广东新会银湖湾湿地鸟类群落组成及多样性

2006年8月至2007年7月,采用系统抽样技术和样带法,对广东省江门市新会区银湖湾湿地鸟类群落进行研究,共记录70种,隶属13目28科48属。新会银湖湾湿地带鸟类平均密度356只/hm2,鸟类物种多样性指数3.690 2、均匀度指数0.875 6、优势度指数0.25。芦苇红树林潮间湿地、鱼塘莲藕湿地和农田果园是新会银湖湾湿地典型的生境,各生境的鸟类种类、密度和多样性差异较大。其中芦苇红树林潮间湿地55种,平均密度338只/hm2;鱼塘莲藕湿地有40种,平均密度279只/hm2;农田果园有38种,平均密度247只/hm2。3种生境中芦苇红树林潮间湿地鸟类的生物多样性最高,农田果园最低。     

甘肃玉门地区繁殖期鸟类多样性及年度变化

2013年4月至2019年6月,采用样线法对玉门地区鸟类进行调查,共记录鸟类17目36科97种,其中水鸟46种,国家Ⅰ级保护鸟类1种,国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类10种。就居留型而言,夏候鸟(53种)和留鸟种数(23种)分别占鸟类总种数的54.64%和23.71%。各年度鸟类居留型组成略有差异,但差异不显著(F_(2,20)=1.385,P=0.296)。4种生境中,湿地生境鸟类物种多样性最高,村落生境最低;农田疏林和村落生境相似性指数最高,湿地和村落生境最低。湿地和荒漠生境鸟类多样性指数、均匀度指数与其他生境之间均呈显著差异(P0.05);农田疏林生境鸟类多样性指数、均匀度与村落生境之间无显著差异(P=0.065)。相关性分析发现,4—5月玉门地区平均降水量与鸟类多样性指数、均匀度指数之间相关不显著(r=0.02,P0.05;r=-0.070,P0.05),而4—5月均温与鸟类多样性指数之间呈显著正相关(r=0.879,P0.05)。玉门地区繁殖期鸟类群落变化总体平稳,年间波动幅度小。     

广东汕头海岸湿地鸟类群落及其多样性

对广东汕头海岸湿地的鸟类资源进行了调查,共记录鸟类100种,隶属15目31科,其中古北界鸟类43种,东洋界鸟类45种,广布种鸟类12种.区系组成呈南北鸟类混杂分布,鸟类的多样性表现出明显的季节性.该湿地有国家二级重点保护鸟类10种,中日候鸟保护协定名录中的鸟类43种.对5个湿地样区的主要鸟类种类和数量进行了调查,结果反映汕头海岸湿地是水鸟类重要的越冬栖息场,鸟类群落多样性指数以三屿围和六合围两个样区较高,分别为3.2306和3.2283,濠江口的多样性指数较低,为1.981.群落多样性指数的高低主要受物种数量和各物种数量均匀度的影响.本文还提出了对鸟类资源保护和管理的建议.表3参9     

广州南沙红树林湿地鸟类群落多样性(2005～2010)

为探讨城市化对鸟类群落的影响,2005～2010年对广州南沙红树林湿地鸟类群落多样性进行了研究.结果表明:共记录鸟类149种,隶属于16目42科97属;其中冬候鸟或旅鸟77种,占51.7%,留鸟63种,占42.3%,夏候鸟9种,占6.0%;鸟类群落呈现出较强的季节性,从总体上看,物种数和总数量呈现秋冬季高峰,夏季最低.红树林湿地区具有最高的鸟类物种多样性与科属多样性,物种多样性和科属多样性变化趋势表现为红树林湿地区>河涌林带区>水域区.南沙红树林湿地的保护对丰富鸟类群落多样性具有重要作用.     

广东汕头海岸湿地鸟类群落与多样性的研究

对广东汕头海岸湿地的鸟类资源进行了调查，共记录鸟类100种，隶属15日31科，其中古北界鸟类43种，东洋界鸟类45种，广布种鸟类12种。区系组成呈南北鸟类混杂分布，鸟类的多样性表现出明显季节性。该湿地有国家二级重点保护鸟类10种，中日候鸟保护协定名录中的鸟类43种。5个湿地样区主要鸟类种类和数量的调查结果表明，汕头海岸湿地是水鸟类重要的越冬栖息场，鸟类群落多样性指数以三屿围和六合围两个样区较高，分别为3．2306和3．2283；濠江口的多样性指数较低，为1．98l。群落多样性指数的高低主要受物种数量和各物种数量均匀度的影响。文章还提出了对鸟类资源保护和管理的建议。     

湿地鸟类多样性及其环境影响因子的研究进展

湿地鸟类在能量转换和维护生态系统的稳定性方面起着举足轻重的作用，同时也是监测、评价湿地生态环境极其敏感的指标．本文从物种多样性、遗传多样性和生态系统多样性三个方面分析了湿地鸟类多样性．总结了环境因子对湿地鸟类多样性的影响，最后对湿地鸟类多样性的研究提出展望，为更好地保护湿地鸟类资源及生态环境提供科学依据．     

白龟湖自然保护区冬季鸟类多样性分析

鸟类是湿地生态系统的重要组成成分,也被认为是最好的生物指示物种。2019年12月至2021年12月采用样线法和样点法对白龟湖自然保护区鸟类多样性进行调查,共记录到鸟类94种,隶属于13目34科。其中,国家Ⅰ级保护动物2种,国家Ⅱ级保护动物11种,河南省重点保护鸟类4种。自然保护区内鸟类Shannon-Wiener指数(H)为3.71,均匀度指数(J)为0.57,Simpson指数(D)为0.84,Margalef指数(M)为9.73,优势种为白骨顶(Fulica atra)。IUCN红色名录濒危等级中极危1种,濒危2种,近危2种,易危1种。东洋界、古北界和广布种鸟类分别为9、34和51种。冬候鸟、夏候鸟、留鸟和旅鸟分别为30、9、26和29种。不同生境中多样性指数也有所不同,H、J和D指数均以乡村农田、人工灌木丛和公园生境为较高,以湖泊、河流河汊和石滩滩涂生境为较低;但M指数以湖泊、乡村农田和河流河汊生境为较高,以公园、人工灌木丛和石滩滩涂生境为较低。此次调查不仅丰富了白龟湖自然保护区鸟类名录,而且为保护该湿地冬季鸟类提供了科学依据。     

内蒙古图牧吉国家级自然保护区繁殖期鸟类种群动态

于2015—2019年5月和6月采用样线法结合样点法对内蒙古图牧吉国家级自然保护区繁殖期鸟类进行实地调查观测,并分析鸟类群落多样性和均匀性年际和月份变化,以确定鸟类种群动态变化规律。结果表明,保护区繁殖期鸟类共观测到99种,隶属15目33科,以雁形目(Anseriformes)和鸻形目(Charadriiformes)鸟类为数量优势种,大鸨种群动态呈显著时空变化。保护区鸟类物种种数和种群数量呈显著空间差异,鸟类群落多样性呈显著年际差异和空间差异,湿地鸟类多样性高于草地,以农田为主的栖息地最低;保护区鸟类群落多样性平均值为2.39±0.39。鸟类均匀度指数平均值为0.33±0.05,且存在显著空间差异。关注繁殖期鸟类可确定重点保护时段和保护区域,提高自然保护区保护力度,确保繁殖期鸟类免受人为干扰。同时,应加强保护区生物多样性保护与监测,为自然保护区管理成效评估和保护政策优化提供科学支撑。     

江苏东台条子泥和如东湿地越冬水鸟多样性研究

江苏东台条子泥和如东湿地是东亚-澳大利西亚水鸟迁徙路线上的重要节点,是水鸟重要中转停歇地和越冬地。分别于2017—2020年冬季采用样点法对东台条子泥和如东湿地越冬水鸟种类、数量及生境类型进行调查。结果表明,2处湿地共记录水鸟52种,隶属于8目13科;其中,东台条子泥湿地记录到水鸟8目12科42种,累计有5种水鸟单次调查数量超过该物种全球种群数量1%的标准;如东湿地记录到水鸟6目11科43种,累计有3种越冬水鸟数量达到该物种全球数量1%的标准。不同年份间2处湿地水鸟物种数、数量和多样性指数均不存在显著差异,东台条子泥湿地水鸟密度显著大于如东湿地。水塘和滩涂是湿地越冬水鸟分布的主要生境,东台条子泥和如东湿地在这2种生境中的水鸟类群组成、群落相似性指数和多样性指数方面均存在一定差异。研究结果表明,东台条子泥和如东湿地是重要的水鸟越冬地,两地间水鸟多样性差异与生境利用和人为干扰等因素有关。针对水鸟及栖息地保护和管理提出合理建议。     

陕西陇县关山繁殖鸟类群落多样性研究

于2016—2018年4—6月采用样线法对关山地区繁殖鸟类群落多样性进行调查。结果表明,关山地区共分布有繁殖鸟类142种,隶属于14目42科;呈古北界与东洋界鸟类并存的区系特征。研究区鸟类群落多样性指数为3.985 6,均匀度指数为0.804 2,优势度指数为0.030 2。根据植被和海拔不同,将调查区域分为低海拔农耕带、中海拔落叶阔叶林带、中高海拔针阔叶混交林带和高海拔亚高山草甸带4个生境带。其中,中海拔落叶阔叶林带鸟类种类最多,群落多样性和均匀度指数也最高;中高海拔针阔叶混交林带鸟类密度最高;高海拔亚高山草甸带鸟类优势度指数最高。相邻生境带相似性指数普遍高于相间隔生境带。不同生境带鸟类物种丰富度有一定差异,但整个研究区和同一生境带鸟类物种丰富度年际间变化不明显。不同生境带优势种组成不同,且不同年份基本无变化。根据各种鸟类食性不同,可将其分为4个取食集团。物种丰富度与海拔梯度的关系表明中海拔地区鸟类丰富度最高。陇县关山是部分鸟类迁移交流和迁徙的重要通道,通过对研究区繁殖鸟类群落结构组成和多样性的分析,可为研究区鸟类多样性保护提供相关基础资料。     

梅园昆虫群落的时间结构及动态

采用物种多样性、均匀性、优势度指标测定梅园昆虫群落的时间结构变化.结果表明,梅园昆虫群落物种数、多样性指数、均匀性指数随季节推移而增加,优势种群也随季节而变化.主成分分析表明,食叶性昆虫及刺吸性昆虫在群落中具有重要作用,刺吸性昆虫与捕食性昆虫发生发展趋势相同;根据群落的相似系数进行聚类和排序分析发现,9月、10月、11月和12月份的昆虫群落最为相似,其次是4月、5月、6月和7月份昆虫群落,再者3月份的昆虫群落,最后是8月份的昆虫大群落.图3表3参17     

广州南沙湿地鸟类群落组成、多样性和保护策略

采用系统抽样技术和样带法，对广州南沙地区湿地鸟类群落进行了研究，共记录到95种，隶属15目34科68属。国家Ⅱ类保护种类11种，广东省重点保护鸟类16种。东洋界鸟类44种，古北界种类41种，广布型种类10种。鸟类群落多样性以近岸及海岸湿地最高，多样性指数3．4250，均匀性指数0．8711。南沙地区湿地鸟类资源丰富，分析了鸟类的重要性和稀缺性，开发建设必须正确处理湿地鸟类保护的关系，实现生态环境可持续发展，并提出厂相应的保护措施。     

Female reproductive biology and oocyte development of the red frog crab,Ranina ranina,off Hachijojima,Izu Islands,Japan

Speciments of the red frog crab, Ranina ranina, examined in this study were collected off Hachijojima, Japan from 1987–1988 and 1990–1991. Ovigerous females occurred from May to September, and their carapace length ranged from 61.8 to 102.1 mm. Minimum size at the maturity was estimated to be 50 to 60 mm carapace length. The lobule-type ovary had a longitudinal ovarian cavity at the center. Germinal zones were located along the sides of the cavity. Oogenesis was divided into five main and ten detailed stages: proliferation (oogonium); previtellogenesis (bouquet, early chromatin nucleolus, late chromatin nucleolus); primary vitellogenesis (oil globule and yolk granule); secondary vitellogenesis (primary yolk platelet, secondary yolk platelet and prematuration); and maturation (maturation) stages. Vitellogenesis started at the oil globule stage when weakly positive periodic acid-Schiff granules appear in the cytoplasm. Based on the gonadosomatic index and histological changes in ovary, the reproductive cycle was divided into five stages: multiplication, from December to January; developing, from February to March; ripe in April and early May; spawning, from late May to August; and recovery, from August to November. Each crab spawned more than once during the spawning season.     

城市中不同生境下鸟类群落特征研究

2004年1月至2004年12月,对内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市市区7种不同生态环境类型中的鸟类进行了调查研究。研究结果显示:商业区和交通占地中的鸟类群落最为相似,苗圃和公园中的鸟类群落较为相似。景观水平和干扰因素(样带至市中心的距离、噪音、建筑指标)对鸟类的分布、密度、多样性和丰富度具有不同程度的影响。分析表明,人为干扰影响鸟类多样性、群落结构和生态分布。     

Forest age influences oak insect herbivore community structure, richness, and density.

Plant succession is one of many factors that may affect the composition and structure of herbivorous insect communities. However, few studies have examined the effect of forest age on the diversity and abundance of insect communities. If forest age influences insect diversity, then the schedule of timber harvest rotation may have consequent effects on biodiversity. The insect herbivore community on Quercus alba (white oak) in the Missouri Ozarks was sampled in a chronoseries, from recently harvested (2 yr) to old-growth (approximately 313 yr) forests. A total of nine sites and 39 stands within those sites were sampled in May and August 2003. Unique communities of plants and insects were found in the oldest forests (122-313 yr). Density and species richness of herbivores were positively correlated with increasing forest age in August but not in May. August insect density was negatively correlated with heat load index; in addition, insect density and richness increased over the chronoseries, but not on the sunniest slopes. Forest structural diversity (number of size classes) was positively correlated with forest age, but woody plant species richness was not. In sum, richness, density, and community structure of white oak insect herbivores are influenced by variation in forest age, forest structure, relative abundance of plant species, and abiotic conditions. These results suggest that time between harvests of large, long-lived, tree species such as white oak should be longer than current practice in order to maintain insect community diversity.     

芜湖市鸟类组成及分布

鸟类是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,对于维持城市生态平衡具有重要作用。2005年5月-2007年5月,对芜湖市及周边地区4种生境鸟类进行了调查,共记录到鸟类种类138种,隶属于16目41科。通过与上海、广州、淄博及呼和浩特4个城市的鸟类群落相似性及G—F指数进行了比较,结果显示,芜湖市与上海鸟类群落的相似性最高,与呼和浩...     

Classification and community structure of macrobenthos in the Hampton Roads area,Virginia

Benthic macrofauna was sampled by grab at 16 stations in Hampton Roads and the adjacent Elizabeth River, Virginia, USA. Samples were taken in February, May and August. Sampling sites and species were grouped by a classification strategy which basically consisted of the Canberra metric dissimilarity-measure and flexible and group average clustering. Following reallocations, 8 site groups and 16 species groups instructively classified the 47 sites and 93 species considered in the analysis. The sites were grouped into associations on mud, muddy-sand and sand-bottom, and those in the Elizabeth River. Species groupings distinguished a few species most frequent at Elizabeth River or mud and muddy-sand sites, larger numbers of species restricted to muddy-sand and sand or solely to sand sites, ubiquitous species, epifaunal species which were microhabitat-restricted, and seasonal species. An analysis of numerically dominant species in the different associations indicated the relative importance of ubiquitous species and seasonally abundant species. Community-structure statistics (species diversity, species richness and evenness) showed definite spatial and temporal patterns. Diversity was high at sand and muddy-sand sites and low at mud and Elizabeth River sites. This spatial pattern was predominantly one of species richness. At Elizabeth River and mud stations, diversity increased from February to August because of increased evenness, while at sand and muddy-sand stations, diversity peaked in May in response to both high species richness and high evenness. The applicability of community concepts, the causes of substrate specificity, seasonality and species diversity, and the effects of pollution on community structure are discussed.Contribution No. 553, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia, USA.