西安市主要大气污染物的相关性分析及时空分布特征

为深入了解西安市大气污染程度,对2015年西安市主要大气污染物(SO_2、NO_2、CO、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、O_3)的空气质量指数进行了逐日变化分析、相关性分析及空间插值分析。结果表明:SO_2、NO_2、CO、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)空气质量指数春冬季高于夏秋季,而O_3空气质量指数则是春冬季低于夏秋季。11月和12月份污染较为严重。在4个季度中,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)与气态污染物SO_2、CO、NO_2均呈正相关,说明PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)与这3种气态污染物具有同源性。SO_2与CO、NO_2均呈显著性正相关,三者均受化石燃料燃烧及机动车尾气影响。O_3与CO、SO_2相关性不大,与NO_2在二季度呈现正相关。SO_2、NO_2、PM_(2.5)、CO、PM_(10)多聚集在高新西区、莲湖区、碑林区、经开区、雁塔区、长安区,O_3多聚集在阎良区、未央区和灞桥区。     

重庆市大气主要污染物特征分析

基于环境空气质量监测数据,分析了各项污染物时间变化特征,并利用SPSS 19.0软件进行相关性分析和主成分分析。结果表明:SO_2和CO污染较轻,NO_2浓度水平较高,O_3和PM_(2.5)污染相对严重。SO_2和O_3呈现"单峰型",NO_2、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)呈现"双峰双谷型"的日变化特征。SO_2、NO_2、CO、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)呈"U型",O_3呈现倒"U型"季节变化特征。PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)与SO_2、NO_2、CO,SO_2与NO_2、CO,NO_2与CO呈现正相关;NO_2、CO与O_3呈现负相关。主成分分析法结果显示第1个因子为PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、NO_2,第2个因子为O_3。     

广州某区PM_(2.5)和气态污染物质量浓度的日变化特征及其相关性分析

本文分析了2015年3月至2016年2月广州某区细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))和气态污染物(SO_2、NO_2、CO、O_3)质量浓度的日变化特征,并对PM_(2.5)和气态污染物之间质量浓度的相关性进行分析,结果表明:PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2、CO、O_3大气污染物存在一定规律的日变化特征。PM_(2.5)与SO_2、NO_2、CO、O_3全年质量浓度的相关系数范围分别为0.184～0.219,0.271～0.436,0.170～0.368和0.051~0.318,存在一定的线性正相关关系。     

呼和浩特市大气污染物污染特征及污染物的相关性分析

为了探究呼和浩特市大气污染物污染特征,对2014年一年的AQI做出统计整理并对PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、CO、NO_2的相关性进行分析。研究结果发现:呼和浩特市2014年空气质量总体良好,空气质量为良所占比重为58%,中度污染和重度污染所占比重为35%。该市的主要污染物PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2的超标率分别达到了88.81%、52.60%、36.20%。空气污染指数AQI与PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、CO、NO_2、呈显著相关,尤其是PM_(10)和PM_(2.5),相关性系数高达0.959和0.851,可见其污染主要以颗粒物物为主。PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、CO、NO_2浓度间两两正相关。O_3的浓度与PM_(2.5)、SO_2、CO、NO_2均呈现负相关,O_3与AQI和PM_(10)的相关性不显著。     

重庆市都市功能核心区秋季大气污染物时空分布特征

为研究重庆市都市功能核心区大气污染物浓度水平及变化规律,统计分析了2014年9月至2014年11月5个监测站(解放碑、高家花园、杨家坪、新山村和南坪)24 h连续监测PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、CO和O_3浓度数据.结果表明,观测期间,大气颗粒物污染严重,5个站点PM2.5日均浓度超标率分别为30.8%、37.4%、38.5%、37.4%和31.9%,5个站点PM10日均浓度超标率分别为23.1%、22.0%、18.7%、19.8%和19.8%;重庆市都市功能核心区细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))污染严重,5个站点PM2.5占PM10比例分别为60.2%、64.6%、64.1%、75.4%和62.8%;PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_2和CO早晚出现高峰值;SO_2和O_3浓度日变化曲线呈现单峰型,峰值分别出现在中午和午后;降水量、气温和水汽压与PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2和NO_2呈显著负相关;相对湿度与O_3呈显著负相关,气温、水汽压和风速与O_3呈显著正相关;CO与相对湿度呈显著正相关;风向也影响着大气污染物浓度的时空分布,南偏西、南偏东和东北偏北风利于PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2和CO浓度积累,西北风利于PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2和CO扩散;但西北风控制下利于O_3浓度积累.     

京津冀大气污染的时空分布与人口暴露

经济的快速发展和城市化导致京津冀地区的空气质量不断恶化,已经引起学术界广泛的关注.为了揭示近年来京津冀地区大气污染状况,本研究基于中国空气质量在线监测分析平台发布的PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、CO、NO_2和O_3_8 h_max长期监测数据,采用统计学的方法分析了2014—2018年京津冀13个市这6种污染物的时空变化特征,结合各城市人口数据,评估了在此背景下该地区PM_(2.5)和O_3_8 h_max的人口暴露风险.结果表明:京津冀地区PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、CO和NO_2近年来整体上呈下降趋势,而O_3_8 h_max则呈上升趋势.总体而言,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、CO和NO_2表现为冬季最高、春秋季次之、夏季最低的特征,而O_3_8 h_max则表现为夏季春季秋季冬季的特点,并在月变化上呈倒"V"型,从1月份开始逐渐上升,在6月份达到峰值,而后又逐渐下降.空间上,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、CO和NO_2呈现南高北低的分布特征,而O_3_8 h_max在2014—2016年呈现北高南低的分布特征,但在2017—2018年则呈现南高北低的分布特点.此外,京津冀北部地区PM_(2.5)的来源主要是一次气溶胶,而二次气溶胶是中部地区PM_(2.5)的主要来源.除秦皇岛、承德和张家口外,其他城市细粒子在颗粒物中占的比重较大.随着近年来PM_(2.5)浓度的降低,暴露于高浓度的PM_(2.5)中的人口比例逐年减少,但距离年平均浓度限值还相差很远.除2014年外,暴露在O_3浓度超标情况下的人口在2015—2017年逐渐上升.     

近年南京冬季首要大气污染物时空分布特征

近年来,随着气候变化以及工业化程度的加深,城市的大气污染问题日益突显。作者收集了2013-2018年南京地区首要大气污染物资料,对该地冬季大气污染物的时空分布特征及各污染物之间的相关性进行分析。结果表明:(1)从时间分布来看,除O_3外,南京冬季各污染物浓度均在2月达到最小值,AQI、PM_(10)、SO_2和NO_2浓度均在12月达最大,1月次之。PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)与AQI日变化趋势高度一致,在上午10∶00-11∶00出现峰值,在下午17∶00出现最低值。SO_2日变化呈单峰式变化特征,在上午11∶00出现峰值。NO_2浓度的日变化趋势与O_3正好相反,在下午14∶00-15∶00,NO_2出现低值,而O_3出现峰值。(2)从空间分布来看,南京冬季AQI与PM_(2.5)、SO_2的空间分布特征类似,呈东南高、西北低的分布特点,而PM_(10)呈西南-东北向递增的分布特点。(3)AQI与PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)的相关性最好,与SO_2、NO_2的相关性次之,而AQI与O_3没有明显的相关性,即影响南京冬季空气污染的主要是PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2和NO_2。     

绍兴市大气环境容量与污染控制研究

利用2014—2016年绍兴市16个监测点位监测数据和代表年份2015年环统数据,分析了绍兴市大气环境现状、大气污染物变化特征和空间分布特征,重点对中心城区主要空气污染物浓度年、季和月变化特征进行分析,结果表明:绍兴市中心城区环境空气中SO_2、NO_2、CO、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度呈现"秋冬较高,春季次之,夏季较低"的季节变化特征,O_3质量浓度则正好相反。利用CAMX模型,对绍兴市主要大气污染物浓度进行模拟和结果校验,结果表明:绍兴市通过减排SO_2、NO_X和VOCS,全市SO_2、NO_2、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、O_3等污染物浓度将得到一定改善,PM_(2.5)则需协同削减至少18%的烟粉尘才能满足达标要求。推荐以烟粉尘为主其他污染物为辅的PM_(2.5)协同削减方案。建议从环境准入、强化减排、行业整治、协同削减、联防联控监管等方面进行污染控制。     

夏季空气污染物指数与气象参数相关性分析

以西安市为例,选取2017-06-01至2017-08-31的气象数据,研究空气污染物与气象参数之间的相关性,利用SPSS软件对与空气质量指数(AQI)相关的各项监测指标(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、CO、NO_2、O_3、SO_2)与温度、湿度和风级等气象条件进行分析,从相关性分析、线性模型分析等方面来探索西安市夏季空气污染物与气象参数之间的关系。得出结论如下:统计发现西安市夏季首要污染物以PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和O_3为主;湿度对各项污染物均显著相关,O_3的相关系数最大为0.709;温度对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、O_3和CO显著相关,对SO_2和NO_2的影响不显著;风级只与CO显著相关。     

秸秆焚烧对黄石市空气质量的影响分析

以黄石市2019年秸秆露天焚烧火点数据、对应时段该市环境空气监测数据和气象数据为研究对象,文章综合运用相关分析和气团后向轨迹模式等方法,探讨秸秆焚烧对黄石市空气质量的影响及空气污染成因。研究发现,稻收期的火点数显著高于麦收期。各城区空气质量指数、秸秆焚烧排放的特征污染物（如PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和CO）浓度、O_3浓度、特征指标（如PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)和PM_(10)/SO_2值）等均在秸秆露天焚烧后的2～7 d内迅速增加,并导致空气污染。秸秆焚烧后,各城区空气中PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)相关系数较焚烧前增加;CO质量浓度总体上与PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)呈显著的正相关关系（P<0.01）,与能见度呈显著的负相关关系（P<0.05）。结果表明黄石市空气污染与本地秸秆露天焚烧有关。基于后向轨迹模式的空气污染成因分析结果表明,秸秆露天焚烧、不利气象条件和污染物跨区域输送是导致黄石市2019年空气污染加重的主要因素。该研究结果为黄石市打赢蓝天保卫战、有针对性地协同治理大气污染提供科学依据。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.