油气储罐区多米诺事故耦合效应风险分析

为研究油气储罐区多米诺事故中耦合效应对事故扩展的影响,通过借鉴不同领域耦合效应的定义及内涵,提出多米诺事故中耦合效应的定义,并构建多灾种多因素耦合情景及耦合效应影响因素图;针对某一罐区,运用贝叶斯网络模型分析发生池火灾时热辐射的耦合效应,借助Netica软件探讨某储罐发生池火灾时事故的最大可能传播路径。结果表明:储罐受到多热辐射的共同影响即多热辐射场耦合作用时,多米诺事故发生概率明显增大;当储罐V11发生池火灾时,为预防多米诺事故的发生,需要重点对储罐V21采取保护措施。     

基于图模型的储罐区火灾事故多米诺效应评定

为量化原油储罐区域火灾事故中由多米诺效应引发的事故风险,基于图模型提出一种同时考虑初级火灾事故及其扩展概率的多米诺效应评定算法。首先,采用事故树计算储罐的年度初级火灾事故起数的期望值;其次,以产生初级火灾事故的储罐为节点,以火灾扩展方向为边构建图模型;然后,基于图模型构建各个节点发生事故的贝叶斯网络;最后,借助贝叶斯网络计算各节点在多米诺效应下发生事故起数的总期望值,并将提出的算法应用到某储罐区火灾事故多米诺效应的评定中。结果表明:相对于仅考虑单一储罐,考虑周围储罐发生事故的多米诺效应后,部分储罐的事故起数的总期望值有明显提高;在事故风险评定中不应忽视多米诺效应这一因素。     

储罐区火灾引发多米诺效应的概率分析方法

石化工业储罐区储存大量易燃物质,储罐发生火灾可能对邻近储罐造成影响,引发严重的多米诺事故。火灾发生后的应急响应会对事故发展造成影响,并影响多米诺效应的发生概率。结合Probit分析方法和我国火灾应急响应统计数据,建立了储罐区火灾引发多米诺效应的概率分析模型,并以汽油储罐火灾为例,分析了多米诺效应的概率。     

化工园区储罐多米诺效应的脆弱性评估

为减少化工园储罐区多米诺效应发生概率,找出最容易发生多米诺效应、且对事故影响最大的储罐,评估各储罐的脆弱性等级。首先基于不同领域脆弱性的内涵和多米诺效应的特点,提出多米诺效应情况下储罐脆弱性的定义;然后利用熵权物元可拓模型和风险矩阵法的客观性,并结合复杂网络模型和逼近理想排序法(TOPSIS)模型评估事故网络节点重要度,从初始事故的可能性与传播影响力2个方面,构建多米诺效应下储罐脆弱性分级评估模型;最后应用该模型评估某化工园储罐区各罐体脆弱性等级,并将结果与贝叶斯方法的评估结果对比。结果表明:该模型考虑了储罐自身属性及影响扩展范围,得到的脆弱性分级结果更准确。     

化工储罐间距和体积对爆炸碎片多米诺效应概率的影响

化工储罐爆炸后将产生大量碎片,这些抛射碎片一旦击中相邻罐体容易引发多米诺效应。碎片的抛射方位和抛射距离具有很大的随机性,已有研究多采用概率模型来描述碎片抛射的各分过程。通过总结和发展已有的分过程模型,建立了求取多米诺效应的综合概率模型,并基于蒙特卡罗算法编制了模拟软件,可对化工储罐多米诺效应的发生概率进行预测计算。选取若干常用化工球罐为相邻目标储罐进行实例分析,计算结果表明储罐间距和体积是影响多米诺效应发生概率的两个重要影响因素：随着距离的增大,多米诺效应发生概率不断减小;目标储罐体积越大,多米诺效应发生概率将越大。其中,爆炸碎片对目标储罐的击中概率受上述因素的影响程度更大。该文工作对化工储罐区的安全评价具有一定的参考价值。     

火灾爆炸事故多米诺效应耦合模型研究

为了评估火灾爆炸事故中相邻储罐由于多米诺效应而引发二次事故的风险,提出了基于热辐射、冲击波超压以及碎片冲击等三种物理效应共同作用下的事故多米诺效应耦合分析模型.模型采用概率组合方法计算事故影响区域内目标对象发生二次事故的最可能组合及概率.研究表明,火灾爆炸事故多米诺效应的产生受到多种因素影响,其中平面布局、防火间距是影响二次事故发生的主要因素.在计算设施失效概率的过程中,考虑了热辐射、爆炸冲击波以及碎片冲击三种物理效应的耦合作用效果,采用影响系数法对二次事故的可能单元组合加以研究.最后,以一储罐区蒸气云爆炸事故为例对可能发生的二次事故进行了模拟,得到了相邻储罐二次事故的单元组合及概率.     

化工储罐区池火灾多米诺效应风险评估

化工储罐区储罐数量较多且集中,一旦发生事故很可能诱发多米诺效应造成灾难性的后果。在分析池火灾多米诺效应作用模式的基础上,建立了池火灾多米诺效应风险评估模型,并对某化工储罐区进行了实例计算,分析了单一储罐池火灾事故引发其他储罐池火灾的风险。分析结果表明,池火灾是诱发化工储罐多米诺事故的重要因素,且会造成风险的显著增加,但并非所有的池火灾事故都会诱发多米诺效应。此外,将多米诺效应评价方法应用于化工储罐池火灾事故风险评估中可有效地预测次生事故的发生概率和后果,从而提出针对性措施。     

地震诱发储罐火灾多米诺效应的动态定量风险评估方法研究

为评估地震对化工储罐区可能造成的火灾多米诺效应的风险，提出了一种基于蒙特卡洛模拟和矩阵计算的动态风险评估方法。该方法考虑了时空演化过程的不确定性和协同效应，可用于多个储罐着火的主要事件场景和高级别多米诺传播的复杂情况，能够得到可能发生的主要事件场景及其发生概率、储罐群全过程失效概率、特定主要事件场景演化细节，进而指导制定更具针对性的应急管理措施。通过案例分析了不同地震和储罐条件，以及多米诺级别对储罐群多米诺失效概率的影响，验证了该方法的有效性，该方法可为多米诺效应的风险应急管理提供理论依据。     

大型原油储罐火灾多米诺效应概率计算模型及应用

随着油品储罐区规模的不断扩大,近年来多储罐火灾事故呈上升趋势。现有的储罐防火间距是在以往事故经验的基础上设定的,通过罐组内的火灾多米诺效应概率计算,可从风险的角度为罐组内储罐防火间距的设定提供理论依据。通过综合考虑火灾环境下受辐射储罐失效时间和着火储罐火灾得到控制时间,确定了罐组内火灾多米诺效应的判定原则,并在火灾得到控制时间模型和储罐失效时间模型的基础上建立了火灾多米诺效应概率计算模型。以2万立外浮顶原油储罐为例进行模拟计算,得出在现行标准给出的防火间距下,发生罐组火灾多米诺效应的概率为3.94×10-8/a-1,属于可接受风险,为罐组内储罐的合理布局提供了理论依据。     

化工储罐区池火灾多米诺效应研究

从多米诺效应发生的机理,阐述了化工储罐区池火灾多米诺效应的分析过程,并对其产生的后果以及可能引发的多米诺事故概率进行了分析计算,简要分析了我国现行的罐区安全距离的合理性.     

Study of the situation deduction of a domino accident caused by overpressure in LPG storage tank area

The production and storage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is gradually becoming larger and more intensive, which greatly increases the risk of the domino effect of an explosion accident in a storage tank area while improving production and management efficiency. This paper describes the construction of the domino effect scene of an explosion accident in an LPG storage tank area, the analysis of the characteristics of the LPG tank explosion shock wave and the target storage tank failure, and the creation of an ANSYS numerical model to derive the development trend and expansion law of the domino accident in the LPG storage tank area. The research showed that: 400 m³ tank T1 explosion shock waves spread to T2, T4, T5, T3, and T6, and the tank overpressures of 303 kPa, 303 kPa, 172 kPa, 81 kPa, and 61 kPa respectively. The critical values of the target storage tank failure overpressure-range threshold were 70 kPa and 60 m. After the explosion of the initial unit T1 tank, at 38 ms, the T2 and T4 storage tanks failed and exploded; at 56 ms, the T5 storage tank exploded for the third time; at 82 ms, the T3 storage tank exploded for the fourth time; and at 102 ms, the T6 storage tank exploded for the fifth time. With the increase of explosion sources, the failure overpressure of the target storage tank increased, and the interval between explosions continuously shortened, which reflected the expansion effect of the domino accident. The domino accident situation deduction in the LPG storage tank area provided a scientific basis for the safety layout, accident prevention and control, emergency rescue, and management of a chemical industry park.     

基于贝叶斯网络的事故多级多米诺效应计算方法研究

为了更合理地分析事故风险,提出了基于贝叶斯网络的多级多米诺效应计算方法及其计算步骤,并从个人风险和社会风险2个角度,定量分析了生产安全事故的多级多米诺效应。同时以某企业的2个汽油罐区为例,运用上述方法对其生产安全事故的多米诺效应进行定量计算,并将计算结果与未考虑多米诺效应、仅考虑一级多米诺效应时的计算结果进行比较。研究结果表明:基于贝叶斯网络的计算方法,同时考虑了多级多米诺效应和事故的协同效应,可以使计算的个人风险和社会风险更接近于实际。     

Improved models of failure time for atmospheric tanks under the coupling effect of multiple pool fires

Fire accidents of chemical installations may cause domino effects in atmospheric tank farms, where a large amount of hazardous substances are stored or processed. Pool fire is a major form of fire accidents, and the thermal radiation from pool fire is the primary hazard of domino accidents. The coupling of multiple pool fires is a realistic and important accident phenomenon that enhances the propagation of domino accidents. However, previous research has mostly focused on the escalation of domino accidents induced by a single pool fire. To overcome the drawback, in this study, the failure of a storage tank under the coupling effect of multiple pool fires was studied in view of spatial and temporal synergistic process. The historical accident statistics indicated that the accident scenario of two-pool fires accounted for 30.6% in pool fires. The domino accident scenario involving three tanks is analyzed, and the typical layout of tanks is isosceles right triangle based on Chinese standard “GB50341-2014”. The thermal response and damage of a target tank heated by pool fires were numerically investigated. The volume of 500 m³, 3000 m³, 5000 m³ and 10000 m³ were selected. Flame temperature was obtained by FDS, and then was input onto the finite element model. The temperature field and stress field of target tanks were simulated by ABAQUS. The results showed that the temperature rise rate of the target tanks under multiple pool fires was higher than that under a single pool fire. The failure time of the tank under the coupling effect of multiple fires was lower than that under the superposition of multiple fires without the first stage. The stress and yield strength were compared to judge the failure of the target tank. The model of failure time for the tank under the coupling effect of pool fires was established. Through the verification, the deviation of this model is 4.02%, which is better than the deviation of 15.76% with Cozzani's model.     

多灾种概念辨析及灾害事故关系研究综述

随着人类社会的不断发展,各种各样的突发事件对人类的生产生活环境造成了重大影响,为了更好地应对突发事件,需要充分考虑和深入分析突发事件所带来的各种威胁。然而,目前对于灾害事故等多灾种之间的相互关系,仍存在描述众多,概念混淆的问题。在广泛调研的基础上,梳理、归纳和补充灾害事故间关系现有的概念和定义,以及相关名词的运用场景,将灾害事故等多灾种情形归纳为灾害事故相互增强、灾害事故互斥削弱、灾害事故互不影响3大类,Natech事件、灾害链、多米诺效应、人为激发灾害、灾害事故集等10小类,并详细阐述其含义,并进一步举出对应的案例;同时,在整理多灾种风险分析的研究现状基础上,对未来多灾种风险分析的研究提出展望。     

Scenario deduction of Natech accident based on dynamic Bayesian network: A case study of landslide accident in a liquor storage tank area in Guizhou Province,China

Industrial technical accidents caused by natural disasters are defined as Natech accidents, such as earthquakes and landslides, which can cause tremendous damage to industrial storage tanks, and lead to accidental leakage and even serious fire and explosion accidents. In this study, a landslide-induced storage tank accident model under earthquake disasters was proposed, and the relationship between landslide mass impact and target impact resistance was taken into account. Also, tank failure and the formation of the pool fire were considered to be the consequences of the Natech accident. Through scenario deduction, the dynamic process of landslide Natech was transformed qualitatively into a disaster chain network diagram composed of a scenario state, a disaster-causing factor and emergency management. The Bayesian network was used to learn and deduce the parameters of the network diagram, and in this process, the prior probability and conditional probability of nodes were obtained primarily by Monte Carlo simulation, and by an improved expert scoring method based on the fuzzy set theory. Through visualization software, the sensitivity analysis of landslide Natech was achieved. Finally, a case study of a liquor storage tank area in Guizhou Province, China was carried out, and the results show that a large amount of hazardous material leakage caused by buckling is key to the formation of pool fire accidents, and several prevention measures for earthquake-induced landslide Natech was proposed according to the sensitivity analysis.     

某储罐区火灾多米诺效应场景推演

化工园区中危险源众多,一旦发生事故很容易在整个园区内蔓延和发展.针对化工园区内储罐密集,容易引发连锁反应导致事故扩大的特点,利用FDS软件对储罐火灾场景进行数值模拟,根据储罐所受热辐射确定化工园区内储罐火灾最可能的事故发生序列,并引入基于设备失效前时间的机械设备故障概率模型对罐区内单个储罐的火灾风险进行研究,得到储罐区...     

化工储罐区空袭次生灾害危险性评价研究

根据化工储罐区及其遭空袭次生灾害的特点,以空袭次生灾害的影响范围作为危险性评价的标准,对化工储罐区的空袭次生灾害进行危险性评价。指出储罐遭空袭后的3种毁伤方式;给出储罐遭空袭发生的次生灾害及其扩散的形式与后果;阐述了化工储罐区空袭次生灾害的成灾机理;分别提出热辐射伤害、冲击波伤害和有毒有害物质扩散的危险性评价方法。以池火灾为例,建立了池火灾的危险性评价模型;论述了池火灾危险性评价的具体流程,并进行了案例分析,根据计算结果提出了相应的减灾对策。笔者认为,化工储罐区遭空袭后的次生灾害的危险性评价具有现实意义,对于化工园区、石化厂、危化品仓库等突发安全事故产生次生灾害的危险性评价同样具有重要的参考价值。