基于PMF模型的某铅锌冶炼城市降尘重金属污染评价及来源解析

为探究典型铅锌冶炼城市大气降尘重金属的污染特征和来源解析,于2021年逐月采集河南省某市不同功能区共22个点位511份有效降尘样品,分析了样品中重金属含量和时空分布特征,利用地累积指数法和健康风险评价模型评估降尘重金属污染程度,并采用正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)定量解析重金属污染源.结果表明,全市降尘中ω(Pb)、ω(Cd)、ω(As)、ω(Cr)、ω(Cu)、ω(Mn)、ω(Ni)和ω(Zn)的平均值为3 185.76、 78.18、 273.67、 149.50、 453.60、 810.37、 54.38和2 397.38 mg·kg^-1,均高于河南省土壤背景值.各重金属除Mn外均具有明显季节变化特征,其中铅锌冶炼工业区降尘中Pb、 Cd、 As和Cu含量显著高于其他功能区;Zn元素在居民混合区含量最高.地累积指数法结果显示Cd和Pb的污染最严重,其次为Zn、 Cu和As,均为严重-偏极度污染.非致癌风险最主要暴露途径是手-口摄食,各功能区以Pb和As对儿童造成的非致癌风险最大;Cr、 As、 Cd和Ni经呼吸途径对人体的致癌风险均低于安全阈值.PMF模型...     

新疆和硕绿洲农田土壤重金属污染及生态风险

新疆和硕绿洲采集82个耕地土壤样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属元素的含量。采用地统计法、污染负荷指数(PLI)和潜在生态风险指数(RI)评估农田土壤重金属污染和潜在生态风险,并讨论重金属主要来源。结果表明:(1)和硕绿洲农田土壤所有重金属元素含量平均值均未超出国家二级标准的限值,Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn含量的平均值分别超出新疆灌耕土背景值的2.0、1.51、1.18、2.13和8.47倍。(2)农田土壤Cd与Zn呈现中度污染,Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb轻度污染,Mn轻微污染,As无污染。研究区PLI平均值呈现轻度污染。(3)各重金属元素单项生态风险指数从大到小依次为:Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Cr、Zn与Pb。农田RI平均值属于轻微生态风险。重金属元素含量、污染与生态风险空间分布格局各不相同。(4)和硕绿洲农田土壤As、Pb和Zn主要受到人为因素的影响,Cr、Cu、Mn和Ni主要受到土壤地球化学作用的影响,Cd受人为污染和自然因素共同影响。Cd是研究区农田土壤主要的污染因子之一,对农田土壤污染及潜在生态风险的贡献较大,农田土壤Cd污染值得关注。     

包头某铝厂周边土壤重金属的空间分布及来源解析

以包头市某铝厂周边500 m内土壤为研究对象,土壤按0~5 cm、5~20 cm、20~40 cm和40~60 cm分层取样,共采集64个土壤样品,测试了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Ni、Mn共7种重金属含量,运用相关性分析和主成分分析区分厂区周边重金属的来源.结果表明Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Ni和Mn含量分别为32.9、50.35、69.92、43.78、0.54、554.42和36.65 mg·kg~(-1),受测的7种重金属与内蒙古背景值相比均超标;重金属空间分布表明,重金属在西南方向明显富集,且在表层土壤(0~5 cm)重金属含量最高,重金属含量随深度的增加而降低,在20 cm以下的土层趋于稳定;来源分析表明,土壤周边重金属Cu、Zn、Cr和Mn的来源可能受铝厂及周边工业活动的影响;Pb和Cd来源可能主要与道路交通有关;Ni的主要来源可能受农业活动和土壤母质共同作用.     

连续施用污泥堆肥土壤剖面中重金属积累迁移特征及对小麦吸收重金属的影响

通过大田试验,定量研究连续施用污泥堆肥后土壤剖面中不同重金属积累迁移和对小麦吸收重金属的影响,为科学确定农田土壤重金属环境容量和农田土壤重金属污染防控提供依据.结果表明,连续4 a施用污泥堆肥农田耕层土壤(0~15cm)中Cu、Zn含量随污泥施用时间和施用量增加而显著增加,污泥施用带入的Cu、Zn在耕层土壤中积累率最高分别可达到75.3%和85.9%;污泥施用量较高时,Cu、Zn向土壤深层迁移,本试验条件下Cu可迁移至15~30 cm土层,Zn可迁移至60~90 cm土层;连续施用污泥堆肥4 a后,0~15 cm土层中Cd、Pb含量显著增加,与对照相比增幅分别是57.2%~165.2%、13%~34%,60~90 cm土层中Cr、As、Pb含量也显著高于对照;连续施用污泥堆肥小麦籽粒中Zn含量显著增加,增幅为13.3%~47.9%.部分污泥处理小麦籽粒中的Cr、Pb含量超出国家食品卫生标准(GB 2762-2012);4 a小麦收获对各重金属累计携出率均低于10%,小麦籽粒对Cu、Zn的累计携出量大于秸秆,而对Cr、As、Cd、Pb的累计携出量小于秸秆.随污泥施用量的增加,小麦收获对各重金属累计携出率降低.确定农田土壤重金属环境容量时要考虑重金属在土壤剖面中的向下迁移量.     

开都河下游绿洲耕地土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险

开都河下游绿洲采集98个耕地土壤样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属元素的含量.基于地统计法,污染负荷指数法和潜在生态风险指数法研究耕地土壤重金属污染和潜在生态风险,并对重金属的来源进行讨论.结果表明:(1)研究区Cd含量平均值超出《国家土壤环境质量标准》中Ⅱ级标准的11.08倍.Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn含量的平均值分别超出新疆灌耕土背景值的55.42、1.32、1.36、3.40和5.14倍.重金属元素空间分布各不相同,部分区域出现高值区,表明人类活动对耕地土壤环境具有负面效应.(2)研究区耕地土壤Cd呈现重度污染,Pb呈现中度污染,Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn呈现轻度污染,As和Mn呈现无污染态势.Cd是污染面积最大,污染程度最高的元素.研究区污染负荷指数PLI的平均值为1.68,呈现轻度污染.(3)各重金属元素单项生态风险指数(E)的平均值从大到小依次为:Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Pb、Cr与Zn.研究区综合生态风险指数(RI)的平均值为355.31,属于较强生态风险.(4)研究区耕地土壤As、Cd、Pb和Zn主要受到人类活动的影响,Cr、Cu、Mn和Ni主要受到土壤地球化学特征的控制.Cd是研究区耕地土壤主要的污染因子,对PLI和RI的贡献很大,耕地土壤中Cd污染必须关注.     

某废渣填埋场周边土壤-蔬菜重金属污染研究

为了掌握广西某废渣填埋场对周边环境产生的不利影响,该研究以其周边主要村庄作为研究区域,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪、原子吸收分光光度计、原子荧光光度计测定所有样品(2份废渣、1份填埋土、9份土壤、36份蔬菜、34份大米)中的Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg、Cu、Mn、Zn、Ni含量。结果表明,土壤中Cd污染严重;蔬菜中Cr污染严重;大米中Pb污染严重。相关性分析表明,土壤中Pb与Cd、Zn,Cd与Cu、Mn之间存在显著相关关系(p≤0.05);Pb与Cu,Zn与Cd、Cu,Cr与Mn之间存在极显著相关关系(p≤0.01);蔬菜中Pb和As有协同效应,具有一定的同源性(p≤0.05);土壤-蔬菜中Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg的相关性均未达到统计上的显著水平。废渣填埋场周边的居民(成人和青少年儿童)重金属健康风险(THQ、TTHQ)1,说明通过蔬菜、大米等食物摄入途径导致的重金属健康风险不明显,但是儿童通过食物(蔬菜、大米)摄入重金属的健康风险高于成年人,说明研究区域内儿童健康更易受到重金属的影响。     

洞庭湖南缘农田土壤重金属特征及源解析

基于网格布点法于2020年4～8月在洞庭湖南缘农田中采集了1 589件表层土壤样品,采用ICP-MS、 ICP-OES、 HG-AFS和ISE方法测定土壤中As、 Cd、 Pb、 Cu、 Zn、 Ni、 Cr、 Hg元素含量及pH,重点研究了区内土壤重金属含量、潜在生态风险、空间分布特征及其来源解析.结果表明,土壤重金属ω(Zn)、ω(Cr)、ω(Pb)、ω(Cu)、ω(Ni)、ω(As)、ω(Cd)和ω(Hg)平均值依次为：118.18、 82.21、 52.1、 33.76、 32.81、 18.25、 0.42和0.13 mg·kg^-1.各重金属均处于中、高度变异,土壤以弱酸性为主,pH介于3.96～7.90之间,Hg和Cd存在较高的生态风险.各重金属元素空间分布规律均呈西南高东北低的趋势.采用PMF和PCA方法对8种重金属元素进行来源解析及贡献率计算,PMF结果表明,研究区土壤重金属来源贡献率依次为：农业活动源(36.98%)、自然源(32.94%)、水土交换源(17.05%)和大气干湿沉降源(13.03%),而PCA结果表明研究区土壤重金属主要来源于农业...     

承德市滦河流域土壤重金属地球化学基线厘定及其累积特征

选择承德市滦河流域为研究区,系统采集了351个表层土壤样品(0～20cm),测定了Cu、Ni、Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn、Hg、V、Ti、Mn、As和Co共12种重金属的含量,运用基于参比元素的标准化方法和累积频率曲线法确定了12种重金属元素的地球化学基线值,结合主成分分析法与地统计方法统计结果,分析了重金属的空间结构和分布特征,利用地累积指数法对不同土壤类型和土地利用方式表层土壤重金属累积程度进行了分类评价.结果表明,滦河流域表层土壤V、Ti、Cd、Pb、Mn和Co元素地球化学基线值高于河北省背景值,As、Zn、Cr、Cu、Ni和Hg元素地球化学基线值低于河北省背景值.表层土壤重金属总体累积程度由强至弱为:Cd Pb Cu Ti Mn Zn Cr Ni Co V Hg As,80%以上的土壤样品中Pb、Ti、V、As和Co元素属无累积-中度累积水平,70%以上土壤样品中Hg、Mn、Ni、Cu、As、Cd和Cr元素属无累积-中度累积水平.土壤重金属总体累积程度在棕壤、褐土和潮土中依次增大;在工矿用地、灌木林地中较高,林地、草地中相对最低.农用地表层土壤中Pb、Cd元素累积程度相对较高,分别有27. 69%和25. 38%的样品属中等以上累积水平.滦河流域表层土壤Ti、V、Co、Ni和Cr元素同源性较高,与原生高地质背景相关; Cd、Pb、Zn,Mn、Cu和As元素污染累积受成土母岩和人为因素共同作用影响,Hg元素累积则主要来源于人为活动.     

浙江省香榧主产区土壤重金属空间异质性及其生态风险

香榧(Torreya grandis cv.Merrillii)是我国特有的一类经济树种.目前关于香榧的研究大都关注于果实的品质以及高产措施等,对香榧林地土壤重金属污染的研究鲜见报道.为探明其污染状况,选择位于浙江省会稽山脉附近的香榧集中种植区[诸暨、嵊州、柯桥和东阳四市(区)]作为研究对象,系统地采取了121个土壤样品(0～20 cm),对其中的13种重金属(As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb、Sb、Sn、V和Zn)进行分析.同时结合主成分分析方法构建最小数据集,筛选出能最大程度代表土壤重金属元素信息的6种元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn),利用地统计学等空间分析方法研究筛选所得的6种重金属空间异质性并评价其潜在生态风险.结果表明,研究区重金属平均o(As)、ω(Cd)、ω(Cr)、ω(Ni)、ω(Cu)和ω(Zn)分别为14.23、0.14、49.08、27.05、28.20和109.93 mg·kg-1通过半方差理论模型拟合得出研究区土壤Cr、Ni和Zn具有强烈的空间自相关性,而Cd、Cu和As空间自相关性处在中等水平.克里格插值揭示了研究区土壤重金属的空间分布格局,东阳市ω(Cd)、ω(Cr)和ω(Ni)呈低值分布,而诸暨市局部地区存在ω(Cd)、ω(Cr)和ω(Ni)的高值分布,其中诸暨市、柯桥区和嵊州市Cd积累较多,As在研究区土壤中的局部积累最严重,高值主要分布在诸暨市的西部和嵊州市东部地区.单因子污染指数和内梅罗污染指数结果显示,研究区6种重金属均存在超标现象,呈现出不同程度的累积特征.诸暨市重金属的分布受早期铜矿开采以及长期过度施肥影响,其他地区重金属的积累情况主要是由香榧种植户不合理的施肥方式尤其是磷肥和有机肥的过度使用等集约经营措施造成.潜在生态风险评价结果表明,研究区整体处于轻度危害程度,其中以Cd的潜在风险最大.     

天津污灌区菜地土壤团聚体中有机碳和重金属含量特征

以天津某污灌菜地土壤为研究对象,分析干筛法所得不同粒径土壤团聚体颗粒中有机碳及重金属含量特征.结果表明,土壤团聚体粗大颗粒(2 mm)含量最大,约为70%.0.25～0.5 mm粒级团聚体中Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb含量最高,Cr含量在5～8 mm粒径团聚体中最高,As在不同颗粒中含量差异较小,不同重金属元素含量随土层深度增加而减小.污灌土壤中重金属富集因子表现为Cd Pb Zn Cu Cr As,在0.25～0.5 mm粒级团聚体颗粒中Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb分布因子最高,而5～8 mm粒径团聚体中重金属负载因子最大.土壤有机碳含量整体上随团聚体粒径增加表现为先增加后降低,不同粒径团聚体中Cu、Cd、Pb和As含量与有机碳含量呈显著正相关(p0.05).     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.