Cupriavidus metallidurans SHE好氧还原Se(Ⅳ)合成硒纳米颗粒的特性研究

利用贪铜杆菌(Cupriavidu smetallidurans)SHE在好氧条件下还原Se(Ⅳ)生成硒纳米颗粒,考察不同条件对还原过程的影响,并对还原产物进行表征.结果显示,菌株SHE还原Se(Ⅳ)的最适条件为pH=8、温度30℃、底物浓度1.0 mmol·L-1,在此条件下Se(Ⅳ)的还原率最高,可达100%.通过紫外光谱扫描、微观形貌分析、粒度分析及X射线衍射分析表明,合成的硒纳米颗粒为六方晶型,粒径为(130.2±27.0)nm.研究结果表明,菌株SHE可有效的还原Se(Ⅳ)生成硒纳米颗粒,为微生物合成纳米硒的潜在应用提供参考.     

小麦和水稻对纳米硒的吸收和转运

通过水培试验,研究了不同粒径纳米硒(Se NPs)和不同p H条件对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)及水稻(Oryza sativa L.)吸收、转运硒的影响.结果表明,小麦和水稻对不同粒径(50、100和150 nm) Se NPs的吸收规律不同. 24 h和72 h处理下,小麦根系对3种粒径Se NPs的吸收无显著差异,但其地上部中的硒含量(以干重计,下同)在50 nm Se NPs处理下达到最高,分别为(1. 89±0. 47)μg·g-1和(5. 18±1. 51)μg·g-1.硒在小麦体内的转运系数也在50 nm Se NPs处理24 h时显著高于其他粒径Se NPs处理2. 38倍(P 0. 05).对于水稻而言,50 nm Se NPs处理24 h时根系中的硒含量分别比100 nm和150 nm Se NPs处理增加了11. 18%和41. 81%,但在72 h时3种粒径Se NPs处理间根系对硒的吸收无显著差异.同时,硒在水稻中的地上部含量和转运系数也在50 nm Se NPs处理达到了最大值.另外,p H条件也会影响植物对硒的吸收和转运. Se NPs处理24h时,小麦根系在p H为6时对硒的吸收量最大,并高于亚硒酸盐处理89. 47%,但在p H为4时小麦对硒的转运能力最强.水稻在p H较低时(p H为3. 5和5. 5),对Se NPs的吸收量显著低于亚硒酸盐,且Se NPs在p H为3. 5时更易转运.以上结果表明水稻和小麦均可以吸收Se NPs,并且在p H较低的环境下Se NPs粒径越小越容易在植物体内转运.     

醋酸银真空浸渍制备杀菌功能载银活性炭及其表征

通过醋酸银真空浸渍法制备了银缓释杀菌功能载银活性炭(Ag/AC),研究了其对大肠杆菌(E.coil)的杀灭性能和抗银流失性能.以气体吸附仪测定活性炭的比表面积和孔结构,以扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察Ag/AC表面形貌,以X射线衍射(XRD)考察Ag/AC晶体结构.结果表明,单质银均匀负载在活性炭表面.随着CH3COOA...     

凹凸棒石@C纳米复合材料对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附-还原作用

以凹凸棒石和葡萄糖为原料,通过设置凹凸棒石与葡萄糖不同质量比,采用水热碳化法制备凹凸棒石@C纳米复合材料,并选择出去除Cr(Ⅵ)效果最佳的凹凸棒石@C纳米复合材料.同时,利用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、Zeta电位仪(Zeta)、X光电子能谱(XPS)手段对复合材料进行了表征,考察了时间和p H对其去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的影响,探讨了其吸附-还原机制.结果表明,最佳复合材料的凹凸棒石与葡萄糖质量比为1∶4;吸附平衡时间约为6 h,动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型.在p H为1~10时,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率随p H升高而减小,p H=1时Cr(Ⅵ)去除率最大,高达92.7%,吸附率为48.5%,还原率为44.2%;而总铬吸附率则随p H升高先增大后减小,p H=2时最大,吸附率为50.2%,还原率为13.0%,表明对Cr(Ⅵ)去除存在吸附-还原作用,酸性越强,越容易发生还原反应.FT-IR分析结果表明,凹凸棒石@C纳米复合材料表面存在含氧基团和还原性基团(Cx—OH、—CH等);XPS分析结果表明其对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除是吸附-还原相互作用的结果,包括Cr(Ⅵ)在复合材料表面与含氧基团络合配位吸附和静电吸附,以及Cr(Ⅵ)还原Cr(Ⅲ)再吸附,其中,Cr(Ⅲ)再吸附主要通过与Mg2+、Al3+等阳离子交换作用实现的.     

新极谱法测定海水中Se（Ⅳ）和Se（Ⅵ）

本文采用国产XJP-821B型新极谱仪,新极谱法测定海水中的痕量Se(Ⅳ)及Se(Ⅶ)。在HClO4-Na2SO3-NH3-NH4Cl-NH2OH·HCl-KIO3体系中,硒的Ep=-0.57V(银电极),硒浓度在0.01-1.00μg·L-1范围内与峰高呈线性关系,最低检出限0.01μg·L-1。实验选择了最佳条件;并且对硒的催化波性质作了初步探讨;对不同地点水样作了Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)的分析,变异系数小于20％,回收率为90.0％以上。     

杀菌功能载银活性炭的NaBH_4还原法制备及其表征

通过NaBH4还原法制备了银缓释杀菌功能载银活性炭(Ag/AC),研究了其对大肠杆菌(E.coil)的杀灭性能和抗银流失性能.以低温液氮吸附测定活性炭的比表面积,以扫描电子显微镜(SEM)-X射线能谱仪(EDS)分析Ag/AC表面形态以及Ag的含量和分布,以X射线衍射(XRD)观察Ag/AC晶体结构.结果表明,银以单质形式负载在活性炭上.活性炭的载银量、比表面积、银颗粒的粒径及分布取决于AgNO3溶液浓度.在不同AgNO3溶液浓度条件下,银的晶核形成和生长机制发生改变.随着AgNO3溶液浓度的增加,所制备Ag/AC表现出由无活性、抑菌到杀菌活性的变化规律.载银量为2.70%(质量分数)时,Ag/AC能在90 min内杀灭2×106 CFU/mL浓度的大肠杆菌,且在水中振荡600 h的银流失量为21.1%.在保持较高杀菌活性前提下,可以实现银的缓释.     

载银活性炭活化过硫酸钠降解酸性橙

采用硝酸氧化的颗粒活性炭浸渍制备Ag/GAC活化剂,利用N2吸附、SEM、FT-IR及XRD对Ag/GAC进行表征,得出Ag成功负载于颗粒活性炭上,并以Ag/GAC在常温常压下活化过硫酸钠(PS)产生硫酸根自由基(SO-4·)降解偶氮染料酸性橙7(AO7).考察了Ag负载量、PS浓度、Ag/GAC投加量、初始p H对AO7降解效果的影响.结果表明,当Ag负载量为12.7mg·g-1、n(PS)∶n(AO7)为120∶1、Ag/GAC投加量为1.0 g·L-1,降解180 min后AO7降解率达95.0%以上.初始p H对Ag/GAC活化PS降解AO7有较大影响,p H为5.0时降解效果最优.通过紫外可见光谱、气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)对AO7降解过程进行了探讨,在降解过程中AO7的偶氮键和萘环结构均被破坏,并检测出主要降解产物有邻苯二甲酸和乙酰苯.     

硅藻基As(V)离子印迹材料的制备及表征

以硅藻为载体,采用"接枝法"在其表面键连N-氨乙基-γ氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷(AAPTS),以As(V)为模板,环氧氯丙烷(ECH)为交联剂,探讨了p H、交联剂用量、交联温度、交联时间等条件对制备硅藻基As(V)离子印迹材料(IIP)的影响。并通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和红外光谱(FTIR)对IIP制备前后微观形貌、物相组成和官能团的变化进行了分析,探究了IIP对As(V)的吸附行为特征。结果表明:制备IIP条件为p H=10,环氧氯丙烷(ECH)的用量为8.2 m L,交联温度70℃,交联时间4 h,此时As的去除率为96.1%。当p H为5~10时,与非印迹材料相比,IIP对目标离子具有更快的吸附速率。     

纳米酸性水钠锰矿去除亚甲基蓝的研究

酸性水钠锰矿是普遍存在于土壤与海洋、湖泊及河流沉积物中的一种氧化锰矿物,因其颗粒细小、比表面积大、负电荷量高、表面活性强,影响和决定着污染物的行为和归趋。采用回流法制备纳米酸性水钠锰矿,运用X射线衍射(XRD)与Rietveld粉末衍射峰形全谱拟合技术表征其晶体结构,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜表征(TEM)观察其晶体形貌。研究纳米酸性水钠锰矿对亚甲基蓝(Methylene Blue,MB)的去除作用,并讨论影响因素(p H值、矿物浓度、染料浓度和温度)对MB去除的影响。研究结果表明,降低反应p H值、升高锰氧化物浓度、降低染料浓度及升高反应温度都可以促进MB的去除。     

含硫废水受控氧化及单质硫团聚过程研究

采用过氧化氢在常温常压下对模拟含硫废水进行受控氧化,探讨了受控氧化过程对单质硫收率的影响,并对氧化过程中固相产物的形态特性进行了研究.结果表明,在过氧化氢投加量为9 m L·L-1、初始p H为6、反应时间为10min条件下,将反应体系氧化还原电位(ORP)控制在(30±5)m V时能较好实现含硫废水的受控氧化,此时单质硫收率达76.35%,当体系ORP由(-50±5)m V升高至(50±5)m V时,副产物S2O2-3收率显著下降,由26.54%下降至5.32%.X射线衍射分析表明,氧化过程中的固相产物主要为正交晶系斜方硫;扫描电子显微镜分析表明,液相中的单质硫由多个极小的颗粒聚集而成,其粒径由纳米级逐渐增大至微米级.同时,通过向反应体系中加入分散剂证明了单质硫颗粒增大的主要原因是颗粒间发生了团聚.     

nZVI@SiO2-NH2对合成染料脱色效果及其对大肠杆菌生物毒性研究

采用液相还原法并使用氨基修饰的二氧化硅合成包覆型的纳米零价铁(nZVI@SiO_2-NH_2),同时,采用XRD、FT-IR及TEM等多种方法对所制备的材料进行表征.TEM表征结果表明,nZVI@SiO_2-NH_2粒径分布在10～50 nm之间,壳层厚度为15 nm.XRD和FTIR分析表明,复合颗粒具有Fe~0晶型结构的内核,表面SiO_2壳层存在氨基化修饰.使用nZVI@SiO_2-NH_2和nZVI对各类染料进行脱色处理,结果表明,nZVI@SiO_2-NH_2对上述染料的脱色效果都优于nZVI,且nZVI@SiO_2-NH_2具有对染料进行连续脱色的能力.大肠杆菌的存活情况和细胞内酶LDH和SOD的活性变化表明,nZVI@SiO_2-NH_2对生物的毒性更小.     

Evaluating the effectiveness of marine actinobacterial extract and its mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the degradation of azo dyes

Aim of the present study was to synthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles （YiO2 NPs） from marine actinobacteria and to develop an eco-friendly azo-dye degradation method. A total of five actinobacterial isolates were isolated from Chennai marine sediments, Tamilnadu, India and analyzed for the synthesis of TiO2 NPs using titanium hydroxide. Among these, the isolate PSV 3 showed positive results for the synthesis of TiO2 NPs, which was confirmed by UV analysis. Further characterization of the synthesized TiO2 NPs was done using XRD, AFM and FI＇-IR analysis. Actinobacterial crude extract and synthesized TiO2 NPs was found efficient in degrading azo dye such as Acid Red 79 （AR-79） and Acid Red 80 （AR-80）. Degradation percentage was found to be 81% for AR-79, 83% for AR-80 using actinobacterial crude extract and 84% for AR-79, 85% for AR-80 using TiO2 NPs. Immobilized actinobacterial ceils showed 88% for AR-79 and 81% for AR- 80, dye degrading capacity. Degraded components were characterized by FT-IR and GC-MS analysis. The phytotoxicity test with 500 μg/mL of untreated dye showed remarkable phenotypic as well as cellular damage to Tagetes erecta plant. Comparatively no such damage was observed on plants by degraded dye components. In biotoxicity assay, treated dyes showed less toxic effect as compared to the untreated dyes.     

Effect of oxide nanoparticles on the morphology and fluidity of phospholipid membranes and the role of hydrogen bonds

Engineered oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are widely applied in insulators, catalyzers, paints, cosmetic products, textiles and semiconductors. Their attachment on cell membrane may lead to cytotoxicity. The effects of Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, SiO₂, TiO₂ and ZnO NPs on membrane integrity and fluidity were studied using giant or small unilamellar vesicles in this study. Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ NPs disrupted the oppositely charged membrane, indicating the important role of electrostatic attraction. However, Fe₂O₃, TiO₂ and ZnO NPs did not cause serious membrane disruption as Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ NPs. Membrane fluidity was evaluated by the generalized polarity (GP) values of Laurdan fluorescent emission. SiO₂ NPs induce the membrane gelation of both positively and negatively charged membrane. Al₂O₃ and ZnO NPs induced the gelation of the oppositely charged membrane, but did not cause obvious membrane gelation to the like charged membrane. The phospholipid molecular structural changes after NP exposure were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. FT-IR spectra revealed the hydrogen bond formation between NPs and the carbonyl/phosphate groups of phospholipids. Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ NPs showed strongest evidence of hydrogen bonding on their FT-IR spectra. It was consistent with the microscopic observation and fluorescent data that Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ NPs caused more serious membrane disruption and gelation. This study on membrane damage provides further knowledge on the cytotoxicity of nanomaterials and the safety of NP application.     

Hydrothermal fabrication of selectively doped organic assisted advanced ZnO nanomaterial for solar driven photocatalysis

Hydrothermal fabrication of selectively doped (Ag⁺ + Pd^3 +) advanced ZnO nanomaterial has been carried out under mild pressure temperature conditions (autogeneous; 150°C). Gluconic acid has been used as a surface modifier to effectively control the particle size and morphology of these ZnO nanoparticles. The experimental parameters were tuned to achieve optimum conditions for the synthesis of selectively doped ZnO nanomaterials with an experimental duration of 4 hr. These selectively doped ZnO nanoparticles were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–Vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The solar driven photocatalytic studies have been carried out for organic dyes, i.e., Procion MX-5B dye, Cibacron Brilliant Yellow dye, Indigo Carmine dye, separately and all three mixed, by using gluconic acid modified selectively doped advanced ZnO nanomaterial. The influence of catalyst, its concentration and initial dye concentration resulted in the photocatalytic efficiency of 89% under daylight.     

Simulated-sunlight-activated photocatalysis of Methylene Blue using cerium-doped SiO2/TiO2 nanostructured fibers

Cerium-doped SiO₂/TiO₂ nanostructured fibers were fabricated by electrospinning technology. The prepared fibers were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Using the fibers as catalysts, photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) aqueous solution was carried out under simulated sunlight. The 0.2% Ce doping proved to be the optimal concentration for the doping of TiO₂/SiO₂, compared to other Ce-doped molar concentrations. The 0.2% Ce-doped SiO₂/TiO₂ fibers exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than industrial Degussa P25 and the samples doped with only Ce or SiO₂. The reasons for improving the photocatalytic activity were also discussed. Several operational parameters were studied, which showed that the photocatalytic efficiency of MB was influenced by parameters such as the initial dye concentration, the initial pH, inorganic anions, and so on. In addition, the influences of an electron acceptor and a radical scavenger suggested that OH was the dominant photooxidant during the photocatalytic process. The reuse evaluation of the fibers indicated that their photocatalytic activity had good stability.     

Solar photocatalytic decomposition of two azo dyes on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/TiO2 composites

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/TiO₂ composite photocatalysts with high photoactivity were prepared by sol-gel process and further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and UV-vis absorption spectra. Compared to pure TiO₂, the combination of MWCNTs with titania could cause a significant absorption shift toward the visible region. The photocatalytic performances of the MWCNTs/TiO₂ composite catalysts were evaluated for the decomposition of Reactive light yellow K-6G (K-6G) and Mordant black 7 (MB 7) azo dyes solution under solar light irradiation. The results showed that the addition of MWCNTs enhanced the adsorption and photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ for the degradation of azo dyes K-6G and MB 7. The effect of MWCNTs content, catalyst dosage, pH, and initial dye concentration were examined as operational parameters. The kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of two dyes was found to follow a pseudo-first-order rate law. The photocatalyst was used for seven cycles with photocatalytic degradation efficiency still higher than 98%. A plausible mechanism is also proposed and discussed on the basis of experimental results.     

新生态型聚硅酸铁锰处理染料废水的优化

为了提高混凝剂对染料废水的净化效率,本文利用硅酸钠、硫酸亚铁和高锰酸钾为原料合成了新型复配混凝剂聚硅酸铁锰(PSFM),分别以直接大红、分散蓝和活性黄染料废水为处理对象进行混凝模拟实验,研究了碱度和浊度等因素对PSFM混凝去除染料性能影响.结果表明,PSFM对直接大红和分散蓝染料废水具有较好的混凝净化效能,其色度和TOC去除率分别可达99.2%、95.4%和98.5%、93.8%,效果优于聚硅酸铁(PSF)、Al2(SO4)3和Fe Cl3等常规混凝剂,PSFM对活性黄染料废水色度和TOC去除率分别为56.3%和51.3%.浊度对PSFM混凝效能无明显影响.在碱度分别为50、0和75 mg·L~(-1)时,PSFM对直接大红、分散蓝和活性黄去除率分别达到最高.此外,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外(FTIR)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)等高级表征手段对PSFM进行了表征,对混凝过程中的混合液和絮体分别进行Zeta电位和絮体粒径在线监测,探索得PSFM混凝主要机制为Fe+与Mn+水解产生的带正电的多核配合物和聚硅的桥联聚合,同时还包括新生态水合二氧化锰和羟基氧化铁的吸附助凝作用.     

煅烧阴离子粘土(LDO)对低浓度活性艳橙X-GN的吸附研究

以不同Mg/Al比(物质的量比)的合成阴离子粘土为原料,在500℃条件下煅烧制备了煅烧阴离子粘土(LDO),研究其对低浓度活性艳橙X-GN的吸附行为,并用XRD、FTIR、XRF、BET等对LDO进行表征,通过研究解吸行为验证其吸附机理.实验表明,Mg/Al比为4∶1的LDO的吸附效果比2∶1的LDO好,Mg/Al比为...     

珠三角新会地区表层土壤硒、氟、碘地球化学特征研究

以珠江三角洲新会地区西江、潭江下游的三江、睦州、古井三镇土壤为主要研究对象,测试分析所采集的1 567件表层土壤样品全氮(N)、有机碳(Org.C)、pH等理化指标和二氧化硅(SiO_2)、三氧化二铝(Al_2O_3)、硒(Se)、氟(F)、碘(I) 5种元素组分含量,以及60件稻谷样的硒(Se)含量。重点探讨了研究区Se、F、I的含量、分布及其影响因素等地球化学特征。结果表明,研究区土壤呈现强酸性-酸性,Se、F、I的含量均值分别为0. 50 mg/kg、617. 39 mg/kg、3. 57 mg/kg,Se、F高于全国土壤背景值,I低于全国土壤背景值; Se、F、I均与Al_2O_3、Org.C以及pH相关,F与Se不相关,F与I负相关。Se、F、I的含量、分布等地球化学特征受地层控制:不同成土母质中,基岩区和花岗岩区Se、I含量较高;第四纪沉积区F含量较高。推测Se和I主要源于燕山期的火山活动,F主要源于三角洲的沉积作用。总体上研究区土壤呈现足硒、富硒,碘适量,氟过剩的特征,稻谷富硒率也高,具备开发天然富硒农产品的条件。