第二届持久性有毒化学污染物国际研讨会

持久性有毒污染物(Persistent Toxic Substances，PTS)是一类具有很强的毒性，在环境中难降解，可远距离传输，并随食物链在动物和人体中累积、放大，具有内分泌干扰特性的污染物．由于PTS对人体健康和环境的长期影响，目前已经受到各国际环境保护组织，各国政府和全世界环境科学家的关注，     

影响采矿的国际协定及方针

许多环境问题具有广阔的范围——不管是它们的影响或是它们需要处理的方法——因此只有行动的一个协同措施才可能有效．诸如气候变化及生物多样性之类的全球问题是真正具有世界重要性问题的两个例子．当使用贸易限制来减轻环境影响,如废物的跨境倾倒时,又只有全球行动才能解决这一问题。 国际环境协定,有时也称作多边环境协议（ＭＥＡ）,由各国的国际社区开发建立,它负责处理我们环境宣言这一全球论题．我们经济及社会结构全球化程度的增加导致了环境保护的大量类似的全球手段,虽然这些手段中很少有在文字上仅仅用于采矿工业,但是其…     

志愿举措:改善环境表现和有助于实现可持续性

近５年来,工业界和各国政府日益增多地使用志愿思路与举措,作为一种改善环境表现和有助于实现可持续性的政策工具．其范围从各家公司承诺要实现超越现行法规的环境目标,到行业协会在国家或国际层次上单方面实行行为规范,乃至政府与公司、公司集团或工业部门之间关于环...     

可供选择的发展模式：可持续工业化机遇

有必要加强跨国及各国政府、商业界和文明社会之间的协同与合作．本文深入思考了可持续消费与生产的认知与观念能够如何有助于最有效的集中行动，为从开始就更一体化的环境和社会（以及经济）发展开辟机遇，鼓励能使发达国家和发展中国家双赢的双边、多边和多种利益相关者的协同与合作．     

旅游新闻

旅游新闻体育与环境－－完美的匹配奥林匹克运动会和一般体育比赛的魅力使它们成为传播环境信息的理想载体．因此，联合国环境署和国际奥林匹克委员会１９９４年７月以极大的热情签署了不仅在今后的奥运会上而且也在其它国际体育比赛中促进环境保护的合作协议．正如联合国...     

可持续发展与采矿工业中不断演化的环境保护议程

为了实现甚至最广泛接受的环境保护原则，也需要适当的政府结构和工业结构．本文给出了与采矿工业有关的实例，尽管行为有所改善，但采矿工业需要继续采取进一步的步骤才能充分容纳可持续发展概念和这个三重底线，采矿工业对“做正确之事”的承诺是环境保护的最为重要的事，这在过去往往是一个促动因素 现在，做正确的事给采矿工业融入了一个三重目标，要在运动中实现环境保护，社会可接受性和经济效益．     

石油工业对气候变化的反应：国际石油工业环境保护协会全球气候变化工作组的作用

国际石油工业环境保护协会（ＩＰＩＥＣＡ）于１９８８年设立了全球气候变化工作组，以协调各成员了解全球气候变化问题的努力、促进对教育与研究的支持和充当开展国际活动的联络点．该工作组已开展了一系列活动，包括研讨会和工作会议．１９９３年的气候变化社会经济评价里斯本专家工作会议，是工业界专家和参与政府间气候变化专家委员会１９９５年第二份评价报告编制的、专家之间交流的最新ＩＰＩＥＣＡ论坛本文介绍了这次工作会议。     

意向书关于清洁生产合作──新的环境管理战略

意向书关于清洁生产合作──新的环境管理战略可持续工业发展是出席１９９２年里约地球高峰会议的国家承认的最重要建议之一．《２１世纪议程》第３０章要求各国政府、工业界和商业界认识恰当环境管理在实现世界均衡发展方面的重要性，并给予高度优先．作为一种战略：建议...     

气象气候学课程改革与环境教育研究

随着经济的繁荣和人类社会的发展,诸多环境问题也相继出现．解决环境问题的根本措施是加强环境教育,使人们树立正确的环境观和环境民族心理．气象气候学是研究大气环境与全球气候形成与变化的科学,在大气环境保护教育与改善全球气候教育中起着不可替代的作用．通过课程内容改革与教学方法创新,加强环境教育,既利于师范生树立大气环境保护意识,又利于他们走上工作岗位后教育中小学生保护大气环境．参7．     

环境管理工具：事实与数学

环境管理工具：事实与数学引言为了成本有效地改善工业环境表现，各国政府、工业界、非政府组织以及这些群体之间的新伙伴正在发展新的环境概念、政策和管理系统．已经发展了寿命周期分析等新工具．其中一些工具仍有待充分界定．像风险评价和成本效益分析这样一些较老的工...     

中国生物多样性重点保护区评价标准探讨

从基于景观大尺度的评价和基于保护区域小尺度的评价2个层次,综述了国内外研究者在生物多样性重点区域评价方面开展的工作.尝试构建一般标准和鉴定标准的双重中国生物多样性重点保护区评价标准.其中,一般标准是作为重点保护区的基本条件,必须全部满足,而鉴定标准是依据相应指标进行判断,凡具有任意1项或多项指标的区域可被确认为重点保护区.并就指标体系和评价标准的具体内涵作了阐述.     

Beijing environmental sustainable development from 1983 to 2003

Ever since the Earth Summit was launched at Rio de Janeiro, research has been done on the problems of developing indices for the health of the environment and for its sustainable development. However, this research has concentrated more on national and regional levels than on local levels, more on spatial comparisons than on time series analysis, more on short-term than on long-time analysis, more on qualitative than on quantitative analysis. In contrast, therefore, this paper presents an indicator system procedure for measuring Beijing (the capital of China) environmental sustainability based on the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) philosophy, evaluates the trend of Beijing environmental sustainability index (BESI) quantitatively for 21 years, from 1983 to 2003, and suggests three great opportunities in the near future that are expected to provide some dependable information to policy makers. The results suggest that Beijing is still far from environmental sustainable development. The total trend was better in the 1980s than in the 1990s, and has improved slightly since 2000.     

The sands of Forvie (Scotland): A case study in geomorphology and conservational management

The Sands of Forvie, National Nature Reserve, Scotland is a complex coastal sand dune system which is associated with the dynamic estuary of the River Ythan. The dune system has developed over more than 5000 years. The south part is a peninsula of dunes, sand hills, sand arcs, erosion and deflation surfaces. The north part is superimposed on a rock plateau with a cliff coastline. This plateau is covered in glacial deposits and is essentially an upland heath landscape. Some of the best examples of large active parabolic dunes in Britain are found in North Forvie. The sequence of geomorphic development is described. As a nature reserve with a rich ecology it has been managed for conservational purposes since 1960s. As such it is an excellent case study of how conservational management has changed to become more flexible and more aware of the importance of dynamic processes.     

The sands of Forvie (Scotland): A case study in geomorphology and conservational management

The Sands of Forvie, National Nature Reserve, Scotland is a complex coastal sand dune system which is associated with the dynamic estuary of the River Ythan. The dune system has developed over more than 5000 years. The south partis a peninsula of dunes, sandhills, sand arcs, erosion and deflation surfaces. The north part is superimposed on a rock plateau with a cliff coastline. This plateau is covered in glacial deposits and is essentially an upland heath landscape. Some of the best examples of large active parabolic dunes in Britain are found in North Forvie. The sequence of geomorphic development is described. As a nature reserve with a rich ecology it has been managed for conservational purposes since 1960s. As such it is an excellent case study of how conservational management has changed to become more flexible and more aware of the importance of dynamic processes.     

Interpretation bodennaher Ozonkonzentrationen für die gesundheitliche Bewertung

Stable sunny weather conditions with photochemical smog situations have appeared more frequently during the last few summers in Germany. This became more and more attentive to the public as well as those involved in environment and health politics have recently become more and more attentive to this situation. Meanwhile, a problem of misunderstanding has grown through the use data consisting of different mean values for the interpretation of the ozone health impact on man. The false conception that ozone concentrations measured in rural sites are principally higher than those of inner-city sites has frequently dominated. Using selected examples, this article serves to contribute a better understanding and interpretation of ambient ozone concentrations as related to health impact assessment. The analyses are focused on comparisons between inner-city and rural measurements concerning short-term maximum ozone concentrations, as well as on the problems of selecting air monitoring stations which are appropriate for the ozone exposure and risk assessment.     

土地整理的区域生态环境影响评价研究

开展土地整理是协调人地关系、实现耕地保护目标的重要途径之一。由于土地整理是对土地资源及其利用方式的再组织和再优化过程,是一项复杂的系统工程,其整理过程改变了地表生态系统,必然对生态环境造成影响。近年来,土地整理项目对所在区域产生的生态环境影响日益受到关注和重视。从生态学的角度来看,土地整理的实施必然产生相应的生态环境效应,对项目区及其背景区域的水资源、土壤、植被、大气、生物等环境要素及其生态过程产生诸多直接或间接、有利或有害的影响。综观当前的研究现状,对于这些影响尚缺乏定量化的评价标准、指标及方法。针对该领域的研究现状及应用需要,该文以生态学理论为基础,在特定的时空范围内,从生态系统层次上建立起由生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数、水网密度指数、土地侵蚀指数、土地适宜性指数组成的评价指标体系,确定了各项评价指标的详细内容及计算方法,在此基础上采用指数和法构建了生态环境状况指数（EI）模型,并制定了相应的评价标准。通过计算土地整理项目实施前后的EI进行比较分析,为定量化评价土地整理项目的区域生态环境影响提供了依据。该文结合山东宁阳县的土地整理实践进行了评价应用和检验,取得了较为理想的结果。该研究为土地整理区域生态环境影响的定量化评价进行了有益的探索。     

两种常见沉水植物与藻的相互作用

选用太湖常见的沉水植物苦草(VallisneriaspiralisL.)和轮叶黑藻(HydrillaverticillataRoyle),构建微型生态系统。通过对沉水植物作用下水体中藻类叶绿素a及试验前后沉水植物生物量变化的观测,分析沉水植物与藻类的相互作用。结果表明,(1)相同条件下,苦草和轮叶黑藻对藻类变化的影响没有显著差异。(2)在苦草生物量相同的情况下,藻类叶绿素a初始值越大,其变化速率也越快。叶绿素a初始值差别越大,其变化速率差异越显著。轮叶黑藻也有相似的结果。(3)从试验前后苦草和轮叶黑藻生物量的变化可知,苦草受藻类影响较大,轮叶黑藻几乎没有受到藻的影响。     

中国生物入侵的生态分布

生物入侵已被列为当今世界最为棘手的三大环境难题(生物入侵、全球气候变化和生境破坏)之一。文章阐述了我国生物入侵的现状，以时间和地理区域为尺度，初步探讨了生物入侵的生态分布特征。指出其特征是：生物入侵对生物多样性造成重大影响，入侵生物的数量逐年增加，具有时间动态性；生物入侵的分布具有纬度地带性规律，纬度越低生物入侵的现象越严重；入侵生物的数量具有地理区域性。     

有机固体废弃物在持续农业中的资源化利用

有机固体废弃物产生量巨大且成分复杂,其对环境的污染已越来越多地引起人们的关注.它含有大量营养成分和有机质,在农业生产上除可以满足作物生长对养分的需要外,其丰富的有机质含量还可以改善土壤的物理化学性状,培肥土壤,有利于农业的可持续发展.有机固体废弃物的农业资源化处理利用是最积极有效的措施之一.     

Social grouping and maternal behaviour in feral horses (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Equus caballus</Emphasis>): the influence of males on maternal protectiveness

The risk of infant injury or mortality influences maternal behaviour, particularly protectiveness. Mares are found in bands with a single stallion or bands with more than one stallion in which paternity is less certain. We investigated maternal behaviour in relation to band type. Mares in bands with more than one stallion were more protective of their foals, particularly when stallions and foals approached one another. The rate of aggression between the stallion and foal was a significant predictor of maternal protectiveness, and mare protectiveness was significantly correlated with reduced reproductive success in the subsequent year. Mares that changed band types with a foal at foot, or had their band type experimentally altered, were more protective of their foal in multi-stallion bands than they were in single-stallion bands. Equids are unusual amongst ungulates in that infanticide and feticide have been reported. Both occur where paternity has been uncertain, and equid social structure is similar to other species in which infanticide has been reported. Stallions benefit from infanticide as the mare has greater reproductive success in the subsequent year. Stallion aggression is a significant modifier of mare behaviour and maternal effort, probably due to the risk of infanticide.