MOA模型的定性比较分析

人为因素成为当今航空飞行安全的最大隐患,针对人的安全科学管理至关重要.为进一步探索民航机组人员安全行为路径,寻求可能的行为管理切入点,将民航机组人员作为研究对象,以MOA模型(动机-机会-能力)为理论框架,应用模糊集定性比较分析方法,探究民航机组人员个体与组织两个层面的5个条件对员工安全绩效差异的多重并发复杂机制和因果...     

Development of a coupled model to simulate and assess arsenic contamination and impact factors in the Jinsha River Basin,China

With the increasing severity of arsenic(As)pollution,quantifying the environmental be-havior of pollutant based on numerical model has become an important approach to deter-mine the potential impacts and finalize the precise control strategies.Taking the industrial-intensive Jinsha River Basin as typical area,a two-dimensional hydrodynamic water quality model coupled with Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)model was developed to accu-rately simulate the watershed-scale distribution and transport of As in the terrestrial and aquatic environment at high spatial and temporal resolution.The effects of hydro-climate change,hydropower station construction and non-point source emissions on As were quan-tified based on the coupled model.The result indicated that higher As concentration areas mainly centralized in urban districts and concentration slowly decreased from upstream to downstream.Due to the enhanced rainfall,the As concentration was significantly higher during the rainy season than the dry season.Hydro-climate change and the construction of hydropower station not only affected the dissolved As concentration,but also affected the adsorption and desorption of As in sediment.Furthermore,As concentration increased with the input of non-point source pollution,with the maximum increase about 30％,re-sulting that non-point sources contributed important pollutant impacts to waterways.The coupled model used in pollutant behavior analysis is general with high potential application to predict and mitigate water pollution.     

浙江大桥坞铀矿床铅、氢、氧同位素研究

浙江大桥坞矿床是赣杭火山岩铀成矿带重要的铀矿床之一。本文通过对大桥坞铀矿床铅、氢和氧同位素及前人资料的综合研究,探讨了矿床成矿流体和成矿物质来源。结果表明花岗斑岩、凝灰岩、辉绿岩、矿石中黄铁矿、蚀变围岩中黄铁矿的Pb同位素组成变化较小,可能指示它们具有相似的源区。在铅同位素构造环境判别图解中,铅同位素投影点分布范围较广,但多数集中于地幔和造山带演化线之间,偏向造山带,反映了铅的来源与岩浆活动有关。氢、氧同位素组成显示,成矿流体主要来自大气降水。成矿物质来源于壳幔混合源。