不同TS浓度下污水厂剩余污泥和生活垃圾混合厌氧消化特性研究

以污水厂剩余污泥和生活垃圾混合物料为研究对象,通过试验研究了TS浓度分别为1％、3％、6％和10％的混合物料的厌氧消化特性.结果表明:混合物料的TS浓度对厌氧消化过程中的产气量、气体中甲烷体积百分含量、物料COD去除率、厌氧消化液pH值和VFAs浓度均有一定影响;TS浓度偏高或偏低均不利于厌氧消化产气,过高的TS浓度还会导致厌氧消化液VFAs浓度积累过高和pH值下降;当混合物料TS浓度为3％时,厌氧消化效果最好,最高日产气量达537 mL,厌氧消化反应结束时累计产气量达7 905 mL,产气中甲烷体积百分含量最高值达到69.1％,至反应终期物料的COD去除率达49.68％,厌氧消化液pH值维持在6.8～7.5,没有出现因VFAs积累而产生的酸抑制现象.     

有机垃圾单级高固体厌氧消化启动实验研究

在中温（35 ℃）条件下,应用连续式单级高固体厌氧消化技术对有机垃圾进行了实验室规模的处理研究.在启动阶段,垃圾进料量随反应器内pH值及产气量的变化作适当调节.结果表明,在反应器进料有机垃圾的含固率（TS）达到24.79%,挥发性固体物质（VS）达到230.62 g/kg的情况下,系统的产气效率以进料VS计达到了705.77 L/kg.反应器启动30 d后,内部料液的pH值稳定在6.9～7.3之间.在稳定运行阶段,以进料VS计,高固体厌氧消化反应器的有机负荷率（OLR）达到6.98 kg/(m³·d),水力停留时间（HRT）为35 d,启动实验取得了较为理想的效果.     

餐厨垃圾固态发酵过程中挥发性脂肪酸与产气的变化关系研究

为了研究餐厨垃圾固态发酵过程中挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)与产气的变化关系,采用中温(37.0±0.2)℃连续式发酵,在完全混合CSTR反应器中连续运行100 d,分析餐厨垃圾固态发酵过程的启动、运行、失衡、失衡后恢复及实现固态发酵全过程各参数的变化趋势,重点研究VFAs各成分与产气、pH等的关系.结果表明,餐厨垃圾固态发酵实验过程可划分为4个时期:适应期(0~13 d)、启动期(14~30 d)、抑制期(31~50d)、恢复及稳定期(51~100 d).不同时期的容积产气率、VFAs及各参数均表现出不同的阶段性变化.在餐厨垃圾固态发酵全过程中,pH保持在5~7之间,正丁酸比例一直处于较高水平;VFAs与pH和容积产气率在初期基本保持反比关系,最终在稳定期达到平衡,均稳定在一定范围内波动.在恢复及稳定阶段以NaOH稀碱液调节当日回流渗滤液的pH值,在第63 d时pH值上升至6.76,VFAs含量稳定在20~22 g·L~(-1)之间,产气量明显提高;在81 d时TS达到20%以上,系统容积产气量和生物降解率均保持相对稳定.     

食物垃圾和废纸联合厌氧消化产甲烷

以食物垃圾和废纸为原料,通过批式中温(35℃)联合厌氧消化产甲烷实验,考察了原料比例(以VS计为:100:0、83:17和62:38)和酸化阶段pH(未调节和调节pH=7.2)对消化稳定性及消化性能的影响.实验结果表明,与单独利用食物垃圾以及未调节酸化阶段pH的厌氧消化相比,调节酸化阶段pH=7.2的食物垃圾与废纸联合厌氧消化能够避免挥发性脂肪酸抑制、保证消化稳定性并提高消化性能.在调节酸化阶段pH为7.2,且食物垃圾和废纸的原料比例为83:17和62:38的2组厌氧消化实验中,产甲烷稳定时液相pH稳定在7.4～8.0,液相产物中总VFA浓度稳定在500～900 mg·L-1,其中丙酸浓度为100～550 mg·L-1,未检测出乙醇;累积产甲烷量(以VS计算)分别为347和247 mL·g-1,生物气中的甲烷含量稳定在70%～80%.最高可达81.6%;以1gVS相当于1.1g COD进行计算,COD去除率分别为93.2%和80.5%,用于产甲烷的COD分别占总进料COD的90.0%和64.0%.食物垃圾和废纸的最佳中温厌氧消化产甲烷条件为:原料比例83:17,酸化阶段调节pH=7.2.     

餐厨垃圾两相厌氧消化特性试验研究

研究了餐厨垃圾两相厌氧消化特性。以北京化工大学餐厨垃圾为原料,分别以不同有机负荷(10、30、50和70 gVS/L)、接种量(5、10、15和20 gVS/L)、酸化时间(3、5、7和9 d)考察其对酸化效果的影响,并对酸化出料进行甲烷化产气实验。结果表明,餐厨垃圾最优酸化条件为有机负荷30 gVS/L,酸化时间5 d,接种量15 gVS/L。在此条件下,单位负荷产酸率为561.0 mg乙酸/gVS,酸化末端产物主要为乙酸和丁酸,单位负荷累积产气量达到826.7 mL/gVS,比乙醇型最佳条件单位负荷累积产气量763.8 mL/gVS高8.2%,比丁酸型最低单位负荷累积产气量70.6 mL/gVS高1 070.3%。有机负荷、酸化时间、接种量依次对餐厨垃圾酸化有重要的影响,并且餐厨垃圾酸化效果和产气性能具有一致性。研究结果可为城市生活垃圾厌氧消化提供设计和运行依据。     

酸解微波预处理对秸秆厌氧消化的促进作用

以秸秆为研究对象,比较微波酸化预处理作用下对秸秆厌氧消化产气特性的影响,实验中研究甲烷产生速率、pH值、甲烷气体体积分数及生物降解率4个参数的变化趋势,结果表明:①微波酸化预处理对秸秆厌氧消化有明显效果,累计产甲烷气量由未被预处理的186.1mL·g-1上升到 245.4～303.4 mL·g-1(以有机物质计),达到最大甲烷产生速率时间由原来的第12d,提前至4～11d不等,最大甲烷产生速率由原来的1411mL·g-1·d-1上升到 18.64～33.19 mL·g-1·d-1;②经过微波酸化预处理的甲烷体积分数由原来的52.1%提高至64.5%左右,其生物能范围也由未处理前的19.71 MJ·m-3提高至24.41 MJ·m-3,物料降解率由未预处理的44.1%,提高至64.25%.     

半连续泔脚垃圾与猪粪混合厌氧消化研究

在中温(35℃)条件下,采用逐渐提高有机负荷的半连续进料方式,研究泔脚垃圾厌氧消化规律。在1gVS/(L.d)、1.25 gVS/(L.d)和1.5 gVS/(L.d)的有机负荷下,厌氧消化系统能够稳定运行,实现水解酸化阶段和产甲烷阶段的动态平衡,甲烷产率与日产气量的变化规律一致,pH、VFA、氨氮浓度分别保持在7.2和360mg/L1、500 mg/L左右。当有机负荷为1.5 gVS/(L.d),每克VS的甲烷产率和甲烷百分数出现最大值,分别为1.40 L/g7、1.37%,此时厌氧消化系统处于最佳运行状态。     

高温碱间歇式处理对互花米草厌氧发酵特性的影响

以互花米草为原料,采用中温(35±1)℃批式发酵的方式,考察了NaOH高温碱间歇式处理对互花米草厌氧消化过程的影响.结果表明,互花米草一次发酵至产气停止,单位TS产气量为263mL/g,发酵过程中出现酸化现象, pH值最低为5.17.二次发酵原料为一次发酵后的固体残余物,主要组分为可分解有机物以及一些难分解有机物,过程中未出现酸化现象, pH值经短暂下降后很快稳定在7.5左右,累积产气量在一次发酵的基础上提高了46%.互花米草单位TS产气量为383mL/g.消化液中有机酸乙酸含量最大,丙酸和丁酸含量相当.     

造纸污泥与味精废液联合厌氧消化产甲烷性能研究

采用造纸污泥与味精废液间歇式联合厌氧消化产沼气,通过设计总固体(TS)含量、碳氮比(C/N)和接种量等不同的工艺参数,研究了不同工艺条件下各反应器的产甲烷性能.试验结果表明:在中温(37±2)℃条件下,TS含量对系统累积产气量的影响较大,各反应器的累积产气量随TS含量的增加而增加;各反应器的单位质量挥发性固体(VS)累积产气率和TS、VS的去除率随TS含量增加而降低;在TS含量为10%的3组反应器中,造纸污泥:味精废液(w/w)=10∶1的反应器产气效果优于造纸污泥∶味精废液(w/w)=25∶1和70∶1两组处理,这与前者在消化过程中pH值下降最多、酸化能力最强有关;联合厌氧消化累积甲烷产量最大值为5482mL(TS含量为10%,造纸污泥∶味精废液(w/w)=10∶1),单位质量VS甲烷产率最大值为362mL.g-1(TS含量为3%,造纸污泥∶味精废液(w/w)=11∶1),可见这两种工业废物联合厌氧消化具有巨大的产甲烷潜力.     

两阶段ASBR处理厨房垃圾的实验研究

应用两阶段ASBR技术对厨房垃圾进行实验室规模的处理研究。结果表明:总COD的去除率为77 6%,而总TS的去除率为72 21%,系统的产CH4率以TS和容积负荷计分别为212mL g和0 67L (L·d)。同时,研究发现适宜的pH值水解相为4～5,甲烷相为7～8;适宜的HRT水解相为5d,甲烷相为13 3d;适宜的固体浓度水解相TS为8%,甲烷相TS为7%;适宜的负荷(以TS计)水解相为16g (L·d),甲烷相为5 23g (L·d)。      

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.