氨基脲诱导的大鼠神经行为毒性及其生化机制

为探究氨基脲（SEM）染毒对SD大鼠的神经行为毒性及其作用机制,将44只SPF级SD雄性大鼠随机分为4组：对照组,SEM低、中、高剂量组,每组11只,分别以0,7.5,15,30mg/（kg·bw）SEM的剂量连续灌胃染毒28d.染毒前后分别通过旷场实验和高架十字迷宫实验测试神经行为.采用液相色谱法测定γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）和谷氨酸（GLU）,ELISA法测定5-羟色胺（5-HT）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）、多巴胺（DA）、单胺氧化酶（MAO）以及N-甲基-D-天氡氨酸受体（NMDAR）含量.结果显示,高剂量染毒组大鼠在旷场实验中运动总距离和中央区域距离显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,各剂量组大鼠在高架十字迷宫实验中进入开臂时间百分比和进入开臂次数百分比均显著低于对照组（P<0.05或P<0.01）.与对照组相比,各染毒组大鼠脑组织中GABA含量和MAO活性均有不同程度降低,而GLU,NMDAR,5-HT,NE和DA水平均有不同程度上升.SEM诱导大鼠神经行为毒性的机制与破坏GABA和GLU的相互转化、增加NMDAR含量以及抑制MAO活性导致单胺类神经递质水平上升3个途径有关.     

短程硝化的生化机理及其动力学

短程硝化的生化反应机理和动力学是生物脱氮技术的理论基础,同时也是生物脱氮工艺设计、运行科学化和合理化的重要依据.基于短程硝化的生化机理、氨氧化菌的电子传递(能量产生)模式,从微生物学和化学计量学两个方面详细论述了短程硝化一系列复杂的生化反应过程.由此可知,短程硝化是一个涉及多种酶及多种中间产物,并伴随着电子(能量)传递的复杂生化反应过程,是基质(NH4 -N)利用(产能代谢)和微生物(氨氧化菌)增殖(合成代谢)两类反应的综合,因此,研究氨氮比利用速率和氨氧化菌比增殖速率动力学则是对短程硝化反应的深层次研讨.并建议采用积分法和微分法来确定动力学参数μnmax、KN、vnmax.     

The basis of a policy for minimizing and recycling food waste

The life cycle of basic food items was studied in order to discover the reasons for low landfill diversion rates of this material. Management failures at key points of the cycle were identified. Subjects of study were commercialization procedures of fruit and vegetables before consumption, consumption proper and after-consumption disposal procedures for food scraps in the Brazilian context. Before consumption, the rate of lost fruit and vegetables stood at 16 wt.% of the total quantity commercialized. During consumption by residents, the waste rate of food amounted to 9 wt.% of all collected household garbage. In the after-consumption sector of the cycle, biodegradables represented 72 wt.% of all household garbage collected by official means in a typical Brazilian town. The numbers produced clearly identified landfill diversion of biodegradables as a management problem. The authors experimented with original proactive administrative procedures designed to set landfill diversion targets. The occurrence of wasted fruit and vegetables at the wholesaler and retailer levels was identified. Remedies were proposed and tested to reduce this waste by at least 50%. In the after-consumption sector, the notion of divided garbage collection was developed and applied to test communities. It was shown that biodegradables may be collected separately from the rest of household waste. This resulted in a diversion potential of 100% for biodegradables alone and 77 wt.% for all collected household waste. The study produced a formal policy proposal to municipal administrations to avoid the need for tipping of biodegradable material.     

The basis for a method to integrate work environment in life cycle assessments

A method is proposed for including work environment in life cycle assessments. The method is based on five quantitative and two qualitative impact categories. The quantitative categories include: (1) deaths due to work-related accidents; (2) workdays lost due to work-related accidents and diseases; (3) workdays lost due to illness (exceeding ‘normal’); (4) hearing loss; and (5) allergies, eczemas and similar diseases. The qualitative impact categories have been represented by: (6) carcinogenic impact; and (7) impact on reproduction. The impacts in categories 1, 2, 4 and 5 can be estimated for companies and for trades using statistics. Impact category 3 can only be estimated using statistics from companies. For categories 6 and 7, semi-quantitative estimates are possible. The quantitative methods suggested for the work environment part of an LCA can be used in parallel with the quantitative methods for the external environment. The advantages and disadvantages with the methods proposed are also discussed. Impacts have been calculated for energy production, transport and steel production.     

恢复生态学的理论基础、关键技术与应用前景

从群落自然演替的理论出发,指出生态系统的退化并不是不可逆的。恢复生态学阐述了在被破坏的生态系统自然演替的过程中,可以通过人为手段加以调控,改变演替的方向和速度,缩短生态恢复的时间过程的理论。作者指出生态恢复并不一定恢复原状,而是根据自然和社会条件恢复或重建生态系统的结构和功能,并使之达到自维持状态。生物种类及其生长介质的丧失或改变是影响生态恢复的主要障碍,因此,提出选择适合植物种类改造介质和利用物理、化学方法直接改良介质等生态恢复的关键技术。根据我国现实的环境、社会、经济情况提出生态恢复工程技术产业化的问题,并列举了详细数据和成功的范例     

生物滤池系统内生化作用机理综合研究

采用淹没式生物滤池系统对官厅水库入库水进行了生物预处理的可行性研究 .综合考察了生物滤池系统内的生化作用机理 ,对地表水中的好氧反硝化进行了探索性研究 ,并在水力负荷为 4m3 (m2 ·h)的情况下取得了 2 9%的脱氮率 .好氧反硝化对于低C N比的地表水进行生物脱氮提供了一种新的思路     

First-trimester maternal serum biochemical indicators in Down syndrome

A set of 21 early maternal serum samples (19 first-trimester and two at 14 weeks) from pregnancies resulting in a child with Down syndrome was matched for gestation and length of storage with 63 samples from unaffected pregnancies. The concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), unconjugated oestriol (uE₃), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), pregnancy-specific β₁–glycoprotein (SP₁), and placental alkaline phosphatase (PALP) were measured. The ratios of the medians for Down syndrome pregnancies compared with the medians for controls were AFP 0·71, uE₃ 0·67, hCG 1·43, SP₁ 0·79, and PALP 0·92. Although the differences between the medians for affected and unaffected pregnancies were not significant, the trends for AFP, uE₃, and hCG confirm earlier findings on first-trimester samples.     

生态水利研究的理论基础与重点领域

生态水利是近些年来涌现出的新兴学科研究领域.论文结合国内外相关研究进展和国家重大需求,总结了生态水利的概念内涵和学科发展特点,从系统理论、二元结构和安全边界角度阐释了生态水利研究的理论基础.在此基础上,进一步从水与生态系统的相互作用、水利工程的长期生态效应、河湖连通与湿地水系网络构建、受损生态系统的恢复、生态需水与生态...     

The ecological basis of boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman) management

The boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman), generally considered to be native to Mexico or Central America, spread into the southern United States of America in the late 1800s and seriously threatened the cotton industry. As there were no effective alternatives, pest control specialists studied the insect's ecology and advocated cultural practices that would disrupt its environment and maximize the benefits of natural biological and environmental controls. An ecologically orientated pest management scheme founded on cultural practices emerged well before suitable chemical control technology became available and allowed farmers to live with the weevil problem.Despite the ingenuity of the early management scheme, it frequently did not provide satisfactory boll weevil control gauged by present standards. Control of the pest thus shifted largely from an ecological to a chemical approach as effective synthetic organic insecticides became available after World War II. The chemical approach was successful for a number of years, but problems of insecticide-resistant strains of pests, secondary pest outbreaks, environmental quality, and increased costs of the insecticides have forced pest control specialists to re-emphasize the nonchemical techniques used widely against the boll weevil before World War II and to revive the ecological approach to weevil management.This article examines boll weevil ecology as related to management of the insect and reviews the status and prospects of ecologically-based weevil management techniques in the United States.     

黑龙江省地质生态环境保护可持续发展问题的探讨

文章从可持续发展的角度出发,分析了黑龙江省主要地质生态环境问题及保护现状;探讨了地质生态环境保护与可持续发展的辩证关系;并为促进本省可持续发展提出了切合实际的环境保护对策.     

Physicochemical and physiological basis of dichromatic colour

Out of three perceptual characteristics of the colour of any substance, the hue depends mostly on the spectral properties of a substance, while the brightness and saturation depend also on the concentration of a substance and its thickness. Here, we report that evident change of the hue of the colour (i.e., from green to red) is due to a change in concentration or the thickness of a layer in some exceptional substances such as pumpkin seed oil or an aqueous solution of bromophenol blue. In some regions of Central Europe, salad dressing is made preferably with the pumpkin seed oil, which has a strong characteristic nut-like taste and remarkable properties of the colour: it appears red in a bottle, but green when served as a salad dressing. The colour of the pumpkin seed oil was previously described as brownish yellow, dark green, dark green to red ochre or dark reddish brown to light yellow green. We elucidated the physicochemical and physiological basis of such dichromatism by Beer-Lambert law and by the characteristics of human colour perception. Our concept was corroborated by the outcome of calculations of colour from spectral properties using colour matching functions. We found that dichromatism is observed if the absorption spectrum of any substance has at least two local minima: one wide but shallow and one narrow but deep local minimum.     

Magnetic compass orientation in birds and its physiological basis

A current model suggests that magnetoreception of compass information starts with light-dependent primary processes. Light-dependency of magnetoreception is supported by behavioral experiments with homing pigeons and caged migratory birds. Three passerine species showed normal orientation under dim monochromatic light from the blue-green range of the spectrum, while they were disoriented under yellow and red light. A sevenfold increase in intensity and pre-exposure to specific wavelengths caused changes in behavior. The behavioral data indicate a complex relationship between the wavelength of light and magnetoreception, suggesting the involvement of more than one type of receptors. Extracellular recordings from the nucleus of the basal optic root and the tectum opticum identified units that responded to changes in magnetic North. Each unit showed a peak in a distinct spatial direction, so that the input of these units, processed collectively and integrated, would indicate compass directions.     

厦门海域僧帽牡蛎生化指标与有机污染物的相关性

研究了厦门海域4个地点的僧帽牡蛎(Ostreacucullata)全组织中有机氯农药(HCHs、DDTs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)的总含量及其与消化腺的总SOD、GSH、总抗氧化能力、MDA、EROD和GST活性(含量)之间的关系.结果表明,采自大嶝岛的牡蛎全组织HCHs含量最高;采自集美的牡蛎全组织DDTs和PCBs含量最高.消化腺总SOD活性、总抗氧化能力均随着组织内有机物含量的增加而减少,呈现一定的负相关性.EROD活性与DDTs和PCBs含量呈现很好的相关性,对于指示海洋中有机氯农药和多氯联苯类物质污染程度有着较好的应用前景.