不同菌源的微生物对邻苯二甲酸二辛酯生物降解性的比较

从处理石化厂废水的活性污泥中分离出 1株荧光假单胞菌FS 1及处理焦化厂废水的活性污泥中分离出 1株铜绿假单胞菌FS 2和 1株短杆菌FS 3。研究了这 3株菌对邻苯二甲酸二辛酯的最适降解条件 ,比较了其降解特性。荧光假单胞菌FS 1、铜绿假单胞菌FS 2和短杆菌FS 3最适pH分别为 6 5～ 8 0 ,7 0～ 8 0和 7 0～ 8 0 ;温度为 2 0～ 3 5℃ ,1 5～ 3 5℃和 1 5～ 3 5℃。他们对邻苯二甲酸二辛酯的降解反应符合一级动力学特征 ,其半寿期 :荧光假单胞菌FS 1 <铜绿假单胞菌FS 2 <短杆菌FS 3 ;荧光假单胞菌FS 1是一株高效的邻苯二甲酸二辛酯降解菌。 更多还原      

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯酶促降解性的研究

从处理石化厂废水的活性污泥中分离出一株邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌FS1（Pseudomonas fluorescens FS1),测定了P.fluorescens FS1的邻苯二甲酸酯降解酸对邻苯二甲酸二（2－乙基已基）酯（DEHP）的降解特性。P.fluorescens FS1细胞中的颗粒部分、溶液部分对DEHP都具有降解作用，初步认为P.fluorescens FS1降解酶属胸内酶。P.fluorescens FS1降解酶对DEHP的最适酸度为pH6.5-8.0，温度为25－35℃，米氏常数Km为190.48nmol/mL。在好氧条件下，DEHP与P.fluorescens FS1降解酯酶作用，形成邻苯二甲酸单酯和邻苯二甲酸后，可进一步降解成苯甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸，最终转化为CO2与H2O。     

邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的微生物降解研究

通过驯化富集培养,从处理石化厂废水的活性污泥中分离出１株邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌ＦＳ１,研究了邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌ＦＳ１对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的生物降解特性。邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌ＦＳ１降解最适ｐＨ为６.５～８．０,温度为２０～３５℃,菌株ＦＳ１对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的生物降解反应速率遵循一级反应动力学模式。试验结果表明,邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌ＦＳ１对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯具有高效降解作用      

不同菌源的微生物对邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)生物降解性的比较

为有效地解决邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的环境污染问题．从处理石化厂废水的活性污泥中分离出１ 株邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ１ 和处理焦化厂废水的活性污泥中分离出２ 株邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ２ 、 Ｆ Ｓ３ ．研究了邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ１ 、 Ｆ Ｓ２ 、 Ｆ Ｓ３ 对邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯的最适降解条件，并比较其降解特性．邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ１ 、 Ｆ Ｓ２ 、 Ｆ Ｓ３ 最适酸度分别为ｐ Ｈ６ ．５ ～８ ．０ 、７ ．０ ～８ ．０ 和７ ．０（８ ．０ ；温度为２０ ～３５ ℃、１５ ～３５ ℃和１５ ～３５ ℃．邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ１ 、 Ｆ Ｓ２ 、 Ｆ Ｓ３ 对邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯的降解反应符合一级动力学特征，其半寿期： Ｆ Ｓ１ ＜ Ｆ Ｓ２ ＜ Ｆ Ｓ３ ．邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ１ 是一株高效的邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯降解菌．     

兼性厌氧苯胺降解菌的分离鉴定及其特性

从处理印染废水的厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)系统中分离、纯化并筛选出1株能以苯胺为唯一碳氮源进行代谢的兼性厌氧苯胺降解菌株AN29.经过形态、生理生化特征试验和16S rDNA序列分析结果,鉴定菌株AN29为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.),其特性为:降解苯胺的最适温度为37℃,降解苯胺合适的起始pH值为6.5～8.0,可以利用苯胺的最高浓度为4 000mg/L,合适起始浓度为500～2 000mg/L.     

两株假单胞菌降解酚类化合物的特性

从焦化废水中分离得到2株可降解对氯酚的假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)CO-1和CO-44.其最适降解温度为35~40℃,最适pH值为6.0~8.0.菌株降解对氯酚的速度与对氯酚初始浓度呈负相关.2株细菌均能较快地降解苯酚和甲酚,其中CO-1还能够降解1-萘酚和萘.在添加对氯酚的焦化废水中,CO-1和CO-44能够在42h内将苯酚、甲酚和对氯酚完全降解.从2株细菌中均检测到了苯酚羟化酶基因,分别从菌株CO-1和CO-44中检测到邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶基因和邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶基因.     

焦化废水中酚降解菌及其降解基因的研究

酚类化合物是焦化废水的主要污染物,微生物降解在废水处理中起着主要作用.为获得焦化废水活性污泥中主要降解菌,本研究通过富集与平板涂布对某焦化公司的2个活性污泥中的降解菌进行了分离鉴定.通过BOX-PCR和16S rDNA序列分析去除重复菌株后,共获得分属于20个属的28个种的28株细菌,它们主要为变形菌纲β和γ亚群,其中4株菌可能是潜在的新种.间甲酚富集后筛选得到2株高效降解菌株Pseudomonas monteilii GCS-AE-J-1 和Pseudomonas plecoglossicida GCS-AN-J-3;前者在48 h内对791 mg/L间甲酚的降解率达到94.6%,而后者对763mg/L间甲酚的降解率也达到了92.2%.通过PCR从菌株GCS-AE-14、 GCS-AE-J-1、GCS-AN-J-3和GCS-AN-3得到了苯酚羟化酶基因序列.本研究所获得的降解菌新颖多样,在工业焦化废水的处理中可能起着重要作用,有进一步研究开发的价值.     

细菌降解苯胺的生态研究

通过驯化富集培养,从制药厂生化曝气池活性污泥中分离出一株降解苯胺能力强的菌株——AN12,经鉴定为假单胞杆菌属（Pseudomonas）。最适降解苯胺条件为:充分曝气供氧;温度为30℃;pH为7.0;降解时间30 h。在此条件下培养液中苯胺浓度为99 mg/L时,苯胺的降解率为82.4%      

硫氮比对废水脱氮与沼气脱硫耦联功能茵的影响

从废水脱氮与沼气脱硫耦联反应器中分离到了2株同步脱氮除硫功能菌--荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)和铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa).在pH 7.0,温度30℃,无供氧,培养时间2 d的条件下进行了2株功能菌纯培养的同步脱氮除硫效果试验,研究了不同硫氮比对同步脱...     

降解喹啉的假单胞菌BW003菌株的分离、鉴定和降解特性

从焦化废水活性污泥中分离出1株能利用喹啉作为唯一碳、氮源及能源的高效降解菌,16S rRNA鉴定为Pseudomonas sp..降解试验表明,菌株能将192～911 mg/L的喹啉在3～8 h内有效地降解,去除率均在96％～98％.最适降解温度为30℃,最适降解初始pH值为8.0.跟踪分析降解中间产物发现：在整个降解过程中,至少有43％的喹啉转化为2-羟基喹啉,其后有0.69％的2-羟基喹啉转化为2,8-二羟基喹啉,随后再转化为8-羟基香豆素;另外,至少有48％的喹啉中氮直接转化为氨氮,且外加碳源能促进氨氮的进一步转化,控制好碳氮比将能有效去除喹啉及其转化的各种污染物.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.