Advanced analytical determination of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and other major contaminants in water samples using GC-ion trap MS.

The GC-Ion Trap MS is recently one of the most efficient instrumental analysis recommended for understanding the chemistry of volatile organic compounds, not only in water but even in the food chain and other environmental media (air and soil). Results of the experiment conducted on water samples from Kuguri and Yatsutani sampling stations showed considerably higher levels of organic enrichment (COD = 10 mg/L and 11 mg/L respectively). Total concentrations of Pb (0.072 mg/L and 0.093 mg/L) and Cd (0.004 mg/L and 0.011 mg/L) on the other hand, invariably exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations for human health and the living environment (Pb = 0.005 mg/L; Cd = 0.001 mg/L respectively). And the toxicity levels for these contaminants at LC50 showed critical impact on rainbow trout (hypersensitive species) at 0.14 mg/L for Pb and 0.007 mg/L for Cd in 96 hours respectively. Although these major contaminants including phenol and 3-, 4-cresol, showed relatively higher toxicity impact in the experimental media, it would remain contentious to justify any associated potential dangers without regular routine water monitoring, at least for a period of one year. Nevertheless, the data could serve as a benchmark through which other phenomena can easily be investigated.     

重金属Zn、Pb和Cd对可口革囊星虫的急性毒性作用

研究了必需元素Zn及非必需元素Pb、Cd对可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenda)的急性毒性作用,得到Zn2 的48 h LC50和96 h LC50分别为61.09、10.91 mg/L;pb2 的48 h LC50和96 h LC50分别为29.44、10.59 mg/L;Cd2 的48 h LC50和96hLC50分别为10.69、4.46mg/L.估算得到Zn、Pb和Cd对可口革囊星虫的安全浓度分别为0.55、0.53和0.22mg/L.     

模拟城市径流中加乐麝香和镉对大型水蚤的毒性效应

通过生物测试,研究了加乐麝香和重金属镉在模拟城市径流和清水条件下对大型水蚤(Daphnia magna)的单一、联合毒性效应.结果表明,在单一毒性效应试验中,当暴露时间为24,48h时,加乐麝香和镉在模拟城市径流条件下的EC50值分别为2.455,1.187mg/L以及0.384,0.304mg/L;在清水试验条件下的EC50值分别为0.533,0.189mg/L以及0.359,0.244mg/L.2种污染物在模拟城市径流条件下EC50值均高于清水条件下的EC50值.采用毒性1∶1试验测定2种污染物联合毒性效应,当暴露时间为24,48h时,在清水条件下AI>0,二者联合毒性效应表现为协同效应;在模拟城市径流条件下,AI<0,联合毒性效应为拮抗效应.     

菜籽饼生物炭中污染物赋存特征及其用于土壤改良的适宜性评价

生物炭作为土壤改良剂在农业生产活动中具有巨大的应用价值,但其自身携载的污染物可能会对环境产生影响,因而需要引起关注. 以菜籽饼为前体材料,采用厌氧炭化法于200~700 ℃下制备生物炭,研究了生物炭中PAHs(多环芳烃)、重金属及矿质元素的赋存特征,评估了施用生物炭的环境适宜性. 结果表明:生物炭中PAHs总量(以w计)为0.2~3.4 mg/kg,重金属及矿质元素Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Fe和Mn的全量(以w计)分别为8.9~23.3、149.9~372.1、1.1~1.9、<0.014、6.3~14.8、5.9~14.0、140.6~462.1和86.8~269.2 mg/kg. 所有生物炭的PAHs总量和重金属全量均低于我国、美国及欧洲国家的污泥农用控制标准(以上各国PAHs总量以及Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr和Ni全量的最低标准值分别为6、250、500、300、5、600和100 mg/kg),少数生物炭中易淋溶态Mn质量浓度超过以上国家的地下水或饮用水标准(各国的最低标准值为50 μg/L). 总之,高温(500~700 ℃)条件下制备的生物炭中PAHs总量及易淋溶态元素质量浓度较低,适宜在土壤中施用.      

Initial identification of heavy metals contamination in Taihu Lake, a eutrophic lake in China

A detailed investigation of seven heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, As, Pb, Zn, Ni) in the water column, interstitial water and surface sediment was conducted to quantify the extent of their contamination in Taihu Lake. Results showed the average total concentrations ranged from 0.93 μg/L for Cd to 47.03 μg/L for Zn. The dissolved concentrations in the overlying water ranged from 0.06 μg/L for Cd to 15.86 μg/L for Zn. The metals in the Taihu Lake surface water were primarily in the particulate phase, especially for Cd, whose particulate concentration represented 94.3% of the total. In the surface sediment, the mean concentrations for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb were 41.50, 28.72, 27.82, 65.46, 5.94, 0.82 and 41.17 mg/kg, respectively. The metals in the water column and sediments of Taihu Lake displayed significant spatial variations, and the higher metal concentrations mainly occurred in the north and west of Taihu Lake, especially in Zhushan Bay and West Taihu Lake. A quality assessment indicated that most of the metals in the surface water of Taihu Lake had no or low adverse health effects on organisms, except for Pb and Cu, which may cause chronic toxicity. Compared with the "Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines", the polluting metals were Cr, Ni and Cd, and the polluted regions were confined to Zhushan Bay, Meiliang Bay and the west of Taihu Lake, especially for north of Zhushan Bay. The polluted areas for Cr, Ni and Cd were 14.36, 34.70 and 13.24 km², respectively. We suggest that Cr, Ni, and Cd in the polluted areas should be addressed and that tissue chemistry and sediment toxicity assessments be performed as soon as possible.     

Ability of Agrogyron elongatum to accumulate the single metal of cadmium, copper, nickel and lead and root exudation of organic acids

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｏｉｌｓｗｉｔｈｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｂｅｃｏｍｅｓａｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｉｎｍａｎｙｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓａｌｌｏｖｅｒｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ .Ｔｈｉｓｉｓｍｕｃｈｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｅｄｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｒｅａｓｙｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｒｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｓｏｉｌｓｔｏｐｌａｎｔｓ ,ｅｖｅｎｔｏａｎｉｍａｌｓａｎｄｈｕｍａｎｂｅｉｎｇｓ .Ｉｎｍｏｓｔｃａｓｅｓ,ｐｌａｎｔｓｇｒｏｗｎｉｎｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌ ｐｏｌｌｕｔｅｄｓｏｉｌｓｓｈｏ…     

Phytoremediation potential of charophytes: Bioaccumulation and toxicity studies of cadmium, lead and zinc

The ability for usage of common freshwater charophytes,Chara aculeolata and Nitella opaca in removal of cadmium (Cd),lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) from wastewater was examined.C.aculeolata and N.opaca were exposed to various concentrations of Cd (0.25 and 0.5 mg/L),Pb (5 and 10 mg/L) and Zn (5 and 10 mg/L) solutions under hydroponic conditions for 6 days.C.aculeolata was more tolerant of Cd and Pb than N.opaca.The relative growth rate of N.opaca was drastically reduced at high concentrations of Cd and Pb although both were tolerant of Zn.Both macroalgae showed a reduction in chloroplast,chlorophyll and carotenoid content after Cd and Pb exposure,while Zn exposure had little effects.The bioaccumulation of both Cd and Pb was higher in N.opaca (1544.3 μg/g at 0.5 mg/L Cd,21657.0 μg/g at 10 mg/L Pb) whereas higher Zn accumulation was observed in C.aculeolata (6703.5 μg/g at 10 mg/L Zn).In addition,high bioconcentration factor values (> 1000) for Cd and Pb were observed in both species.C.aculeolata showed higher percentage of Cd and Pb removal (> 95%) than N.opaca and seemed to be a better choice for Cd and Pb removal from wastewater due to its tolerance to these metals.     

喜旱莲子草对Pb、Cd胁迫响应的研究

采用营养液培养法,以喜旱莲子草为对象,选择重金属Pb在浓度梯度0,0.1,10,50,100和200 mg/L条件下,Cd在浓度梯度0,0.01,1,10,20和40 mg/L条件下,研究了不同浓度Pb、Cd单一及复合胁迫对喜旱莲子草生长的影响。结果表明,在试验条件下,对单一Pb及Cd对喜旱莲子草生长及生理影响而言,与对照相比,当Pb处理浓度为0.1 mg/L时,植物最高株高和最长根长分别增加了3.8%和15%。随着Pb处理浓度增加到200 mg/L时,植物生长受到明显抑制,茎叶株高呈显著下降。当Cd处理浓度为1 mg/L时,与对照相比,植物最高株高和最长根长分别增加了9.0%和10.0%,随着Cd处理浓度增加(20~40 mg/L),植物生长受到明显抑制,茎叶株高呈显著下降。随Pb和Cd处理浓度增加,喜旱莲子草叶绿素含量呈下降趋势,POD活性先升后降,MDA含量呈上升趋势,植株体内Pb、Cd积累量呈上升趋势。在研究Pb、Cd对喜旱莲子草生长及生理胁迫的基础上,选择Pb、Cd不同配比浓度,探讨其对喜旱莲子草的复合胁迫作用,研究植物对重金属Pb、Cd富集特性,结果表明,低浓度Pb、Cd处理表现出相互促进吸收富集,高浓度处理表现出相互抑制吸收富集的特性。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰合成地聚物及重金属稳定化效果

以偏高岭土和大掺量垃圾焚烧飞灰为原料,在碱激发作用下制备地质聚合物材料。在抗压强度和重金属浸出毒性测定的基础上,研究了不同原料配比对地聚物性能的影响。实验结果表明:合成的地聚物材料有较高强度,可以达到17 MPa以上,对重金属有明显固化效果,Pb水浸、无机酸浸、有机酸浸出浓度分别为0.25,0.16,0.22 mg/L;Cd水浸、无机酸浸、有机酸浸出浓度分别为0,0,0.15 mg/L,Pb、Cd和其他重金属均达到进入生活垃圾填埋场标准。     

镉、铅在沉水植物龙须眼子菜叶片中的分布

采用室内浸提、扫描电镜附加能谱分析、差数离心和凝胶层析等手段,研究了镉、铅在龙须眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)叶片中的分布.结果表明,龙须眼子菜对镉、铅具有很强的吸收能力,对溶液中镉、铅的平均去除效率分别为84%、91%.当镉、铅处理液浓度分别为6.67,83.00μmol/L时,龙须眼子菜对镉、铅的生物积累量分别为496,10800mg/kg,其中可溶态镉、铅的浓度分别为55.0,14.1mg/kg,说明龙须眼子菜叶片中的镉、铅大部分都是以结合态存在的.铅在龙须眼子菜叶细胞上的分布重量百分比及原子百分比均高于镉.15%的镉和25%的铅分布在龙须眼子菜的细胞壁中;56%的镉和25%的铅分布在液泡和胞基质中.龙须眼子菜叶片中除了有小分子蛋白与镉结合外,还有其他小分子有机物也能与镉结合,而铅则主要与小分子蛋白结合.     

大宝山矿区污染水体中重金属的形态分布及迁移转化

对受广东大宝山矿区矿山废水排放污染的横石河水体中的过滤水、悬浮物和沉积物中重金属的污染分布特征及其迁移转化进行了系统地研究.结果表明:该水体的环境污染是以Cu,Zn,Cd和Pb则为主的多金属复合污染,综合污染指数(PI)为2.23～18.11,重金属Cu,Zn,Cd和Pb的溶解态质量浓度分别达13.82,50.83,0.103和2.91 mg/L;Cu,Zn,Cd和Pb的溶解态、悬浮态及总量沿河流断面呈相似的空间分布规律,而As则略有不同,但都是沿水流方向逐渐降低的;由于受低pH的影响,水体中As主要以细微颗粒物悬浮态为迁移载体,而Cu,Zn,Cd和Pb则以水溶态为主要迁移方式; 沉积物中5种重金属元素都以残渣态为主要存在形态,Cd和Pb的可交换态及Cu和Zn的有机态含量很高,说明这4种元素对环境都有一定的潜在威胁性.      

Zn2+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Cr6+和Se4+对褶牡蛎急性毒性效应研究

金属污染对水生底栖滤食性动物的危害,一直是普遍关注的水产养殖及水产品安全性热点问题之一。本文采用半静态法研究了Zn2+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Cr6+、Se4+对褶牡蛎(Crassostrea plicatul)的急性毒性效应(LC50)。结果表明,Zn2+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Cr6+、Se4+对褶牡蛎48 h- LC50分别为1447.00、28.16、12.25、1098.00、22.89 mg/L;72h- LC50分别为231.62、12.24、4.23、539.02、9.12 mg/L;96 h- LC50分别为81.84、8.83、2.59、378.06、4.10 mg/L,安全浓度(SC)分别为0.81、0.08、0.03、3.78、0.04 mg/L,五种金属对褶牡蛎的毒性依次为:Cu2+ Se4+ Cd2+ Zn2+ Cr6+,其中褶牡蛎对Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+耐受性较强,分别为渔业水质标准(GB11607-89)的17.60、37.81、8.18倍。     

常见重金属对费氏弧菌的生物毒性研究

以费氏弧菌作为毒性测试物种,研究Hg2+、Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+对费氏弧菌的生物毒性.同时,对相对发光强度和金属离子浓度进行线性回归后计算了EC50值(半数效应浓度值),并比较了该菌种对各金属化合物的敏感度差异.结果表明,发光菌的相对发光强度均与重金属离子浓度呈负相关,线性相关系数为0.8764~0.9730.Hg2+、Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+对费氏弧菌的EC50分别为0.045、0.181、0.300、0.117、0.614、23.000 mg/L,毒性大小依次为Hg2+ >Cd2+ >Pb2+ >Cu2+ >Zn2+ >Cr6+,可见Hg2+对费氏弧菌的毒性最大,但该发光菌对Cr6+的敏感性较小.     

贵州草海沉积物重金属分布及其对底栖动物群落的影响

基于原子吸收和ICP-MS,研究了贵州威宁草海4种重金属Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni的分布规律,并分析了其对底栖动物群落结构的影响.结果表明,表层沉积物中Zn、Pb、Cd 3种重金属含量已超过加拿大环境质量标准,超标样品量分别达到样品总数的82%、65%和47%,可能和周边历史上大规模的土法炼锌有关;草海表层水及孔隙水4种重金属含量均未超过国家I类地表水质量标准,表明污染的沉积物对水体重金属含量影响有限.表层沉积物中Zn、Pb、Cd均表现出湖中心及上游湖口含量更高的趋势,并和有机质呈显著正相关关系(r=0.837, P < 0.01; r=0.785, P < 0.01; r=0.780, P < 0.01),表明有机质在Zn、Pb、Cd的迁移和沉积中扮演了重要角色.在湖心沉积物柱中,Zn、Pb、Cd 3种重金属从剖面上部约10cm往上均有逐渐升高富集的趋势,与草海周边近几十年的大规模土法炼锌历史吻合.不管在表层沉积物还是在沉积物柱中Ni都呈现与其它3种重金属相反的分布规律,可能与Ni主要来源于自然背景有关.底栖动物群落结构调查表明,周边采样点比湖内采样点的底栖动物种类更为丰富,栖息密度也更大,这可能与草海湖内采样点重金属含量远高于湖周边采样点有关,具体影响及机制需要进一步深入研究.     

太湖流域重金属湿沉降特征

为研究太湖流域湿沉降中重金属含量特征及污染现状,采用ICP-MS对2009年8月—2010年4月期间太湖周边10个采样点湿沉降中的ρ(Cr),ρ(Cd),ρ(Pb),ρ(Ni),ρ(Mn)和ρ(Zn)进行监测,结果表明:湿沉降中ρ(Zn)最高(年均值为79.54 μg/L),超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002),占重金属总量的66.3%; 其他依次为ρ(Mn),ρ(Pd),ρ(Ni),ρ(Cr)和ρ(Cd),分别为26.90,6.36,5.12,1.74和0.26 μg/L. 湿沉降中重金属含量季节变化和空间分布存在显著差异,ρ(Cr)和ρ(Mn)以西北部湖区较高,ρ(Cd)和ρ(Zn)以南部湖区较高,ρ(Ni)以西部湖区较高,ρ(Pb)以东部和西部湖区较高. Cr,Cd,Pb,Ni,Zn及Mn的湿沉降率分别为2.14,0.34,7.57,6.18,101和33.1 mg/(m2·a),通过湖面湿沉降年入湖量分别为5.00,0.79,17.7,14.5,236及77.4 t.      

泰山地区湿沉降中重金属的空间分布

为了解泰山地区湿沉降中重金属空间分布特征,于2006-01～2006-12在泰山山上和山下选择2个站点进行降水化学重金属对比分析研究,对68场降水样品用ICP-MS分析测定了Zn、Al、Mn、Fe、Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr、Cd、As等10种重金属.结果表明,山上和山下湿沉降中重金属含量较高,污染显著,元素Zn含量最高,占所有重金属总量的54%～57%,平均浓度分别为92 .94 μg/L和70 .41 μg/L,其次为Fe、Al、Mn.有毒重金属中Pb的含量较高,在2个站点降水中浓度分别为8 .04 μg/L和7 .79 μg/L.山上与山下湿沉降重金属的时间变化规律以及浓度比较表明,2个站点湿沉降重金属分布特征不同,受各自站点所处大气环境影响显著.站点降水的相关性分析表明,降水中Al、Mn、Fe、As、Cd、Pb等元素受2个站点降水气团影响显著,而Ni、Cu、Zn则可能还受其他因素影响.     

Damage to DNA of effective microorganisms by heavy metals: Impact on wastewater treatment

The research is to test the damage to DNA of effective microorganisms(EMs)by heavy metal ions As3+,Cd2+,Cr3+,Cu2+,Hg2+, Pb2+,and Zn2+,as well as the effects of EM bacteria on wastewater treatment capability when their DNA is damaged.The approach applied in this study is to test with COMET assay the damage of EM DNA in wastewater with different concentrations of heavy metal ions As3+,Cd2+,Cr3+,Cu2+,Hg2+,Pb2+,Zn2+,as well as the effects of EM treated with As3+,Cd2+,Cr3+,Cu2+,Hg2+,Pb2+,and Zn2+ on COD degradin...     

纳米二氧化钛缓解镉胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及生理变化

研究了水培环境中不同浓度纳米二氧化钛（TiO₂-NPs）（0,25,50,100,200 mg/L）缓解Cd对小麦幼苗造成的生理毒害的作用。结果显示:在水培环境下TiO₂-NPs的施用,缓解了Cd对小麦带来的氧化胁迫,减轻了Cd对小麦的毒害作用,显著提高了小麦生物量、根长及株高,改善了小麦光合作用。中浓度（50,100 mg/L）TiO₂-NPs的使用显著提高了小麦幼苗净光合速率。对于所有浓度TiO₂-NPs的施用,小麦幼苗POD酶活均显著低于Cd处理组;SOD酶活在较低浓度（<200 mg/L）时显著低于Cd处理组。TiO₂-NPs通过减轻Cd氧化胁迫作用,有效缓解了Cd对小麦幼苗的毒害,提高了小麦幼苗的光合作用。     

ICP-MS对再生水灌溉区土壤重金属含量的测定

采用ICP-MS(电感耦合等离子光谱)对北京市3个再生水灌溉区8种土壤重金属含量进行分析测定,并将其分别与当地井灌区土壤重金属含量作对比,探究再生水灌溉对土壤重金属含量的影响。结果表明:3个再生水灌区均存在不同程度的汞污染,土壤中的Cd、Ni、Cu和As含量均符合国家土壤环境质量一级标准,而Pb、Zn和Cr含量的最大值(39.90、103.1和120.3 mg/kg)未超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准;Ni和Hg在多数采样点出现重金属向土壤深层移动的趋势;与对照区(井灌区)相比,Cd在3个再生水灌区的土壤中含量均无显著变化,Hg含量仅在通州区大北关井灌区超过再生水灌区,其余6种重金属则呈现不同程度的重金属累积现象。再生水灌溉区土壤重金属污染并非一定由再生水灌溉所致,早期的污水灌溉和有机肥施用等也是不可忽视的因素。     

秦岭火地塘森林水质的季节性变化特征

在秦岭火地塘林区选择2个闭合小流域及2个支沟集水区,对流域出口径流及支沟集水区溪流水pH值及水化学成分进行了8 a的测试,采用机理分析方法,就森林水质的季节性变化特征进行了研究.结果表明,林区径流pH值在7.1～8.4之间,冬、春季较高,夏、秋季较低,总体上水呈弱碱性;NO-3浓度春季和初夏较高,NH 4冬季和初春较高,PO3-4冬季与夏季较高;K 浓度春、秋季较高,Na 浓度则9月最大,8月最小;Ca2 浓度以6月和10月较高,年内变化范围19.4～44.3 mg·L-1,Mg2 则3月较高,年内变化范围2.18～5.25 mg·L-1;Cd浓度随季节的变化以1～4月较高,Pb浓度12、1月较高,但Cd、Pb均以秋季较低,年内变化范围分别为0.019～0.326 5 μg稬-1和0.217～3.886 μh稬-1;Mn浓度5、12月较高,Fe浓度春季较高,Zn则以3、8月较高.林区径流水质属Ⅰ类,相对而言,水质随季节的变化以秋季较好,冬、春季较差.