基于DEM的土地利用类型与地形因子关系研究——以重庆市永川朱龙花等6村为例

以重庆市永川区陈食街道朱龙花等6村为例,基于全国二次调查土地利用现状图和数字高程模型(DEM),在ArcGIS 9.3平台支持下,进行了30m×30m栅格单元的土地利用与地形因子关系研究,探讨了重庆市永川土地利用特征。结果表明,海拔高度、坡度和坡向与土地利用类型的综合分析有助于从定量剖析土地利用空间分布特征;朱龙花等6村海拔、坡度及坡向均值分别为345m、17.28°和271.25°(西坡);采用高程分带、坡度分级及坡向分类的方法能直观展示土地利用格局特征。耕地(水田及旱地)主要分布在低海拔的平原和丘陵上,阳坡面积大于阴坡,水田尤为突出。园地和林地主要分布在海拔低于400m的丘陵上,坡度小于15°,西坡和西北坡分布最多;草地主要分布在海拔200—500m的平原和丘陵上,坡度小于25°,各坡向均有少量分布;水域、水利建设用地、城镇村及工矿用地分布格局类似,主要分布在300—400m的丘陵上,坡度小于6°,东坡、东南坡分布较多;其他土地分布在海拔低于500m,坡度小于25°,西坡分布较多。从土地利用与生态环境的协调发展角度看,该区域土地利用空间分布格局基本符合生态环境建设的要求,约有2.34hm2的耕地位于坡度大于25°的缓陡坡和陡坡上,应继续推行退耕还林、还草。研究结果表明,地形因子对土地利用的空间格局的影响较大;同一地形因子不同级别下的土地主导利用方式各异,土地利用类型的优势区域不尽相同。     

新疆麻黄资源现状及其可持续利用对策

对新疆野生麻黄资源、人工种植麻黄现状进行了分析，探讨了造成麻黄资源分布面积减少和质量下降的原因。在深入分析新疆麻黄资源现状的基础上，提出了新疆麻黄资源可持续利用对策。     

中国香根草开发利用现状与展望

香根草是保持水土和改善生态环境的理想植物,也是受重金属和有机物污染的土壤修复和被污染土地复垦的首选植物之一。香根草本身还具有重要的经济价值。叙述了我国香根草的引进、研究和开发利用历程与现状,展望了香根草未来在中国的研究和开发利用情况,并进一步指出必须加强学科间的沟通与协作,充实香根草研究的理论基础和应用的科学依据,更好地推广和利用香根草,为我国特别是西北干旱区域的社会、经济和生态环境协调发展做出更大贡献。     

西部地区新农村建设中环境经济协同分区研究

在新农村建设中西部地区如何既实现经济发展,又保护好生态环境,统筹协同是重要前提.科学分区是设计因地制宜协同模式的基础,界定新农村建设中经济与环境协同模式内涵,综述已有相关分区研究的现状、特点和不足.在此基础上,从分区原则和依据、分区单元、分区空间形态等方面,提出了基于环境经济协同关系的西部新农村建设分区方案,划分为八大区:城郊农业区、西北牧业区、西北旱作农业区、西北灌溉农区、西南高原区、西南河谷平坝区、西南丘陵山区、青藏高原生态农牧区,并对存在的主要问题、发展重点与方向等方面提出了环境经济协同对策.     

湘西沅麻盆地的干旱与对策

笔者以无雨日数、旱期内降水量和干旱对农业生产的影响确定干旱等级指标,分析了沅麻盆地干旱的特征,特别指出当地干旱频率在加快、旱区在扩大。文中的观点可供湘西山区开发,乃至我国东部亚热带丘陵山区开发参考。     

山东海岸沙生植被的特点和生态评价

山东海岸分布着特殊意义的海岸沙生植被,其特点为群落类型单纯,组成种类结构简单,具有显著的镶嵌性。植物有很强的抗旱、耐瘠、耐热、耐盐能力,群落自然演替缓慢。本文对该岸区沙生植被的恢复、发展和防止生态平衡失调等问题进行了生态评价,并从植物生态学角度提出海岸开发设想。     

黄土高原植被类型变化和空间分布对气象因子变化的响应

利用基于GIS的黄土高原植被类型分布图,结合黄土高原地区标准气象站的气象因子资料,对黄土高原植被类型变化和空间分布对气象因子变化的响应关系进行了分析。结果显示:从东南到西北,年降水量、月平均最高气温、月平均最低气温逐渐减少,年平均气温、全年日照时数、全年最大蒸散量、平均风速逐渐增加,植被类型由东南湿润半湿润森林、半干旱森林草原往西北转变成轻干旱、重半干旱的温性草原、干旱的荒漠半荒漠植被。     

香根草在尾矿库闭库工程中的应用评述

香根草具有适应性强，根系庞大和耐金属污染等生物特性，其应用实例证明香根草在恢复植被，固坡，改良土壤和防止水土流失等方面具有常规植物无法比拟的优越性，可在尾矿库闭库工程中推广应用。     

麻黄故乡——阿鲁科尔沁旗

阿鲁科尔沁旗位于内蒙古自治区中部,赤峰市东北侧,全境南北狭长,东西宽１１４．４ｋｍ,南北长２３２ｋｍ,幅员面积１４２７７ｋｍ２,大陆性气候。阿旗自然资源丰富,有天然草场 １１４万ｈｍ２,盛产天然麻黄草、山杏核及各类中草药材。阿鲁科尔沁旗交通、通信发达,３０３国道、集通铁路在境内横穿而过;内联乡村、外通国内外的程控、光缆等现代通讯网络遍布全旗各地。 阿鲁科尔沁旗是全国麻黄分布面积最大的地区之一,总面积达３７．２万ｈｍ２,其中以麻黄为建群种的群聚１１．１万ｈｍ２。自古被誉为“麻黄故乡”。 麻黄又称草麻…     

新疆森林昆虫特点

一、新疆森林昆虫种类较少，在分布上有较明显的垂直分布差异，地理条件阻隔，昆虫传播困难，但有一些古老和特殊种类。二、形态方面新疆昆虫多个体较小，体色灰褐深暗，幼虫多毛被明显，有不少的雄虫具翅而雌虫无翅种类。三、生物学方面新疆昆虫生活周期及休眠期较长，有许多种常营隐蔽生活。四、生态方面新疆昆虫对严寒、酷热、干旱和风沙，以及温度剧变适应能力强。五、新疆天然森林多为顶极生态群落，抗耐病虫能力强。     

Perceptions of Ranchers About Medusahead (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Taeniatherum caput-medusae</Emphasis> (L.) Nevski) Management on Sagebrush Steppe Rangelands

Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski) is an exotic annual grass invading rangelands in the western United States. Medusahead is a serious management concern because it decreases biodiversity, reduces livestock forage production, and degrades the ecological function of rangelands. Despite the obvious importance of ranchers as partners in preventing and managing medusahead in rangelands, little is known about their perceptions and behaviors concerning medusahead management. We present the results of a survey of ranchers operating on sagebrush steppe rangeland in a three-county area in southeast Oregon encompassing over 7.2 million ha. The primary objective of this research was to determine if the presence of medusahead on a ranch influenced its operator’s perceptions and behaviors concerning invasive plant control and prevention. Ranchers operating on medusahead-infested rangeland were more likely to indicate increased awareness and concern about medusahead and the potential for its continued expansion. Ranchers operating on rangeland invaded by medusahead were also more likely to indicate use of measures to prevent the spread of medusahead and other invasive plants on rangeland, interest in educational opportunities concerning invasive annual grass management, and plans for controlling invasive annual grasses in the future. This study revealed an alarming trend in which individuals are less likely to implement important prevention measures and participate in education opportunities to improve their knowledge of invasive plants until they directly experience the negative consequences of invasion. Information campaigns on invasive plants and their impacts may rectify this problem; however, appropriate delivery methods are critical for success. Web- or computer-based invasive plant information and tools were largely unpopular among ranchers, whereas traditional forms of information delivery including brochures/pamphlets and face-to-face interaction were preferred. However, in the future web- or computer-based information may become more popular as ranchers become more familiar with them.     

SENSITIVITY OF PHYTOPLANKTON SIMULATIONS TO VARIATIONS IN THE HALF SATURATION CONSTANTS1

ABSTRACT In many impoundment dynamic water quality models, the growth of two or more ecologic groups of phytoplankton may be simulated. These ecologic groups are differentiated by growth rates, temperature tolerances, settling rates, and the Michaelis-Menten half saturation constants for necessary nutrients. In this investigation, the effect of variations in the Michaelis-Menten half saturation constant for the limiting nutrient when two competing ecologic groups of algae are simulated is examined. In an idealized case, it is demonstrated that uncertainty in the half saturation constant for the limiting nutrient for one ecologic group of algae can significantly affect the simulation results and in some cases could lead to a poorly designed impoundment restoration program.     

Use of Landsat Thematic Mapper Data to Assess Seasonal Rangeland Changes in the Southeast Kalahari, Botswana

/ Management problems arise in semiarid rangeland that are characterized by marked wet and dry seasons because of forage deficiencies in the dry season. These natural vegetation rangelands can sustain livestock all year long when forage and senesced grass are available into the dry season. Seasonal range condition data are required to provide a basis for pasture management to help locate dry season cover and thereby minimize overstocking and degradation. The generation of seasonal data using Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery was undertaken to assess changes in natural vegetation cover in the southern Botswana Kalahari. Visual analysis of spectral reflectance curves, the development of spectral separability indexes, and conventional classification analysis techniques were used to identify and differentiate rangeland features. Results from reflectance curves indicated that most rangeland cover types could be preferentially distinguished using mainly wet season data, especially on the longer TM wavebands, and that range feature differentiation was more problematic on darker soils than on lighter soils. Spectral separability indexes (SSIs) confirmed that range feature separation varied considerably as a function of waveband and was more effective in the wet than the dry season. The SSIs also showed that range feature differentiation in both seasons was most effective using a combination of the chlorophyll absorpance band (TM3) and two mid-infrared bands (TM5 and TM7). Wet season data were more effectively classified in terms of range features than dry season data although some class similarity was inferred across the two classified data sets. The work shows that overall trends may be generated by comparing seasonal data sets, thereby providing an overall basis for dry season decision making. However, particular problems arise within the dry season data sets probably because of spectral similarities between shadow and darkened vegetation cover, thereby implying that further work is needed. KEY WORDS: Semiarid rangelands; Botswana; Kalahari; Spectral differentiation; Seasonal change; Darkened vegetation cover     

西气东输工程湿陷性黄土塬坡地生态型水工保护研究

西气东输工程靖边-临汾段的黄土地区地形破碎,黄土以粉粒为主,结构疏松,黄土易于完全崩解,浸水后粒状架空结构体系迅速崩解,其抗冲蚀能力极差。本地区降水多为暴雨,强降雨形成的洪水来势猛、历时短,导致黄土塬坡地受水力侵蚀强烈且集中。工程项目区的生态环境脆弱,一旦植被遭到破坏,就可能造成生态系统的破坏。根据西气东输工程和区域的实际情况,进行了生态型水工保护工艺的现场试验研究。试验结果表明,该工艺完全可以达到传统水工保护工艺对黄土塬坡地处理所能达到的强度及效果,并且在管线及水工保护施工完成后将使生态基本得到恢复。     

Effects of Grazing Exclusion on Soil Properties and on Ecosystem Carbon and Nitrogen Storage in a Sandy Rangeland of Inner Mongolia, Northern China

The Horqin sandy rangeland of northern China is a seriously desertified region with a fragile ecology. The sandy alluvial and aeolian sediments have a coarse texture and loose structure and are therefore vulnerable to damage caused by grazing animals and wind erosion. We investigated whether grazing exclusion could enhance ecosystem carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage and thereby improve overall soil quality. We compared soil properties, C and N storage in biomass (aboveground and below-ground), and the total and light fraction soil organic matter between adjacent areas with continuous grazing and a 12-year grazing exclosure. The soil silt?+?clay content, organic C, total Kjeldahl N, available N and K, and cation-exchange capacity were significantly (P?相似文献   

Growth management of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) under Mediterranean conditions

In spite of the advantages of Vetiver grass in light of environmental aspects, this plant is not used in the Mediterranean region. The objectives of the present study were: (i) to elucidate growth parameters and establishment of Vetiver under Mediterranean conditions suitable for its various environmental applications; and (ii) to develop management practices for growing vetiver under Mediterranean conditions. In greenhouse experiments conducted under controlled conditions it was found that, in general, increasing the minimum/maximum temperatures to 21-29 degrees C significantly increased plant height. In the Mediterranean region, this range of air temperatures is obtained mainly during the summer, from June to September. For air temperatures up to 15-23 degrees C the effect of day length on plant height was insignificant, whereas in air temperature >15-23 degrees C, the plant heights under long day conditions were significantly higher than under short day. The number of sprouts per plant increased exponentially with increasing air temperature, and was not significantly affected by the day length at any air temperature range. In open fields, the heights of irrigated vetiver plants were significantly higher than those of rain-fed plants. It was concluded that, once they were established, vetiver plants could survive the dry summer of the Mediterranean region under rain-fed conditions, but they would be shorter than under irrigation. Cutting or burning of the plant foliage during the spring did not improve the survival of vetiver during the dry summer. In order to obtain fast growth of vetiver and to increase the possibility of its using the rainwater, the plants should be planted in the winter, during February and March. However, under this regime, the vetiver plant cannot be used as a soil stabilizer during the first winter, because the plant is still small. In contrast, under irrigation it is advantageous to plant vetiver at the beginning of the summer; the plant then has sufficient time to grow and develop before the beginning of the winter, so that its effect as a soil stabilizer in the following wet winter could be maximal. It was found that vetiver could grow in a wide range of substrates, such as: sandy soil, loamy sand, clay soil, crushed limestone, sandy clay loam, and tuff/peat mixture.     

从西吉县梯田建设看山坡地资源的更新

山坡地资源是丘陵区重要的农业基础资源，因受自然因素和人为因素的影响，资源流失和退化严重，本文根据坡改梯对生态环境的保护功能及其生产力动态变化，初步提出了丘陵山区坡地资源的更新措施。     

Institutional development for sustainable rangeland resource and ecosystem management in mountainous areas of northern Nepal

Rangelands represent one of the most important natural resources in mountainous regions of northern Nepal. However, a poor understanding of the social dimensions of rangeland use has limited their proper management and sustainable development, which represent major challenges for Nepal's resource managers. Institutional development is thought to be a viable solution to this problem and may ultimately lead to improved rangeland management in Nepal. Based on this hypothesis, a study was conduced in the Rasuwa district of northern Nepal to examine the effectiveness of institutional development at the local and national levels in mitigating the problems facing sustainable rangeland management by using an institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework. The information and data were mainly collected from different stakeholders, farmers, professionals and practitioners using a toolkit of participatory rural appraisal (PRA), workshops and literature review. It can be concluded from this case study that a number of institutional development efforts are needed to promote sustainable rangeland management in this region. First, local herders represent a repository of rich indigenous knowledge essential to sustaining sound rangeland management practices; hence, indigenous practices need to be integrated into modern technologies. Second, public services and technical support are currently unavailable or inaccessible to local herders; hence, research, development and extension interventions need to be initiated for marginalized pastoral communities. Third, rangeland institutions are incomplete and ill-organized, so institutional development of various organizations is necessary for promoting sustainable rangeland management. Fourth, the policies and governance necessary for promoting rangeland management are not well-designed; hence, governance reform and policy development need to be formulated through internal and external agencies and organizations.     

The Effect of Shoreline Recreational Angling Activities on Aquatic and Riparian Habitat Within an Urban Environment: Implications for Conservation and Management

There is growing concern that recreational shoreline angling activity may negatively impact littoral and riparian habitats independent of any direct or indirect influences of fish harvest or fishing mortality through mechanisms such as disturbance (e.g., trampling, erosion) and pollution (e.g., littering). We sampled a suite of aquatic and terrestrial variables (i.e., water quality, aquatic and terrestrial macrophytes, soil compaction, anthropogenic refuse) at 14 high shoreline angling-activity sites (identified by way of interviews with conservation officers and angling clubs) within an urban area (Ottawa, Canada). For each high angling-activity site, a nearby corresponding low angling-activity site was sampled for comparison. We found that the percentage of barren area and soil compaction were greater in areas of high angling activity compared with areas that experienced relatively low angling activity. In addition, terrestrial and aquatic macrophyte density, height, and diversity were lower at high angling-activity sites. Angling- and non-angling-related litter was present in large quantities at each of the high angling-activity sites, and comparatively little litter was found at low angling-activity sites. Collectively, these findings indicate that shoreline angling does alter the riparian environment, contributing to pollution and environmental degradation in areas of high angling intensity. With growing interest in providing urban angling opportunities and in response to increasing interest in developing protected areas and parks, a better understanding of the ecologic impacts of shoreline angling is necessary to address multiuser conflicts, to develop angler outreach and educational materials, and to optimize management of angling effort to maintain ecologic integrity of riparian and aquatic ecosystems.