应用AFLP技术对斜茎黄芪根瘤菌遗传多样性的分析研究

采用ＡＦＬＰ指纹图谱分析技术对来自我国不同地区的９５株斜茎黄芪根瘤菌及２４株已知根瘤菌的参比菌一起进行遗传多样性研究．结果表明,在５０％相似性水平上,全部菌株被分为３１个ＡＦＬＰ群,显示出极大的遗传多样性．相关性较高的菌株的聚类结果与先前的表型性状数值分析结果相一致．具相同ＡＦＬＰ指纹图谱的菌株都具有相同的生长速度,且其中大部分菌株来自我国同一地区,同时具很高的表型相似性．此外,本研究表明,ＡＦＬＰ指纹技术具更高的分辩率,更能揭示种内的遗传多样性     

我国蚕豆根瘤菌的多样性和系统发育研究

采用数值分类、16S rDNA PCR-RFLP、IGS PCR-RFLP等方法对分离自我国11个省的50株蚕豆根瘤菌及11株参比菌株进行了表型测定和遗传型研究,同时对5株蚕豆根瘤菌的代表菌株进行了16S rDNA全序列测定.表型测定的结果表明,在80%的相似水平上供试菌株分为4个群,各群间存在地区交叉;16S rDNA PCR-RFLP的聚类结果与数值分类的聚类结果有很好的一致性;IGSRFLP反映的多样性更明显,形成的遗传群较多,可用于菌株间的鉴别.实验结果表明我国蚕豆根瘤菌具有极大的表型多样性和遗传多样性.系统发育研究结果表明,蚕豆根瘤菌的代表菌株均位于快生根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)系统发育分支,与R.leguminosarum USDA2370的全序列相似性达99.9%,说明蚕豆根瘤菌属于Rhizobium,系豌豆根瘤菌的一个生物型.图4表3参12     

青藏高原青稞B组醇溶蛋白遗传多样性研究

报道了青藏高原青稞B组醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性.在66份青藏高原青稞材料中,共有15种不同条带、29种不同条带组合,表明青藏高原青稞材料具有丰富的多态性.不同来源的群体材料间遗传多态性存在差异,西藏育成品种的多态性略低于四川农家品种,人工选择使其遗传多态性减弱.聚类分析将材料分成3组,材料聚类与材料来源地没有明显的相关性.图3表5参26     

Interspecific Patterns of Genetic Diversity in Birds: Correlations with Extinction Risk

Abstract:  Birds are frequently used as indicators of ecosystem health and are the most comprehensively studied class in the animal kingdom. Nevertheless, a comprehensive, interspecific assessment of the correlates of avian genetic diversity is lacking, even though indices of genetic diversity are of considerable interest in the conservation of threatened species. We used published data on variation at microsatellite loci from 194 bird species to examine correlates of diversity, particularly with respect to conservation status and population size. We found a significant decline in mean heterozygosity with increasing extinction risk, and showed, by excluding species whose heterozygosity values were calculated with heterospecific primers, that this relationship was not dependent on ascertainment bias. Results of subsequent regression analyses suggested that smaller population sizes of threatened species were largely responsible for this relationship. Thus, bird species at risk of extinction are relatively depauperate in terms of neutral genetic diversity, which is expected to make population recovery more difficult if it reflects adaptive genetic variation. Conservation policy will need to minimize further loss of diversity if the chances of saving threatened species are to be maximized.     

松毛虫遗传多样性研究中AFLP反应体系的建立

以油松毛虫为材料,对T4 DNA连接酶不同用量、预扩增中的Mg~(2+)浓度、dNTP浓度、引物浓度以及选择性扩增巾的预扩增产物稀释倍数、Mg2~(2+) 浓度、dNTP浓度、引物浓度和Taq酶浓度进行了比较分析.最终建立了适合松毛虫的AFLP反应体系.用优化的AFLP反应体系,以油松毛虫、赤松毛虫和马尾松毛虫为材料筛选引物,从81对引物组合中筛选出10对多态性高的引物组合.图9参17     

四川攀西干热河谷区根瘤菌的多样性研究

采用数值分类、BOXAIR-PCR和16S rDNA PCR-RFLP方法,对分离自四川攀西干热河谷区11种豆科植物上的43株根瘤菌的表型和遗传多样性进行了研究.数值分类结果表明,攀西地区根瘤菌具有极大的表型性状多样性,在80%相似性水平上绝大多数供试菌株单独成群,能耐60℃(10min处理)的高温,在低温(10℃)或者低pH(4.0)条件下生长很差.与数值分类结果相比较,BOXAIR-PCR的分群结果更分散,说明供试菌株在遗传性状上也具有多样性.在数值分群基础上,选取15个代表菌株进行16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析.结果表明,供试的15株代表菌株遗传差异明显,仅CCBAU61224与Rhizobium leguminosarum USDA2370T,CCBAU61303与Agrobacterium tumerfacienseIAM13129T具有相同的遗传图谱类型.数值分类和16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析具有较好的一致性,BOXAIR-PCR适合于对根瘤菌种内菌株间的遗传多样性研究.图4表2参21     

岩生植物金发草遗传多样性的ISSR和AFLP比较研究

禾本科岩生植物金发草〔Pogonatherum paniceum(Lam.)Hack.〕具有开发为新型国产草坪草种的潜力.用IS-SR与AFLP分子标记,分析了四川、重庆、云南及广西等地22个金发草种群的遗传多样性.用14个ISSR引物、10对AFLP引物分别扩增出239、485条谱带,多态位点百分率分别为94.98%、90.93%.两种标记均揭示出金发草种群具有丰富的遗传多样水平.由于标记原理不同,两种标记的结果呈现出微小的差别.相对而言,基于ISSR标记分析的遗传多样性参数高于AFLP标记得到的遗传多样性参数,这可能是由于金发草种群间存在着大量的微卫星变异所致.两种标记基于Nei遗传距离的聚类分析结果存在着一定的差异,但用Mantel测试对两种方法检测的遗传一致度进行相关性分析表明,它们之间存在着显著的相关性(r=0.3146,P=0.0150),用SPSS11.5软件进一步分析两种标记遗传一致度的相关性,Pearson相关系数为0.315(在0.01水平上),两种标记的聚类分析都揭示出金发草的遗传变异呈现出一定的地域分布规律.ISSR标记与AFLP标记均能应用于金发草种群的遗传多样性研究.图1表2参16     

利用rep-PCR研究云南尼泊尔桤木根瘤内Frankia基因多样性

利用rep-PCR指纹技术对云南5个地区的尼泊尔桤木根瘤内Frankia菌基因多样性进行研究,实验发现Frankia菌呈现丰富的基因多样性.所有71个样品被分为11种不同的基因类型.除高黎贡山外,不同地域都有某种基因型占优势,显示Frankia菌基因型与地域有紧密关系.所观察的5个地区中,高黎贡山Frankia菌基因型种类最多,多样性指数最高,基因多样性最为丰富.结合高黎贡山地理资料及其它生物多样性相关研究,推测与高黎贡山尼泊尔桤木共生的Frankia可能作为种储备库,为其它地区的寄主植物提供了祖先菌株.图8表1参13     

威海荣成鹿角菜野生种群遗传多样性及资源保护策略

利用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）方法对威海荣成地区鹿角菜（Silvetiasiliquosa）野生种群共30个个体的遗传多样性水平及遗传结构进行研究。结果表明,利用21条随机引物共检测到112个多态性位点,多态性位点百分率为93．75％,Nei基因多样性指数为0．3515±0．1352,Shannon多样性指数为0．5046±0．1126。通过聚类分析而划为一类的3个亚种群间的遗传分化指数为0．1349～0．2189,基因流为1．7793。研究结果表明威海荣成地区的鹿角菜种群遗传多样性较高,种群内存在较为明显的遗传分化,种群遗传资源不受遗传漂变的影响。针对当地鹿角菜遗传资源的现状,应加强现存种群的就地保护,恢复种群规模;进行取样养殖保护时则需避免因近交而造成种群资源退化。     

分子遗传技术与生物遗传多样性研究

各种分子遗传技术为不同生物种类间进行直接比较和分子水平的遗传多样性的度量、研究提供了新的途径。本文讨论了此类分子水平研究所取得的一些新的进展，并指出了有关分子工具应用于生物多样性研究中存在的一些问题。     

Benefits of Conservation of Plant Genetic Diversity to Arthropod Diversity

Abstract:  We argue that the genetic diversity of a dominant plant is important to the associated dependent community because dependent species such as herbivores are restricted to a subset of genotypes in the host-plant population. For plants that function as habitat, we predicted that greater genetic diversity in the plant population would be associated with greater diversity in the dependent arthropod community. Using naturally hybridizing cottonwoods (  Populus spp.) in western North America as a model system, we tested the general hypothesis that arthropod alpha (within cross-type richness) and beta (among cross-type composition) diversities are correlated with cottonwood cross types from local to regional scales. In common garden experiments and field surveys, leaf-modifying arthropod richness was significantly greater on either the F₁ (1.54 times) or backcross (1.46 times) hybrid cross types than on the pure broadleaf cross type (  P. deltoides Marshall or P. fremontii Watson). Composition was significantly different among three cross types of cottonwoods at all scales. Within a river system, cottonwood hybrid zones had 1.49 times greater richness than the broadleaf zone, and community composition was significantly different between each parental zone and the hybrid zone, demonstrating a hierarchical concentration of diversity. Overall, the habitats with the highest cottonwood cross-type diversity also had the highest arthropod diversity. These data show that the genetics of habitat is an important conservation concept and should be a component of conservation theory.