重庆市主城区PM2.5时空分布特征

利用2014年6月1日至2015年5月31日重庆市主城区17个国控空气质量监测站24 h自动连续采样的PM_(2.5)浓度数据,探讨了重庆市主城区PM_(2.5)时空分布特征.结果表明:1重庆市主城区PM_(2.5)季节浓度由高到低依次为冬季(100.2μg·m~(-3))、秋季(66.1μg·m~(-3))、春季(45.9μg·m~(-3))和夏季(33.4μg·m~(-3))(P0.05).2重庆市主城区PM_(2.5)月均浓度变化呈单峰单谷型,1月PM_(2.5)月均浓度最高(P0.05),达到120.8μg·m-3.3逐日变化,国控17个空气质量监测站PM_(2.5)日均浓度曲线都呈现出尖峰和深谷交替变化的锯齿状.4重庆市主城区16个国控监测点(除缙云山对照点)PM_(2.5)浓度日变化在全年、春季、秋季和冬季都呈现明显的双峰双谷型.5PM_(2.5)与SO_2、NO_2和CO都呈显著正相关(P0.01),表明SO_2、NO_2和CO的二次转化对PM_(2.5)浓度具有显著影响.     

高速公路沿线PM2.5中重金属污染特征

为研究高速公路沿线PM_(2. 5)中重金属的污染特征,于2018年3～8月分3次集中采集南昌市周边3条高速公路(昌樟、昌铜和温厚)的服务区、收费站、隧道和公路沿线的PM_(2. 5)样品,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱联用仪(ICP-MS)监测了PM_(2. 5)中6种重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr和Ni)浓度,分析其污染状况和分布情况,并利用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法评价其污染特征、潜在生态危害程度.结果表明,3条高速公路服务区和收费站的PM_(2. 5)和PM_(2. 5)中重金属均未表现出显著差异.高速公路沿线中PM_(2. 5)和PM_(2. 5)中的重金属显示为特长隧道长隧道公路沿线、服务区和收费站,重金属浓度从高到低依次为Zn(3. 8μg·m~(-3))、Pb(10. 2×10-2μg·m~(-3))、Cr(6. 8×10-2μg·m~(-3))、Cu(3. 5×10-2μg·m~(-3))、Ni(1. 5×10-2μg·m~(-3))和Cd(0. 1×10-2μg·m~(-3)).不同月份PM_(2. 5)及PM_(2. 5)中重金属浓度的显著差异可归结为温度和降水的影响.其中PM_(2. 5)的浓度与温度呈反相关,而PM_(2. 5)中Zn浓度与温度呈极显著正相关,主要是由于温度升高加重轮胎磨损和金属腐蚀.高速公路PM_(2. 5)中重金属污染程度和潜在生态危害程度表现为Zn和Cd Pb Cu Ni和Cr,其中Zn和Cd污染及危害程度是评价标准中最严重的等级,大气污染防治计划应着重考虑交通源的Zn和Cd污染.     

华东区域PM2.5变化背景下浙江省人口经济暴露水平评估

利用1998~2012年卫星反演的细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))全球高精度产品数据集,精细化地给出了华东地区PM_(2.5)时空分布与变化特征,并分析了此背景下浙江省PM_(2.5)的人口经济暴露水平.结果表明1998~2012年期间,浙江省区域平均PM_(2.5)浓度整体变化呈现出先增加、后下降的特征,拐点出现在2007~2009年前后,与华东区域大背景的变化趋势一致.1998~2000年华东南部与山东东部的年平均PM_(2.5)浓度基本保持在50μg·m~(-3)以下,其余地区大多在50~75μg·m~(-3)左右,华东地区和浙江省PM_(2.5)浓度超过35μg·m~(-3)的地区分别占到51.8%和21.1%.1998~2009年PM_(2.5)浓度上升趋势非常明显,华东地区的平均变化趋势为2.58μg·(m~3·a)~(-1),浙江省的上升趋势较华东区域慢,为1.43μg·(m~3·a)~(-1).2007~2009年PM_(2.5)浓度达到最大,华东和浙江省超过35μg·m~(-3)的地区分别占到82.1%和65.9%.此后PM_(2.5)浓度呈现出下降的变化趋势,华东地区和浙江省的平均变化趋势分别为-1.75μg·(m~3·a)~(-1)和-1.58μg·(m~3·a)~(-1),PM_(2.5)浓度超过35μg·m~(-3)的地区比例均有所下降,说明政府颁布的一系列节能减排方针政策可能对华东地区的空气质量改善起到了一定的成效.2010年浙江地区PM_(2.5)暴露水平超过35μg·m~(-3)的人口比例和GDP比例分别为74.0%和70.8%,其中38.1%的人口生活的环境和38.9%的GDP产生的环境PM_(2.5)浓度年平均值在50μg·m~(-3)以上.     

城市地区PM_(2.5)周末效应的初步研究

本文利用2014年全国78个城市497个环境监测站的实时观测数据,分析了2014年颗粒物(PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)和污染气体(包括SO_2、NO_2、CO和O_3)的分布特征并初步探讨了城市地区周末与工作日PM_(2.5)浓度的变化规律。2014年78个城市PM_(2.5)年均浓度值为71.9μg·m~(-3),华北地区PM_(2.5)年均浓度值在80~120μg·m~(-3),长三角地区PM_(2.5)的年均值在40~60μg·m~(-3)。污染气体相对于颗粒物更多的受到当地排放的影响。发现典型城市地区如北京、上海、广州、成都和西安等存在周末污染物浓度比工作日低的"PM_(2.5)周末效应",其中北京的周末效应最明显,对北京的周末效应进行初步分析发现周末与工作日机动车排放的变化是导致北京周末效应的主要原因。     

2014年10月太原市一次空气重污染过程分析

采用数值模拟(CAMx)与污染物、气象观测资料相结合的方式,对太原市及周边区域2014年10月6—12日一次典型空气重污染过程的大气环境背景、气象条件和形成原因进行了分析.结果表明:2014年10月8—10日太原ρ(PM_(2.5))日均值平均为175μg·m~(-3),太原城区约1460km~2的国土面积处于重度污染(ρ(PM_(2.5))150μg·m~(-3))之下,而京津冀约20×104km2的国土面积达到重度污染水平;区域稳定的气象条件是形成重污染的主要原因,重污染过程中大气层结稳定,逆温明显(2.14℃/100m)、风速小(1.91 m·s~(-1))、湿度大(68.13%)、负变压(-0.74 h Pa)、正变温(0.92℃).模拟结果显示,8—10日重污染期间区域输送对太原PM_(2.5)的贡献率在17%~24%之间,太原市PM_(2.5)浓度以本地贡献为主;估算的2014年太原城区PM_(2.5)排放量是其大气环境容量的1.4倍,重污染期间大气环境容量的大幅降低又加剧了空气污染的程度.     

嘉兴市不同天气条件下大气污染物和气溶胶化学组分的分布特征

为研究不同天气条件下大气污染物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(1.0)、SO_2、NO_2、O_3和CO)和气溶胶化学组分的污染特征,分别使用SHARP-5030监测仪、热电EMS系统、气溶胶化学成分在线监测仪(ACSM)和宽范围颗粒粒径谱仪(WPS)对嘉兴市2015年5月1~31日PM、污染气体、PM_(1.0)中化学组分和10 nm~10μm气溶胶数浓度进行了观测分析.结果表明,观测期间嘉兴市PM_(2.5)、PM_(1.0)、SO_2、NO_2、O_3和CO的平均浓度分别为52.8和37.2μg·m~(-3)、10.3μg·m~(-3)、38.1μg·m~(-3)、92.1μg·m~(-3)和1.2 mg·m~(-3).PM_(1.0)中OA、SO_2-4、NO-3、NH_4~+和Cl-的平均浓度为2.18、1.24、0.87、0.63和0.08μg·m~(-3).数浓度主要集中在爱根核模态(20~100 nm),浓度为12 411.2 cm~(-3),其次是核模态(10~20 nm),浓度为4 946.6 cm~(-3).不同天气过程中PM和污染气体的浓度分布和日变化特征不同.不同天气条件下PM_(1.0)中化学组分分布不同.雨天和晴天PM_(1.0)中化学组分浓度从大到小顺序均为OASO_2-4NO-3NH_4~+Cl-,新粒子天PM_(1.0)中化学组分浓度的顺序为OANO-3SO_2-4NH_4~+Cl-.新粒子天OA和NO-3分别是晴天的1.61和1.42倍,说明OA和NO-3是影响新粒子生成事件的主要化学成分.不同天气条件下不同模态气溶胶的日变化特征不同.     

广西玉林市大气PM10和PM2.5中有机碳和元素碳污染特征分析

2015年7月~2016年3月期间在广西玉林市3个空气监测点位共采集环境大气颗粒物PM_(10)样品218份,PM_(2.5)样品202份,利用多波段热/光碳分析仪分析其颗粒物中有机碳和(OC)和元素碳(EC)浓度水平、时空变化、污染特征及可能来源.结果表明,玉林市PM_(10)中OC和EC质量浓度分别为10.99μg·m~(-3)和5.11μg·m~(-3);PM_(2.5)中OC和EC质量浓度分别为7.51μg·m~(-3)和4.70μg·m~(-3).3个监测点位大气中PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)冬季的OC和EC浓度水平均高于其他季节,PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)中OC和EC的相关性较好,R2分别为0.58和0.60(P均小于0.01).应用最小OC/EC比值法对二次有机碳(SOC)含量进行了估算,冬季大气PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中SOC平均质量浓度分别为14.50μg·m~(-3)和6.74μg·m~(-3),高于其他季节.PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中SOC/OC比值均0.5,玉林市大气中粗细颗粒物均以SOC为主.夏季PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中SOC/OC分别为80.6%和77.7%,为四季最高值,与夏季温度较高、光照强烈、有利于光化学反应将OC转化为SOC有关.     

烟花燃放对珠三角地区春节期间空气质量的影响

为研究烟花爆竹燃放对珠三角区域城市空气质量的影响,对2015年春节期间珠三角地区环境空气质量自动监测站的数据进行了分析.结果表明,春节期间珠三角地区PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2和CO_污染最严重的城市均为肇庆市,臭氧污染最严重的为惠州,广州市NO_2污染最严重;与去年同期相比,各地SO_2、NO_2、CO_、PM10和PM_(2.5)的浓度普遍有大幅的降低,但春节期间臭氧浓度有所增加;春节期间烟花燃放行为主要集中在郊区,市区内燃放现象较少;烟花燃放对SO_2、PM10和PM_(2.5)浓度的短期影响极大,造成除夕夜间污染物浓度迅速升高,甚至成倍增加,对CO_、O_3和NO_2没有明显的影响;烟花燃放造成PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比例迅速下降,在颗粒物浓度达到峰值后,PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)的比例也到达最小值;烟花燃放对各地PM_(2.5)的小时浓度最大贡献值在16~65μg·m~(-3)之间,对各地PM_(10)的小时浓度最大贡献值在28~138μg·m~(-3)之间,对各地SO_2的小时浓度最大贡献值在9~43μg·m~(-3)之间.     

大气颗粒物及降尘中重金属的分布特征与人体健康风险评价

为了解PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和降尘中Cu、Mn、Pb、Ti、V、Cd、Cr、Co、Mo、Ni等10种重金属元素的分布特征及人体健康风险,利用大流量颗粒物采样器采集了北京城区某地四季大气中PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)及降尘样品,用ICP-MS测定了上述10种金属元素的质量浓度.结果表明,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的年均质量浓度分别为153.40μg·m~(-3)和232.93μg·m~(-3),超出GB 3095-2012中二类环境功能区标准限值的5倍和3倍;PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)的均值为0.74,表明大气颗粒物中以粒径小于2.5μm的颗粒为主;后向轨迹分析结果表明外源颗粒物的来向随季节变化而改变,冬、春、夏、秋季主要来向为西北、北-东北、东南、东南-西北.PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中10种元素的年均质量浓度从高到低依次为TiMnPbCuCrNiVCdMoCo,其中Ti、Mn、Pb、Cu和Cr这5种元素占10种目标元素总质量浓度的91.93%和92.49%.除PM_(10)中Cd年均质量浓度(6.53 ng·m~(-3))高于GB 3095-2012限定值(5.00 ng·m~(-3))外,其他元素的质量浓度均不超标.降尘中各元素的含量由高到低依次为TiMnPbCuNiCrVCoMoCd,Ti(2561.48μg·g~(-1))占所有元素的质量分数为72.57%,地累积指数(Igeo)结果表明,Cd(4.03)属重度污染,Pb(2.49)介于中度污染和重度污染之间,Cu(1.33)属中度污染,Ni(0.43)属轻微污染.重金属的致癌健康风险(10-4)和非致癌健康风险(1),均处于较低水平,短期内不会对人体健康造成威胁,但不能忽视长期处于此环境所带来的健康危害.     

北京春季一次霾-沙天气污染特性与成因分析

2017年5月3～5日,北京发生一次特别的重污染过程,与之相配的气象条件较为特殊,对污染形态和成因展开研究.基于北京35个环境监测站和与之最近的35个自动气象站,获取本次污染过程的总体特征及PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度与地面风场的匹配形态;利用MODIS和CALIPSO研究污染空间分布、输送路径、污染物类别;根据欧洲中期天气预报中心ECMWF第三代再分析资料ERA-Interim及风廓线雷达数据研究污染成因.以期以地-空立体监测技术手段配合气象条件得到本次污染特有的形态特征和影响因素.结果表明,利用以上多源数据,对本次污染进行立体观测和综合分析,能较好地反映污染特性和受制因素.本次污染骤然开始,陡然下降,持续约30h,整个过程PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度高,分别可达600～1 000μg·m~(-3)和200～700μg·m~(-3).全过程分为三段,前半段、间歇期、后半段.前、后半段污染成因以及由此造成的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度在空间分布上各有特点.前半段主导风向为西北风,风速小,PM_(10)浓度空间差异小,在800μg·m~(-3)以上,而PM_(2.5)浓度空间差异大,南部和城区高,达600～700μg·m~(-3),其余地方低,在350～500μg·m~(-3).间歇期低层风向从西北风切变为南风,高层维持西北风,南部和城区PM_(10)浓度下降明显,到650μg·m~(-3),北部依然在800μg·m~(-3),而此时北部PM_(2.5)浓度甚至降到200μg·m~(-3).后半段主导风又回到了西北风,且风速激增,此时PM_(2.5)浓度空间差异小且同一站点的浓度均小于前半段,在250～500μg·m~(-3).而PM_(10)浓度又回到了800μg·m~(-3)的水平.说明本次过程属典型霾-沙混合型污染.在偏西气流的影响下,对北京污染的主要贡献是沙尘型的PM_(10),而在偏南气流下,对北京污染的贡献除了沙尘外,还有PM_(2.5).污染重的同时,风速也大,大气垂直运动交汇于大约2～3 km高度,在此高度层内有大量污染物累积.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.