填埋场终场覆盖层甲烷氧化行为实验室模拟研究

利用和强化填埋场终场覆盖层土壤的甲烷氧化能力是控制填埋场温室气体排放的一种经济和有效的手段.以杭州天子岭填埋场终场覆土为研究对象,采用柱实验方法对填埋场终场覆盖层的甲烷氧化行为进行模拟研究.实验结果表明,模拟柱整体甲烷氧化速率由实验初始的3.33 mol·m-2·d-1增至8.33mol·m-2·d-1,表征了甲烷氧化菌群的生长与增殖;覆土层氧气的空间分布与其中的甲烷氧化活动有显著的交互影响,甲烷氧化活动在10～20 cm深度最为强烈;整个实验过程中,甲烷氧化后转化为二氧化碳的比例为51%,其余的碳被微生物所固定.     

垃圾填埋场覆盖黄土的甲烷氧化能力及其影响因素研究

利用西安江村沟填埋场不同覆盖时间的临时覆盖黄土和新鲜黄土掺堆肥配置的土样,开展了甲烷氧化培养瓶试验,培养历时最长达22d,研究了不同覆盖时间的覆盖黄土和不同堆肥掺量的新鲜黄土的甲烷氧化能力,以及含水量对覆盖黄土甲烷氧化能力的影响,分析了甲烷氧化过程中各组分气体体积变化关系.研究结果表明:不同覆盖时间的覆盖黄土的甲烷氧化能力相差很大,覆盖3~5年的黄土最大甲烷氧化能力达26.05~53.95μg CH4/(g×h), 而未覆盖的新鲜黄土几乎没有甲烷氧化能力.在新鲜黄土中掺入堆肥,能有效提高其甲烷氧化能力,且在堆肥掺量小于50%时,土样的最大甲烷氧化能力与堆肥掺量呈正比例关系.含水量对覆盖土的甲烷氧化能力有很大影响,黄土甲烷氧化的最适宜含水量约为20% ~ 30%.在甲烷氧化过程中,甲烷氧化菌将CH4中约44%的碳氧化为CO2,其余碳转化为甲烷氧化菌胞内物质.实际工程中进行覆盖层设计时,需要根据填埋场实际产气量和覆盖层导气性确定与甲烷通量相匹配的甲烷氧化速率,进而合理确定堆肥掺量.     

生活垃圾填埋场覆盖层CH4氧化能力原位测试法的优化与应用

为提高垃圾填埋场覆盖层CH₄氧化能力原位测试方法的适用性,对基于CO₂和CH₄浓度比的碳原子守恒法进行了优化。应用优化后的方法对北京阿苏卫垃圾填埋场覆盖层CH₄氧化能力的变化规律进行分析,结果表明:该垃圾填埋场覆盖层表面CO₂和CH₄释放通量比在春夏季较高且变动范围较大,而秋冬季则相对较低且稳定;覆盖层CH₄氧化速率和氧化率均表现为秋冬季远低于春夏季,监测Ⅰ区(封场时间为2003年)和监测Ⅱ区(封场时间为2009年)覆盖层CH₄氧化速率(以C计)平均值春夏季分别为1 569.89和1 054.47 mg/(m ²·h),秋冬季分别为171.13和333.02 mg/(m ²·h);监测Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区CH₄氧化率平均值春夏季分别为79.69%和44.83%,秋冬季分别为7.54%和11.33%;填埋时间较长的监测Ⅰ区覆盖层的CH₄氧化能力〔全年平均值为911.7 mg/(m ²·h)〕大于监测Ⅱ区〔全年平均值为707.5 mg/(m ²·h)〕。应用优化后的方法得到的覆盖层CH₄氧化速率和氧化率的变化规律与文献报道相符,该方法对垃圾填埋场覆盖层CH₄氧化能力的估算具有较好的适用性。     

填埋场甲烷氧化传输与释放预测模型研究进展

基于目前填埋场甲烷氧化与释放过程的影响因素研究,综合评述了填埋场甲烷氧化、传输与释放模型的研究进展,分析了导致填埋场甲烷释放预测模型准确性、可靠性差的主要原因;通过系统分析植被对填埋场甲烷传输与氧化过程的影响规律,揭示了植被传输机制在提高填埋场甲烷预测模型准确性方面的重要作用.     

呼吸型填埋场覆盖层技术研究Ⅱ：呼吸型覆盖层的甲烷氧化性能研究

基于前期研究构建的热动力自充氧装置,研究了模拟呼吸型自充氧覆盖层（2.4m×0.85m×3.6m,长×宽×高）对甲烷氧化性能的影响.结果表明,在垃圾快速降解期内,40cm厚自充氧覆盖层中的O2含量始终保持在15%以上,释放到外界的填埋气中CH4含量在检出限以下,与传统覆盖层技术相比,CH4含量最大可削减76.5%.通气...     

Methane oxidation and attenuation of sulphur compounds in landfill top cover systems: Lab-scale tests

In this study,a top cover system is investigated as a control for emissions during the aftercare of new landfills and for old landfills where biogas energy production might not be profitable.Different materials were studied as landfill cover system in lab-scale columns:mechanical–biological pretreated municipal solid waste(MBP);mechanical–biological pretreated biowaste(PB);fine(PBS_f)and coarse(PBS_c)mechanical–biological pretreated mixtures of biowaste and sewage sludge,and natural soil(NS).The effectiveness of these materials in removing methane and sulphur compounds from a gas stream was tested,even coupled with activated carbon membranes.Concentrations of CO_2,CH_4,O_2,N_2,H_2S and mercaptans were analysed at different depths along the columns.Methane degradation was assessed using mass balance and the results were expressed in terms of methane oxidation rate(MOR).The highest maximum and mean MOR were observed for MBP(17.2 g CH_4/m~2/hr and 10.3 g CH_4/m~2/hr,respectively).Similar values were obtained with PB and PBS_c.The lowest values of MOR were obtained for NS(6.7 g CH_4/m~2/hr)and PBS_f(3.6 g CH_4/m~2/hr),which may be due to their low organic content and void index,respectively.Activated membranes with high load capacity did not seem to have an influence on the methane oxidation process:MBP coupled with 220 g/m~2and 360 g/m~2membranes gave maximum MOR of 16.5 g CH_4/m~2/hr and 17.4 g CH_4/m~2/hr,respectively.Activated carbon membranes proved to be very effective on H_2S adsorption.Furthermore,carbonyl sulphide,ethyl mercaptan and isopropyl mercaptan seemed to be easily absorbed by the filling materials.     

亚硝酸盐型甲烷厌氧氧化过程影响因素研究

亚硝酸盐型甲烷厌氧氧化(Nitrite-dependent denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation,n-damo)是指微生物在厌氧条件下利用甲烷还原亚硝酸盐的过程,该过程的研究可为污水脱氮减排提供技术支持.采用n-damo富集培养物(荧光原位杂交实验结果表明n-damo功能菌丰度可达73%)为研究对象,着重探讨温度(25,35,45℃)、p H值(5.5~9.5)、甲烷分压(0~98 k Pa)和亚硝酸盐初始浓度(0~6.0 mmol·L-1)对n-damo反硝化速率的影响,以获得最优条件,为n-damo过程在污水处理中的应用提供理论依据.结果表明,在本实验条件下n-damo过程进行的最适温度为35℃,最适p H值为7.5,最适甲烷分压为49 k Pa,最适亚硝酸盐初始浓度为2.4~3.42 mmol·L~(-1).     

煤氧化特性与影响因素实验研究

为分析自热临界温度和采空区漏风风速对煤自燃的影响,在常温(30℃)、中温(60℃)、不同通气量等条件下对滕东煤矿3下煤层煤样进行了煤炭自燃氧化规律实验。结果表明:煤样在60℃氧化所放出的CO量较30℃时高3.4~4.1倍,煤炭氧化速率上升梯度约1.35 ppm/℃;在恒温变通气量条件下,CO气体浓度呈现先减小后稳定的趋势,CO的释放量随通气量的增大而减小;在通气量为50 mL/min(采空区漏风为0.1 m/min)的条件下,煤氧化释放的CO量最大且煤氧化能力最强,应加强最易发生自燃漏风区域的密封防护。     

Effect of application of ammonium thiosulphate on production and emission of methane in a tropical rice soil

Agricultural sources of atmospheric methane include flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddies. However, certain soil nutrient management and cultural practices offer opportunities to reduce methane emissions. The effect of application of ammonium thiosulphate, a potential source of nitrogen and sulphur and also an inhibitor of nitrification and urease on methane production and emission from flooded alluvial (Typic Haplaquept) rice soil in India, was examined. Methane production and emission from control and urea-amended soil samples were almost identical. Application of ammonium thiosulphate to laboratory-incubated flooded soil (30 and 60 μg N g⁻¹ soil) and flooded rice fields (45.6 and 60 kg N ha⁻¹) effected a distinct inhibition of methane production and emission. Ammonium thiosulphate stimulated the population of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) to a greater extent at 60 μg N g⁻¹ soil than at 30 μg N g⁻¹ soil. In ammonium thiosulphate-applied rice field plots, mean methane efflux decreased by about 38 and 60% at 45.6 and 60 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively, over that of control. Inhibition of methane production by ammonium thiosulphate is, at least in part, due to the stimulation of SRB. Results suggest the mitigation potential of ammonium thiosulphate on methane emission from flooded rice paddies.     

丁铵黑药在水稻土中的降解及其影响因素研究

通过室内模拟实验,探讨了水稻土中丁铵黑药的降解规律及影响因素.结果表明,水稻土中丁铵黑药的降解率随着初始浓度的增大而降低,其半衰期均小于4d.丁铵黑药的降解率在一定范围内随着土壤含水量和温度的升高而显著提高,当含水量为60%、温度为25℃时,培养7d内丁铵黑药的最高降解率达84%.水稻土中丁铵黑药的降解机制主要是微生物的降解作用(约占80%),其次是光降解作用(约占20%).     

黄磷诱发氧化水中苯酚的机理研究

运用衍生化气相色谱法和GC/MS对黄磷诱发氧化水中苯酚的降解产物进行了定性、定量分析,并初步探讨了反应机理。实验结果表明,在所研究的黄磷诱发氧化条件下,苯酚首先氧化成中间产物,然后进一步降解,反应的非挥发性产物以羧酸为主。在合适的反应条件下,苯酚去除率可达95％以上,降解表现一级反应特征。文章还探讨了苯酚的起始浓度、磷和酚的比例及温度对苯酚去除率和降解深度的影响。     

雨水资源、土壤水资源与土壤水分植被承载力

在我国北方少雨地区开展雨水资源、土壤水资源与土壤水分植被承载力研究对于防治林草地土壤旱化和林草植被经营具有重要意义。2002年4月以来,在上黄生态实验站对多年生人工林林外和林内降水、地表径流、植物生长和土壤水分动态进行了定位观测,结果表明:次降雨林冠层截留量为0.2～6.47mm,为降水量的3.1%～53.3%,截留总量占降水量的16.9%;地表径流量为0.24～1.5mm,是降雨量的1.6%～6.8%;柠条林地土壤剖面水分垂直变化可分为活跃层、次活跃层和相对稳定层;年内土壤水分胁迫时,植物通过改变叶的颜色,降低自身的含水率、落叶或产生大量落叶来适应干旱的土壤水环境,但不会死亡。土壤水分植被承载力为土壤水分承载植物的最大负荷,是指在较长时期内,当根层土壤水分消耗量等于或小于降雨补给量时,所能维持特定植物群落健康生长的最大密度。     

The potential application of red mud and soil mixture as additive to the surface layer of a landfill cover system

Red mud, the by-product of aluminum production, has been regarded as a problematic residue all over the world. Its storage involves risks as evidenced by the Ajka red mud spill,an accident in Hungary where the slurry broke free, flooding the surrounding areas. As an immediate remediation measure more than 5 cm thick red mud layer was removed from the flooded soil surface. The removed red mud and soil mixture(RMSM) was transferred into the reservoirs for storage. In this paper the application of RMSM is evaluated in a field study aiming at re-utilizing waste, decreasing cost of waste disposal and providing a value-added product. The purpose was to investigate the applicability of RMSM as surface layer component of landfill cover systems. The field study was carried out in two steps: in lysimeters and in field plots. The RMSM was mixed at ratios ranging between 0 and 50% w/w with low quality subsoil(LQS) originally used as surface layer of an interim landfill cover. The characteristics of the LQS + RMSM mixtures compared to the subsoil(LQS) and the RMSM were determined by physical–chemical, biological and ecotoxicological methods. The addition of RMSM to the subsoil(LQS) at up to 20% did not result any ecotoxic effect, but it increased the water holding capacity. In addition, the microbial substrate utilization became about triple of subsoil(LQS) after 10 months. According to our results the RMSM mixed into subsoil(LQS) at20% w/w dose may be applied as surface layer of landfill cover systems.     

三种有机磷农药对三角褐指藻活性氧伤害的差异性研究

３种有机磷农药－久效磷、对硫磷和辛硫磷对三角褐指藻的生长都有抑制效应，它们的７２ｈ半抑制剂量（７２ｈ·ＥＣ５０）分别为９．７４ｍｇ／Ｌ、８．２０ｍｇ／Ｌ和１．５２ｍｇ／Ｌ。结果表明，３均能引起藻细胞活性氧含量的增加，从而导致生物膜系统的膜脂过氧化和脱酯化伤害。这种由膜脂过氧化和脱酯化作用造成的膜损伤在３种农药中显示出较大的差异性。     

Germination of Deyeuxia angustifolia as affected by soil type, burial depth, water depth and oxygen level

Deyeuxia angustifolia is a dominant species in the Sanjiang Plain, the largest freshwater marsh wetland in China. However, this species has declined because of great environment changes. In the effects of sea-level rise and greenhouse gas, magnitude and frequency of flood and rate of deposit in wetland increased greatly. Thus, in this paper, effects of soil environment (soil type, burial depth, water depth and oxygen concentration) on seed germination of D. angustifolia were investigated. Both soil type and burial depth affected seedling emergence. Seedlings emerged through 1-, 2-, 4-mm sand, and at 1-and 2-mm mud. Regardless of soil, seedling emergence time increased and emergence percentage decreased with increasing burial depth. For example, seedlings started to emerge on the 4th day and the final emergence percentage was 30% when covered with1-mm mud, whereas the initial emergence time was on the 6th day and the final emergence percentage was only 8% when covered with 2-mm mud. At the same burial depth, emergence percentage was higher in sand than in mud. Increasing water depth inhibited seed germination. Germination percentage in 2-cm water level (20%) was 1.2 times higher than that in 12-cm water level (9%). Oxygen concentration also affected germination. In the 21% oxygen concentration, germination was started on the 2nd day and the germination percentage was 36%, while seed started to germinate on the 4th day and the germination percentage was only 3% at the 7% oxygen concentration. These data indicate that seed germination of D. angustifolia was highly sensitive to soil type, burial depth, water depth, oxygen concentration, and these responses may be an explicit indication of maladjustment to environment changes, and an important reason accounting for the decline of this species in the Sanjiang Plain.     

旱地土壤反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化菌的垂向分布特性与活性分析

在厌氧条件下,以亚硝酸盐作为电子受体将甲烷氧化的反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化反应(nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane-oxidizing,n-damo)的发现,彻底颠覆了人们对甲烷循环的传统理解.通过分子生物学方法及13C和15N稳定同位素示踪技术,对河北省北澧河附近的旱地农田土壤(0~1 m)中n-damo菌的群落结构、丰度和活性进行了研究,深入探究了n-damo菌的亚硝酸盐底物来源.结果显示,n-damo菌更多存在于旱地浅层土壤中,并且随季节变化分布在不同深度的土壤中.针对其pmo A基因的系统发育分析显示,旱地土壤中n-damo菌的群落结构具有明显的空间异质性,来自土壤0~20 cm和40~60 cm土层的序列完全分开,处于系统发育树不同分枝.针对其16S rRNA基因的实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,n-damo菌丰度随土壤深度的增加而降低,夏季丰度(1.44×10~4~1.02×10~5copies·g~(-1))低于冬季(3.66×104~2.67×105copies·g-1).在浅层土壤(0~20 cm)中,硝化反应和反硝化反应共同为n-damo菌提供亚硝酸盐底物来源;而在深层土壤(60~80 cm)中,亚硝酸盐底物主要来源于硝化反应.n-damo菌的活性(0.18 nmol·g~(-1)·d~(-1),以CO_2计)只能在夏季表层土壤(0~20 cm)中检测到,其余深度均未检测到其活性.在旱地农田土壤中,反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化菌对农田碳循环的影响可能不大.     

Influence factors for the oxidation of pyrite by oxygen and birnessite in aqueous systems

The oxidation of exposed pyrite causes acid mine drainage, soil acidification, and the release of toxic metal ions. As the important abiotic oxidants in supergene environments, oxygen and manganese oxides participate in the oxidation of pyrite. In this work, the oxidation processes of natural pyrite by oxygen and birnessite were studied in simulated systems, and the influence of pH, Fe(II) and Cr(III) on the intermediates and redox rate was investigated. SO₄^2 − and elemental S were formed as the major and minor products, respectively, during the oxidation processes. Ferric (hydr) oxides including Fe(OH)₃ and goethite were formed with low degree of crystallinity. Low pH and long-term reaction facilitated the formation of goethite and ferric hydroxide, respectively. The rate of pyrite oxidation by birnessite was enhanced in the presence of air (oxygen), and Fe(II) ions played a key role in the redox process. The addition of Fe(II) ions to the reaction system significantly enhanced the oxidation rate of pyrite; however, the presence of Cr(III) ions remarkably decreased the pyrite oxidation rate in aqueous systems. The introduction of Fe(II) ions to form a Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple facilitated the electron transfer and accelerated the oxidation rate of pyrite. The present work suggests that isolation from air and decreasing the concentration of Fe(II) ions in aqueous solutions might be effective strategies to reduce the oxidation rate of pyrite in mining soils.     

含水率和温度对生物覆盖层甲烷氧化的影响

含水率和温度均是影响微生物活动的重要因子,为更好地理解两者在野外条件下因季节交替引起的变化对生物覆盖单元中甲烷氧化的影响,本文利用实验室模型验证了两者在野外条件下对不同有机质含量(38%和61%)的生物覆盖单元甲烷氧化率的单因素和综合影响.模型预测与实验室结果对比表明,模型均能较好地描述含水率和温度对生物覆盖单元中甲烷氧化效率的单因子影响.预测结果表明,因后期降水较少,含水率均限制了两个单元的甲烷氧化性能.在两者的综合影响预测上,38%有机质含量单元的实测值与预测值有较显著的线性关系,但61%有机质含量单元则无明显线性关系,这表明运用模型预测温度和含水率对高有机质单元甲烷氧化性能的影响时存在不确定性.     

Environmental factors affecting growth of grasses,herbs and woody plants on a sanitary landfill

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氨氮浓度对鸡粪中高温甲烷发酵的影响

为探究氨氮浓度对鸡粪中高温甲烷发酵的影响,采用固定水力停留时间（HRT,20d）,提高进料总固体浓度（TS,5%、7.5%和10%）的方式增加氨氮浓度,通过265d的长期甲烷发酵试验,比较了不同氨氮浓度条件下鸡粪中高温甲烷发酵效果和污泥的比产甲烷活性.结果显示,TS由5%增至10%,中高温反应器中氨氮浓度由2.1~2.5g/L增至6.1~6.5g/L,对应的比产甲烷活性分别降低了44%和100%,中温反应器中挥发性脂肪酸由0.4g/L增至7.6g/L,甲烷产率由253mL/gTS降至203mL/gTS;高温反应器中挥发性脂肪酸由0.4g/L增至26.1g/L,甲烷产率由181mL/gTS降至18mL/gTS.氨氮浓度对高温甲烷发酵系统的抑制作用更加明显.