微机“动态寻优”对锅炉燃烧的控制

应用“动态寻优”理论，利用微机对工业锅炉燃烧过程进行自动调节，即用热电偶温度计将炉膛内温度反馈到微机，微机通过储存程序计算，经终端输出控制挡风板调节风量，使燃料得到充分燃烧，锅炉热效率得到提高     

大型离心机微控全液压式新方案

按照机电一体化的设计思想,基于现代比例技术与液压技术的有机结合,构成了大型离心机的微机控制全液压式系统方案,作为该类设备技术设计的积极探索。     

用微机改造老设备实现交变湿热试验

本文主要阐述用单片机改造老设备,使其达到航标HB-5830和国军标GJB-150有关湿热试验的要求,并对其控制原理和计算方法作了一定的说明。     

辐射环境保护类微机程序包概述

“辐射环境保护类微机程序包”集成了３５个辐射环境影响评价程序,实现了所有这些程序向微机的移植,完成了使用频率较高的程序之间的连接,增添了原有程序的报表输出和图形化处理功能,并且,结合我国辐射环境影响评价的规范,评价了这些程序在辐射环境影响评价中的适用性。辐射环境类微机程序包由正常气载、正常液载、放射性货包运输、核事故应急、废物处置、事故放射性后果、剂量转换因子七大功能块组成,基本覆盖了辐射环境影响的所有方面     

微机控制大气污染自动监测系统

1981年原国家环办陈副主任曾要求每年对环境监测应在6000小时以上。七年过去了,国内有很多大城市实现了环境监测微机自动化,其中有些是引进国外的全套设备,耗资巨大,动辄数十万元、百万元以上。新疆地域辽阔,配备的环境监测人员相对的又很少,是非常需要现代化的连续检测设备,但资金少,引进全套设备是不可能的,只能在财力允许的范围内,自己动手研究并制作自动监测仪器。下面就介绍一个这样的“微机控制自动监测站”,第一它省钱,尽量利用环境监测部门原有设备,需要购置新设备时也不必购置高精尖的贵重仪器,只要它的水平比人工监测质量高一点就成了,监测项目可以逐年增加,使第一次投资就可降     

单片机在正弦振动控制仪中的应用

一、概述 正弦振动控制仪(以下简称控制仪)是电磁式振动系统的“大脑”。它为振动系统提供一个正弦扫频信号源,并要随时测量、显示、控制振动幅值。由于仪器功能较强、线路复杂,故用传统的模拟方式实现的控制仪,往往操作复杂、频率稳定性差。但因具有价廉的特点,故久经不衰,至今仍保持有相当的生命力。     

研究微机在自动检测系统中应用基础技术

分析检测中采用单一的仪器进行检测的不足和应用微机组成的自动检测系统的优越性,重点介绍Ａ／Ｄ转换技术、Ａ／Ｄ转换同时线性化原理、Ａ／Ｄ转换与微机接口技术等微机组成自动检测系统的应用基础技术 。     

微机控制在GD型电除尘器中的应用

ＧＤ型电除尘器是近期发展起来的一种高效除尘设备,因其除尘效率高,性能稳定,适应能力强而广泛应用于冶金、化工、建材、电力等行业。ＧＤ型电除尘器经微机改造后,能自动完成振打清灰、卸灰、保温箱恒温控制等操作,成为新一代智能型除尘设备而受到用户青睐。一、工作...     

GGAJ02-WE系列微机控制高压硅整流装置

由大连电子研究所开发的GGAJO2-WE系列微机控制高压硅整流装置,适用于电力、建材、冶金、轻工、电子等行业。主要技术内容一、基本原理主控机使用MCS-51系列单片机,电路设计采用超低阻抗电流环传输和高线性模拟量光藕传输,配套高压自控整流设备,以电除尘器实际运行时的负载特性为依     

农业产业走向市场的成功之路—镇江产加销一条龙,贸工农一体化经营的调查

镇江市不断深化农业经营机制改革，大力发展产加销一条龙，贸工农一体化经营，把一家一户农民家庭小生产同国内外大市场有机联系起来，提高了农民的组织程度和专业化生产水平，协调了一二三产业间经济利益，建立了新的经济关系的优质，高产，高效，高创汇的市场产农业及新型组织管理体系，加快了农业生产社会化，产业化，市场化，现代化进程，使农业产业走向市场迈出了可喜的一步。     

REGIONAL DETECTION OF CHANGE IN WATER QUALITY VARIABLES1

ABSTRACT: The detection of change in a hydrologic varaible, particularly water quality, is a current problem. A method is presented for testing whether there has been a shift in the mean of a hydrologic variable based on the well established bivariate normal distribution theory. In this technique, the dependent, or target, and the independent, or control, variables are formed as weighted linear combinations of the mean values at a number of locations in a selected target and control area. The weighting factors are determined based on a mathematical programming technique which minimizes the conditional coefficient of variation thereby minimizing the number of observations required to detect a change of a preselected magnitude in the mean of the target area. The result is a situation where a savings in the number of observations required to detect a change is a consequence of adding more stations: the space-time tradeoff. Two applications of the technique are presented, the first using electrical conductivity (EC) data from two sets of river basins and the second using EC data from a set of basins as the target variable and annual discharge as the control. The results indicate that a significant savings in time can be achieved by using this method.     

DEVELOPMENT OF A BASIN GEOMORPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM USING A TIN-DEM DATA STRUCTURE1

ABSTRACT: To make a distributed rainfall-runoff model, it is very important to build a model of topographic surface of a basin which takes account of the direction of water flow. In this paper, a geographic information system in hydrologic modeling, the BGIS (Basin Geomorphic Information Systems) are presented for modeling a river basin using a TIN-DEM (Triangulated Irregular Network - Digital Elevation Model) data structure. The BGIS have two core systems, which are the TIN-DEM generating system and the topographic analysis system. In the TIN-DEM generating system, landscapes are modeled as a set of contiguous non-overlapping terangular facets whose vertices are made up of points on a regular grid DEM and on river segments. These triangular facets are subdivided, if needed, so that each of them has only one side through which water flows out. The TIN-DEM generating system is made up of four modules, (1) a module for generating triangles from a grid DEM, (2) a module for getting rid of pits, (3) a module for joining discontinuous valley segments to a channel network, (4) a module for subdividing triangular facets. In the topographic analysis system, using datasets processed with the TIN-DEM generating system, a watershed source area for any segments in a stream network are delineated automatically, and topographic attributes of slopes, aspects, flow path lengths and upslope contributing areas are computed.     

Fitting a Gamma Distribution Over a Synthetic Unit Hydrograph1

ABSTRACT: Several methods for synthetic unit hydrographs are available in the literature. Most of these methods involve the hand fitting of a curve over a set of a few hydrograph points, which can sometimes be a subjective task. Besides, the user often finds it difficult or simply neglects to adjust the generated unit graph to a runoff volume of one unit (inch, cm, or mm). It is the purpose of this paper to present to the design hydrologist a simple method to fit a smooth gamma distribution over a single point specified by the unit hydrograph peak and the time to peak with a guaranteed unit depth of runoff.     

Driver response to a disabled pedestrian using a dangerous crosswalk

A field experiment investigated factors expected to influence yielding by motorists to a pedestrian waiting to cross a city street. Subjects consisted of 604 motorists who passed through two marked crosswalks. Motorists were significantly more likely to stop for a disabled pedestrian using a cane than a non-disabled pedestrian without a cane. This study also evaluated the impact of a ‘fatality sign’ erected before one of the crossings. While the fatality sign by itself had no significant effect on motorists yielding, there was a strong interactive effect of the sign and the disability manipulation. Thus, the greatest levels of motorists yielding occurred for subjects who were exposed to the fatality sign and the disabled pedestrian. In contrast, the lowest levels of yielding occurred at the fatality-marked crossing for a non-disabled pedestrian.     

The world agricultural system and ethical considerations relating to the rural environment: Some perspectives on cause and effect in underdeveloped countries

Food is a basic human need and therefore a basic human right. While food output has increased to a level where there is enough food produced to feed the world, still millions starve. Using the concept of capitalist world economy as a framework, this paper provides a structural analysis of the food production and distribution system within monopoly capitalism and its implications for countries of the underdeveloped world. Focusing on the impact of a dominant world food supply system on indigenous systems (particularly through the rise of science, technology, and monopoly capital), considerations relating to environmental use and food production and distribution are raised. Finally a call is made for a new agricultural ethic.     

Developing the interaction matrix technique as a tool assessing the impact of traffic on air quality

This paper develops a technique which can be used as a preliminary tool for assessing air quality related to urban traffic. It combines a Geographic Information System (GIS) with an interaction matrix-type methodology based on a system analysis approach. The matrix identifies and quantifies interactions between all selected variables involved in a system as well as their interaction with the system as a whole. This matrix is used to determine the weightings to apply to spatial datasets within a GIS to develop a pollution vulnerability map. The focus of the paper is to introduce and assess a more versatile coding of the interaction matrix with respect to previously used coding. A case study is presented in which the modified interaction methodology is applied to data for a busy urban location. The resulting vulnerability map, in terms of pollution vulnerable hot spots, was compared to a pollution map derived from an advanced dispersion model. The interaction matrix technique with GIS can be used as a tool complementary to sophisticated numerical modelling and has potential as an analytical tool to evaluate multidisciplinary systems.     

MULTICRITERIA PROGRAMMING OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR RURAL AREAS1

ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to present a multicriteria methodology for decision aid at the stage of programming a water supply system (WSS) for a rural area. The programming stage is an intermediate one between planning and designing water supply facilities, and can be decomposed into two problems: (a) setting up a priority order of water users, taking into account socio-economic criteria; and (b) choosing the best technical variant of the WSS. Among the criteria considered for the latter problem, there is a criterion of distance between the socio-economic priorities of users and the precedence orders of users according to the technical programming, which plays a coordinating role between problems (a) and (b). All steps of the presented methodology are illustrated by a real case study.     

Species Extinction and the Vice of Thoughtlessness: The Importance of Spiritual Exercises for Learning Virtue

In this paper, I present a sample spiritual exercise—a contemporary form of the written practice that ancient philosophers used to shape their characters. The exercise, which develops the ancient practice of the examination of conscience, is on the sixth mass extinction and seeks to understand why the extinction appears as a moral wrong. It concludes by finding a vice in the moral character of the author and the author’s society. From a methodological standpoint, the purpose of spiritual exercises is to create a habit of thoughtfulness in the writer, and by way of teaching, to suggest one to the reader. Such a habit is important, at least, because virtue is a habit. In other words, there can be no learning of virtue itself without habituation into it. Accordingly, I frame the sample spiritual exercise with a deliberately controversial objection to contemporary academic virtue ethics and with a justification for why the spiritual exercise is important for taking virtue ethically. And I end the paper with some further remarks explaining the form of the exercise and its relevance to doing philosophy. In this way, the paper makes and illustrates a methodological point about virtue ethics based on a meta-ethical assumption about virtue as a habit, and it does this by focusing on a pressing environmental problem in the twenty-first century.     

Stewardship Volunteering by Older Australians: The Generative Response

The aim of this paper is to use Erikson's approach to human development, and specifically generativity, as a framework by which to explore older people's experiences of environmental stewardship activities. Using data from a large qualitative study of environmental volunteers resident in the coastal fringes of Queensland, Australia, the paper provides important, illustrative, empirical support for Erikson's theory of generativity in later life. Findings suggest that older people are much more likely to connect their environmental actions with the longer-term future, and express a need to leave a lasting legacy for future generations. According to respondents, the later years are a time to contribute to the environment as part of a broader cycle of life. The environment is also an important site for intergenerational activities. Whilst the work presented here is only a small, localized study, use of Erikson's theory of human development as a framework helps demonstrate the importance of a generative response in later life.