北方某市娱乐性湖水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的污染状况

为探究中国娱乐性湖水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫(简称"两虫")的污染现状,以便为环境卫生和水质部门的管理提供科学依据,于2015年6—11月采集北方某城市成熟公园A、于2014年3—12月采集在建公园B水源水,采用沉淀法浓缩、蔗糖密度梯度分离纯化、免疫荧光染色、显微镜检查的方法对水样中"两虫"进行检测。结果发现:公园A湖水各采样点均有"两虫"检出,贾第鞭毛虫包囊平均浓度为1.05～1.31个/L,隐孢子虫卵囊平均浓度为0.33～0.36个/L;公园B补给水源中贾第鞭毛虫包囊平均浓度为28.00个/L,隐孢子虫卵囊平均浓度为7.89个/L。补给水源的不同是导致娱乐性湖水中"两虫"包(卵)囊浓度差异的主要原因。     

隐孢子虫病及其水媒传播控制

隐孢子虫通过水媒传播疾病已引起世界各国广泛关注。本文对隐孢子虫及隐孢子虫病的发生、流行病学特点、症状和影响进行了综合评述 ;介绍了隐孢子虫的采集和检测方法、剂量 反应模式 ,以为供水管理部门提供制定隐孢子虫水质标准的依据 ;重点介绍了国外去除水中隐孢子虫的方法 ;简要分析了隐孢子虫病的爆发原因 ;提出了防止和减少隐孢子虫病爆发的基本对策。     

净水厂滤池反冲洗水回用的贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的泄漏问题研究

采用美国EPA1623方法,研究滤池反冲洗水回用的贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫泄漏问题.通过检测某水厂原水、出厂水和滤池反冲洗水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫数量,表明该厂水源未受到贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的污染,但输送过程易造成水质的污染.滤池反冲洗水中只检出贾第鞭毛虫,出厂水中未检出贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫,说明该厂滤池反冲洗水直接回用未造成＂两虫＂泄漏问题.     

净水厂滤池反冲洗水回用的贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的泄漏问题研究

采用美国EPA1623方法,研究滤池反冲洗水回用的贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫泄漏问题.通过检测某水厂原水、出厂水和滤池反冲洗水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫数量,表明该厂水源未受到贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的污染,但输送过程易造成水质的污染.滤池反冲洗水中只检出贾第鞭毛虫,出厂水中未检出贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫,说明该厂滤池反冲洗水直接回用未造成"两虫"泄漏问题.     

纳米TiO2光催化降解硝基酚类污染物动力学及机理的研究

采用纳米TiO₂(P25)粉末作为催化剂,研究了几种典型硝基取代酚在TiO₂/UV悬浮体系下的光催化降解。研究表明,这些化合物的降解过程符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学方程,其表观速率常数(k_app)的大小为：2-氨基-4硝基酚（2-A,4-NP）＞4-硝基酚（4-NP）＞2-硝基酚（2-NP）＞3-硝基酚（3-NP）＞2,4-二硝基酚（2,4-DNP）＞2,4,6-三硝基酚（2,4,6-TNP）,而吸附平衡常数(KL)却与k_app成反比。苯环上取代基的种类和数目对有机物光催化降解活性有很大的影响,硝基的加入降低了光催化活性,并且k_app与Hammett常数（σ）具有较好的线性关系。     

磷酸法制备杏核壳活性炭及对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附

利用饮料厂废弃杏核壳制备活性炭,对含Cr（Ⅵ）废水进行吸附实验研究,达到废物资源化的目的。介绍了活性炭制备过程,用电镜观察活性炭的形貌,并测得碘吸附值为1 354 mg/g。研究杏核壳活性炭吸附含Cr（Ⅵ）废水结果显示,当吸附时间为3 h、溶液pH为3、吸附温度25℃时,活性炭饱和吸附量达12.5 mg/g,有效去除废水中Cr（Ⅵ）。杏核壳活性炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）符合Langmuir吸附模型（R² =0.9944）和Freundlich模型（R² =0.9462）。对Cr（Ⅵ）的动态去除率可达99.68%。     

厌氧污泥对间二氯苯的吸附性能简

为了研究灭活厌氧污泥和活性厌氧污泥对间二氯苯 （m-DCB）的吸附,考察了吸附平衡时间、吸附动力学、吸附等温线、吸附热力学、污泥投加量和pH对吸附m-DCB的影响。结果表明,2种污泥对m-DCB的吸附在1 h内达到平衡。应用伪一级、伪二级反应动力学对实验数据进行验证,表明厌氧污泥吸附m-DCB更符合伪二级反应动力学模型。2种污泥对m-DCB的吸附都可以用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型拟合,但Langmuir吸附模型的拟合结果要好于Freundlich模型,且活性厌氧污泥的吸附性能显著高于灭活厌氧污泥。从吸附热力学上看,该吸附为放热反应,低温有利于吸附反应的进行。pH值对2种污泥吸附m-DCB的影响很小。     

污泥膨胀状态下原生动物群落结构分析

系统研究了丝状菌膨胀与非丝状菌膨胀2种典型污泥状态下原生动物的群落结构特征及其演变规律。伴随丝状菌的大量增殖,原生动物总量相应减少,匍匐型纤毛虫及有壳类肉足虫数量迅速上升,占据明显的优势地位,典型原生动物为斜管虫（Chilodonella sp.）、小轮毛虫（Trochilia minuta）以及匣壳虫（Centropyxis sp.）;非丝状菌污泥膨胀对原生动物总量及种群结构影响较小,伴随粘性菌胶团的大量出现,各功能类群的比例变化较小,但原生动物总量持续增加,其中菌食性纤毛虫呈线性增加,典型原生动物为钟虫（Vorticella sp.）。     

西安市大气中多环芳烃的季节变化及健康风险评价

对西安市2009年6月-2010年5月空气中的总悬浮颗粒（TSP）和气态样品进行了连续采样,利用GC—MS对16种PAHs进行分析。∑PAHs浓度（气相＋颗粒相）范围为39．93～1032．46ng／m^3,平均值为197．34ng／m^3;其中,冬季大气中∑PAHs浓度最大,相对浓度的范围为31．21％～72．98％,而夏季的浓度最小;检测出16种2～6环的PAHs,其中以3—4环为主。利用特征分子比值法和因子分析进行源解析,发现研究区PAHs的主要来源为燃煤和机动车尾气排放。通过苯并（a）芘（BaP）等效毒性（BEQ）和苯并（a）芘等效致癌浓度（BaPE）进行健康风险评价,结果显示,西安大气中PAHs的毒性具有明显的季节差异,特别是秋季和冬季大气中PAHs对人类的健康存在较大的潜在威胁。     

三维荧光联合气相色谱/质谱快速溢油鉴别技术研究

通过一个具体溢油事例的研究,提出了通过三维荧光联合气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)进行海面溢油鉴别的方法。采用三维荧光指纹信息(谱图形状、荧光特征峰位置、荧光特征峰强度)对14个可疑溢油源样品进行筛选,排除了13个可疑溢油源样品后,再利用GC/MS方法对溢油样品以及剩余可疑溢油源样品中难降解的生物标志化合物(饱和链烷烃、萜烷、甾烷、多环芳烃)进行分析,计算相应的诊断比值并采用"重复性限"方法进行溢油样品和可疑溢油源样品的鉴别分析。结果表明,溢油样品与其中的一个可疑溢油源样品一致,为同一来源;采用三维荧光联合GC/MS进行海面溢油鉴别,既可保证鉴别的准确性,又可大幅度减少检测工作量,缩短鉴定周期。     

Detection of infectious parasites in reclaimed water.

The presence of infectious protozoan pathogens in reclaimed water may present an unacceptable health risk. This study was designed similar to a study reported by Garcia et al. (2002), which detected no infectious Giardia cysts in the final effluent of a tertiary treatment facility as determined by animal infectivity (dose 1000 cysts/gerbil). This study also included evaluation of Cryptosporidium oocyst infectivity. Infectious Giardia cysts were detected in the final effluent with 1 gerbil out of 3 inoculated with 250 cysts from reclaimed water showing signs of infection 15 days postinoculation. None of the Cryptosporidium oocysts concentrated from the reclaimed water samples appeared to be infectious.     

The impact of the waterborne transmission of Toxoplasma gondii and analysis efforts for water detection: an overview and update

The ubiquitous protozoa Toxoplasma gondii is now the subject of renewed interest, due to the spread of oocysts via water causing waterborne outbreaks of toxoplasmosis in different parts of the world. This overview discusses the different methods for detection of Toxoplasma in drinking and environmental water. It includes a combination of conventional and molecular tools for effective oocyst recovery and detection in water sources as well as factors hindering the detection of this parasite and shedding light on a promising new molecular assay for the diagnosis of Toxoplasma in environmental samples. Hopefully, this attempt will facilitate future approaches for better recovery, concentration, and detection of Toxoplasma oocysts in environmental waters.     

Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in sediment and biosolids by immunomagnetic separation.

A method for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in sediment and wastewater biosolids has been developed using immunomagnetic separation kits that were designed for use with water. This method requires no pretreatment of the sediment or biosolids samples before the commercial kit application. Oocyst recovery efficiencies from sediment and biosolids using the modified Dynal (Lake Success, New York) and Crypto-Scan commercial methods (Immucell Corporation, Portland, Maine) ranged from 20 to 60%. While the sensitivity of the method is dependent on the amount of sediment processed and the equivalent volume examined under the microscope, it was able to detect 0.48 oocysts per gram dry weight sediment. Using this method, Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were found at levels as high as 97 oocysts/g of primary biosolids and at levels up to 4 oocysts/g in polluted sediment.     

常规水处理厂中小隐孢子虫卵囊的去除效果

介绍了小隐孢子虫卵囊的特点及其对人体的危害,分析了pH、混凝剂种类与投加量、电导率和天然有机物含量等对小隐孢子虫卵囊的Zeta电位的影响,总结了混凝-沉淀-过滤和直接过滤对小隐孢子虫卵囊的去除效果,探讨了水温、水质、混凝剂种类与投加量、滤料层组成和滤速等对去除效果的影响.     

常规水处理厂中小隐孢子虫卵囊的去除效果

介绍了小隐孢子虫卵囊的特点及其对人体的危害，分析了pH、混凝剂种类与投加量、电导率和天然有机物含量等对小隐孢子虫卵囊的Zeta电位的影响，总结了混凝－沉淀－过滤和直接过滤对小隐孢子虫卵囊的去除效果，探讨了水温、水质、混凝剂种类与投加量、滤料层组成和滤速等对去除效果的影响。     

游泳池中隐孢子虫卵囊替代物的去除

隐孢子虫是常见的球状寄生虫。接触含有隐孢子虫卵囊的水体可致隐孢子虫病,主要的临床表现为腹泻,严重者可致死。游泳池是主要的传播场所。采用容积为5 500 L的游泳池,进行隐孢子虫卵囊替代物的修复模拟实验,研究在游泳池条件下絮凝沙滤技术对直径为4.5μm隐孢子虫卵囊替代物的去除效果。实验结果表明,氯化铝剂量为0.1 mg/L,沙滤料高度为30 cm,内循环流速为11.5 L/min,对隐孢子虫卵囊替代物去除率在90%以上。该技术对浊度具有较好的处理效果,当进水浊度降低且接近于出水浊度时,系统进入稳定运行阶段,对虫卵囊替代物去除率可以达到96%。     

Alternative immunofluorescent labeling of Cryptosporidium parvum in water samples using semiconductor quantum dots

The application of immunofluorescent labeling using quantum dots for detection of inactivated Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in spiked water samples (reservoir water, treated wastewater effluent, permeate of a membrane bioreactor, and tap water) provided more consistent results compared with the organic fluorophores label. The varying degree of particles present in the different water samples (with turbidity ranging from 0.2 to 6.1 NTU) in nonconcentrated water samples had insignificant interference on the labeled counts (2-sample t-tests, p > 0.236) using the quantum dot label, while the quantum dot label provided an advantage of approximately 50% lower interference in concentrated water samples compared with the organic fluorophores label.     

Determination of polychlorinated dibenzofurans in surface water by means of liquid chromatography using on-line sample preconcentration and different spectroscopic detection techniques

Three different spectroscopic techniques, UV absorbance, fluorescence and sensitized room temperature phosphorescence are examined for the detection of polychlorinated dibenzofurans. A pre-column enrichment step is used prior to reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation. The fluorescence detection mode offers the best sensitivity and selectivity but UV detection in combination with pre-column technology provides also a powerful means for trace analysis of the dibenzofurans. The method presented allows the determination of ppt-ppb concentration levels in polluted surface waters with good recoveries and reproducibility.     

Construction and comparison of fluorescence and bioluminescence bacterial biosensors for the detection of bioavailable toluene and related compounds

Environmental pollution with petroleum products such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) has garnered increasing awareness because of its serious consequences for human health and the environment. We have constructed toluene bacterial biosensors comprised of two reporter genes, gfp and luxCDABE, characterized by green fluorescence and luminescence, respectively, and compared their abilities to detect bioavailable toluene and related compounds. The bacterial luminescence biosensor allowed faster and more-sensitive detection of toluene; the fluorescence biosensor strain was much more stable and thus more applicable for long-term exposure. Both luminescence and fluorescence biosensors were field-tested to measure the relative bioavailability of BTEX in contaminated groundwater and soil samples. The estimated BTEX concentrations determined by the luminescence and fluorescence bacterial biosensors were closely comparable to each other. Our results demonstrate that both bacterial luminescence and fluorescence biosensors are useful in determining the presence and the bioavailable fractions of BTEX in the environment.