基于重要性-绩效性分析法的绿道满意度调查研究

随着经济的发展,城市化进程加快,城市面临着人口剧增、交通拥堵等一系列问题,人们渴望在城市内拥有更多的绿色空间,绿道的出现一定程度上满足了人们的游憩需求。目前,对绿道的研究基本停留在经验的介绍、绿道规划建设和绿道网络评价等方面,而对绿道使用者特征和满意度研究较少。文章采用资料收集、实地考察和问卷调查等方法,对增城绿道游客的人口学特征和行为特征进行研究,研究表明:增城绿道游客的男女比例相对均衡,年龄主要集中在22~40岁之间,主要以家庭出游、学生团体出游为主,外地游客占总数接近一半,游客得知增城绿道的信息途径主要是亲朋好友推荐,游客到达增城绿道的方式主要是自驾游和自行车,游客对增城绿道的满意度及推荐意愿均很高。结合广东增城绿道的特点,确定了影响增城绿道满意度的20个因子,运用重要性-绩效性分析法(IPA分析法)对增城绿道满意度进行了实证研究,结果表明增城绿道管理中需优先解决的事项有便捷的公共交通、沿线垃圾桶的设置、沿线公共厕所的设置、沿线治安管理、沿线急救服务、道路的宽度和道路的安全性,并建议从完善公共交通系统与交通信息发布、加强绿道服务设施建设、注重安全管理的宣传等3个方面改进增城绿道服务水平。     

福州国家森林公园游客游览状况与其心理健康的关系

以福州国家森林公园为例,调查了公园游客在游览中的偏好和习惯,并结合其心境状况指标(POMS),分析了不同游览偏好与心境状况的关系。结果表明:超过60%的游客喜欢在春季游览森林公园;至少每月游览1～2次对身心健康有益,且每次游览的时间至少在2h以上为最佳;居住地距离福州国家森林公园0.5km以内的游客,心理健康状况显著优于距离0.5km以上的游客;愿意游览森林公园的游客其心理健康状况显著优于不愿意或无所谓的游客。最后,根据调查结果,对游客使用森林公园的方式以及公园管理等方面提出了建议。     

应用POE方法对衡阳市四大公园使用状况的调查研究

通过问卷调查等方式对衡阳市最具代表的四大免费公园使用者的基本信息、行为规律及其对各绿地的总体印象等进行系统的POE分析,在此基础上提出改造策略与建议,旨在为"以人为本"的公园绿地空间设计提供依据,为提高衡阳市公园绿地的服务质量和管理水平提供理论参考.     

旅游干扰对西藏林芝巨柏林的影响

为研究西藏林芝巴结巨柏自然保护区开展旅游活动后巨柏的生长状况及游客行为,通过实地调查和问卷调查,首先对保护区内游客行为特征进行研究,发现其旅游活动相对集中于较短的时间范围和景区入口处,旅游活动单一.其次,由于保护区开展旅游活动已有较长的时间,结合游客的行为特征,对区内旅游干扰进行了调查.进行保护区土壤调查时将保护区划分为四个样区,并在每个区域内设置对照采样点,对保护区内不同样区的游道两侧不同距离的土壤硬度、含水率、容重及pH值进行了测定和分析,发现随旅游干扰强度的增加,土壤的物理、化学性质发生了相应的变化.同时,将保护区沿主要游道划分为三个样区,调查巨柏受伤害状况,发现游客活动频繁的区域,巨柏受伤害的可能性越大且受刻画等级越高.最后探讨了土壤理化性质、巨柏受伤害程度的变化趋势与旅游干扰强度关系.     

基于景观生态学的天目湖湿地公园规划

通过野外调查和利用1∶1000、1∶10000地形图作GIS判读分析,以景观生态学原理为指导,对天目湖湿地公园进行规划。在将天目湖湿地划分成平坦开阔区、岛山、浅冲和廊道4类斑块基础上,以保护和利用湿地资源,发挥廊道的生态功能,突出绿斑、蓝带、开敞空间的整合为规划控制思路,对规划出的水生花卉园、湖滨生态园、平桥河生态廊道、芦苇园、林岛园、"双龙"入湖生态景观带以及生态产业和生态人居园7类用地布局作了描述。     

基于景观生态学的天目湖湿地公园规划

通过野外调查和利用1：1000、1：10000地形图作GIS判读分析，以景观生态学原理为指导，对天目湖湿地公园进行规划。在将天目湖湿地划分成平坦开阔区、岛山、浅冲和廊道4类斑块基础上，以保护和利用湿地资源，发挥廊道的生态功能，突出绿斑、蓝带、开敞空间的整合为规划控制思路，对规划出的水生花卉园、湖滨生态园、平桥河生态廊道、芦苇园、林岛园、“双龙”入湖生态景观带以及生态产业和生态人居园7类用地布局作了描述。     

农村生活垃圾集中处理的农户认知与行为响应:以治理情境为调节变量

农户既是农村生活垃圾污染的制造者和受害者,同时也是污染治理的主要受益者,这一多重身份使得研究农户参与生活垃圾集中处理的行为机理具有重要意义。基于福建省270位农户的调查数据,利用层次回归模型分析农村生活垃圾集中处理中农户心理认知与其行为响应的关系,并引入治理情境作为调节变量,分析治理情境对农户的心理认知-处理行为关系的调节效应。研究结果表明:(1)农村生活垃圾处理中农户的行为态度对其垃圾分类、处理费支付以及定点倾倒行为均具有显著的正向影响,而主观规范仅对垃圾处理费支付与定点倾倒等集体性质行为具有显著正向影响。(2)治理情境因素中的生活垃圾处理设施清理频率在农户心理认知与3类处理行为之间均起到正向调节作用,农户住房到垃圾处理设施距离对处理费支付行为和定点倾倒行为具有显著负向调节作用,而对垃圾分类行为具有显著正向调节作用。生活垃圾收集设施数量对处理费支付行为和定点倾倒行为具有正向调节作用,对生活垃圾分类行为不具有调节作用。     

上海城市公园灰尘重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

通过对上海城市公园灰尘重金属含量的调查,发现上海城市公园灰尘重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd和Ni含量的平均值分别为416.63 mg/kg、906.29 mg/kg2、35.89 mg/kg1、62.59 mg/kg1、.58 mg/kg和92.19 mg/kg,同上海市土壤环境背景值相比,均处于较高的积累水平。公园灰尘重金属空间上的分布特征表现为:内外环线之间公园灰尘各重金属元素含量平均值均高于内环线内公园;通过分析判定公园灰尘中较高的重金属含量可能主要源于交通和工业造成的污染。运用潜在生态危害指数法来评价上海城市公园灰尘重金属污染状况,发现单种重金属造成的潜在生态危害表现为:Cd>Pb>Cu>Ni>Zn>Cr;公园灰尘6种重金属潜在生态危害达到一个相当高的水平,在所调查的公园中,63.6%的公园灰尘重金属生态危害达到极高水平,29.5%的公园达到高水平,6.8%的公园处于较高水平。     

上海市公园绿地常见落叶树木叶片汞浓度时空特征及环境意义

植物叶片汞浓度与大气气态单质汞(GEM/Hg0)浓度的线性关系表明叶片汞浓度大小可用于指示植物生长区内GEM浓度的高低水平.通过分析上海市绿地公园(25座)中常见落叶树木樱花、水杉、法桐叶片汞浓度的时空变化特征,探究区域内GEM含量水平及分布特征.2017年5-10月对7座公园中这3种树木叶汞浓度进行连续监测,结果显示...     

中心城区公园绿地服务能力综合评价：模型与案例

公园绿地作为城市绿地系统中的重要组成部分,是城市典型开敞空间和居民重要的游憩场所,对维护城市生态、加强市民间交往有着重要意义。当前中国公园绿地服务能力的评价存在指标与视角单一等不足。针对这一情况,文章以广州市越秀区为例,尝试构建一种综合的、多视角的评价模型,该模型基于可达性、绿地本身质量及服务人口数据来尝试构建综合评价模型,对公园绿地服务能力进行综合评价。结果表明,(1)动态人群使用率回归模型能较好反映研究区公园绿地服务能力等级特征,整体分布具有异质性规律,高值区包括区域中部的中山纪念堂、人民公园及烈士陵园,低值区包括西南部二沙岛的广州发展公园、传祺公园、宏城公园及二沙岛体育公园。(2)耦合静态人口加权的综合评价结果中,高值区占比30.07%,低值占比70.1%;存在3个高值中心,为中山纪念堂、人民公园和流花湖公园;其中低值中最低的占比最多,高达31%。(3)综合评价模型中,越秀区公园绿地服务能力等级空间分布发生变化,等级由区域中心圈层扩散变为自西向东自由扩散分布,整体公园绿地服务能力降低。(4)人口数据从动态短期实际人流量和静态居住人口来表达服务综合人群的能力,并利用空间句法进行空间可达性分析,使结果更具预测性、有效性。综上,综合服务模型的构建为公园绿地服务水平研究提供了新的视角、手段和支撑数据,为相关研究提供理论参考;研究成果可为越秀区未来增量绿地分布的优质区域提供依据,有助于优化绿地综合布局,提高有限绿地资源的使用效率,为城市规划、政府决策提供参考。     

Changing Species Richness and Composition in Canadian National Parks

Abstract: Canada's national parks and their surrounding areas differ markedly in size, climate, vegetation, and extent of human development. We tested the extent to which total species richness, native species richness, and the number of extirpations and introductions of terrestrial vertebrates were correlated with each of these factors. To do this, we used surveys of park fauna from the present and from the time of park establishment. Richness, extirpations, and introductions were all strongly related to climate. After we controlled for climate, smaller parks had higher rates of species loss than larger parks. Land-use patterns (forest cover and fragmentation, roads, etc.) within parks were strongly correlated with land use in the regions surrounding the parks, showing that parks have not been isolated from regional development. Richness and extirpations within parks were generally more strongly related to regional characteristics than to the characteristics of the parks themselves. Species richness and numbers of introduced species were higher in parks found in landscapes with greater fragmentation. Frequencies of extirpations were less clearly related to human-influenced habitat characteristics. Introductions and extinctions most often involved game species or species directly associated with human activities. There is little evidence of subtle ecological effects being responsible for species loss. Our results suggest that management should focus on direct human interventions, such as hunting, introduction of game species, and habitat fragmentation, in parks and surrounding areas.     

Effects of law enforcement and community outreach on mammal diversity in a biodiversity hotspot

Management activities such as law enforcement and community outreach are thought to affect conservation outcomes in protected areas, but their importance relative to intrinsic environmental characteristics of the parks and extrinsic human pressures surrounding the parks have not been explored. Furthermore, it is not clear which is more related to conservation outcomes—the management itself or local people's perceptions of the management. We measured objective (reports by park staff) and subjective (reports by local people) levels of community outreach and law enforcement based on responses to 374 questionnaires. We estimated mammal abundance and diversity of 6 protected areas based on data from 115 camera traps in Xishuangbanna, southwest China, a biodiversity hotspot with high hunting and land-conversion pressures. We then examined correlations among them and found that local people's perception of law enforcement was positively related to the local abundance of 2 large, hunted species, wild boar (Sus scrofa) (β = 15.22) and muntjac (Muntiacus vaginalis) (β = 14.82), but not related to the abundance of smaller mammals or to objective levels of enforcement. The subjective frequency of outreach by park staff to local communities (β = 3.42) and park size (β = 3.28) were significantly and positively related to mammal species richness, whereas elevation, human population density, and subjective frequency of law enforcement were not. We could not conclude that community outreach and law enforcement were directly causing increased mammal abundance and diversity. Nevertheless, the patterns we detected are some of the first empirical evidence consistent with the idea that biodiversity in protected areas may be more positively and strongly related to local perceptions of the intensity of park management than to either intrinsic (e.g., elevation, park size) or extrinsic (e.g., human population density) environmental factors.     

Managing resources and resolving conflicts: national parks and local people

One of the major management problems in protected areas of developing nations is the ever more intensifying land use disputes with local, often native, people. The customary rights oflocal people over natural resources, if curtailed by the establishment of national parks, and their disregard by decision-makers, have given rise to open conflicts, thus jeopardizing conservation goals. These conflicts have tremendous impact on the management of natural resources, not only within the park ecosystem but also in its surroundings. To attain the interdependent goals of conservation and sustainable development, such disputes must be promptly and consensually settled. This paper briefly discusses the paradigm of national park establishment and its impact on local livelihood. It then highlights major sources of conflict which have occurred in national parks in developing countries. Some theoretical approaches to conflict resolution as relevant to national parks are summarized, and several strategies, as employed in particular situations, are discussed. It is concluded that an in-depth understanding of human ecology beyond the boundaries of parks and the conceptualization of strategies to resolve the innate problems are imperative. The integration of several strategies is deemed essential in order to address issues comprehensively and on a larger scale.     

公园景观视觉质量的评价方法研究

介绍一种新的适用于公园景观视觉质量评价的方法,即“区内、区外景观复合叠加分析法”。该方法在实地观测和评价的基础上选用6个评价因子,分别为区内自然景观所占比例、区内自然景观的质素、区内景观建筑物与自然景观的协调性、区外人工建筑物的视觉占有率、区外人工建筑物离观测点的距离、区外人工建筑物的视觉主导性,对公园进行区内、区外景观的复合叠加分析,并将该方法应用于北京市典型的城市公园（紫竹院公园）和郊野公园（东小口公园）。其评价结果既可以从视觉角度对城市公园和郊野公园进行区分,又可以为公园内景观规划管理以及公园外围的空间控制提供依据。     

Effectiveness of Africa's tropical protected areas for maintaining forest cover

The effectiveness of parks for forest conservation is widely debated in Africa, where increasing human pressure, insufficient funding, and lack of management capacity frequently place significant demands on forests. Tropical forests house a substantial portion of the world's remaining biodiversity and are heavily affected by anthropogenic activity. We analyzed park effectiveness at the individual (224 parks) and national (23 countries) level across Africa by comparing the extent of forest loss (as a proxy for deforestation) inside parks to matched unprotected control sites. Although significant geographical variation existed among parks, the majority of African parks had significantly less forest loss within their boundaries (e.g., Mahale Park had 34 times less forest loss within its boundary) than control sites. Accessibility was a significant driver of forest loss. Relatively inaccessible areas had a higher probability (odds ratio >1, p < 0.001) of forest loss but only in ineffective parks, and relatively accessible areas had a higher probability of forest loss but only in effective parks. Smaller parks less effectively prevented forest loss inside park boundaries than larger parks (T = ?2.32, p < 0.05), and older parks less effectively prevented forest loss inside park boundaries than younger parks (F_2,154 = ?4.11, p < 0.001). Our analyses, the first individual and national assessment of park effectiveness across Africa, demonstrated the complexity of factors (such as geographical variation, accessibility, and park size and age) influencing the ability of a park to curb forest loss within its boundaries.     

基于TM遥感影像的广州市城区公园增湿效应研究

选取广州市城区17个公园作为研究对象,分析了公园对周边环境的增湿效应。结果表明,公园周边与公园边界点的空气湿度差随着其远离公园边界距离的增大而增加,且增长趋势逐渐减缓,拟合曲线近似于一条过原点的三次多项式（R2〉0.80）。绿化率大于50%、长宽比接近1的公园,其平均增湿范围和增湿湿度差均与绿地面积存在显著的正线性关系（R2分别为0.94和0.77）。水体面积比例较大或长宽比较大（约≥2）的公园,比同等条件下水体面积较小或长宽比较小的公园（≈1）增湿效果好。     

Scale dependency in effectiveness,isolation, and social‐ecological spillover of protected areas

Protected areas are considered vital for the conservation of biodiversity. Given their central role in many conservation strategies, it is important to know whether they adequately protect biodiversity within their boundaries; whether they are becoming more isolated from other natural areas over time; and whether they play a role in facilitating or reducing land‐cover change in their surroundings. We used matching methods and national and local analyses of land‐cover change to evaluate the combined effectiveness (i.e., avoided natural‐cover loss), isolation (i.e., changes in adjacent areas), and spillover effects (i.e., impacts on adjacent areas) of 19 national parks in South Africa from 2000 to 2009. All parks had either similar or lower rates of natural‐cover loss than matched control samples. On a national level, mean net loss of natural cover and mean net gain of cultivation cover decreased with distance from park boundary, but there was considerable variation in trends around individual parks, providing evidence for both increased isolation and buffering of protected areas. Fourteen parks had significant positive spillover and reduced natural‐cover loss in their surroundings, whereas five parks experienced elevated levels of natural‐cover loss. Conclusions about social‐ecological spillover effects from protected areas depended heavily on the measures of land‐cover change used and the scale at which the results were aggregated. Our findings emphasize the need for high‐resolution data when assessing spatially explicit phenomena such as land‐cover change and challenge the usefulness of large‐scale (coarse grain, broad extent) studies for understanding social‐ecological dynamics around protected areas.     

An Ecosystem Management Program and Assessment Process for Ontario National Parks

Abstract: An ecosystem management program and assessment process was developed to standardize an ecosystem-based approach to protecting the ecological integrity of Ontario's national parks. The elements of the ecosystem management program collectively represent the dominant planning and technical aspects of ecosystem management. Within the program, 11 specific products—ecosystem conservation plan, greater park ecosystem inventory and analysis, greater park ecosystem scope, area of cooperation, stakeholder analysis, partnership group management guidelines, scientific research program, ecological indicators, ecological integrity monitoring program, information network, and communication strategy—are considered requisite tools to improve the scientific understanding required for park management within the context of greater park ecosystems and to increase communication and coordination among governments and citizens to improve decision making. The formal process uses evaluation criteria associated with the 11 products to assess progress in developing an ecosystem management program and the content of the related products. The assessment process, which provides comprehensive identification of a park's specific ecosystem management needs, has been applied to all national parks in Ontario in the past year, which has had the immediate effect of refining their ecosystem management programs.     

Conservation Biology Trailblazers: George Wright, Ben Thompson, and Joseph Dixon

Abstract: Modern conservation biologists may reap great insight from neglected documents prepared by field biologists of the past. Three U.S. National Park Service field biologists of the 1920s and 1930s, George Wright, Ben Thompson, and Joseph Dixon, collaborated on the first field faunal survey of U.S. national parks. The results, Fauna 1 and Fauna 2 , were published in 1933 and 1935, respectively. In addition to information about the status of park vertebrates, these monographs produced the first comprehensive list of ecologically based policies for the U.S. National Park System. They also contained precursors of many of the ideas now considered basic to conservation biology. Today's conservation biologists seem unaware of the work of these three researchers. Contemporary biologists tend to think of the key concepts in conservation biology as having developed after the 1970s, but Wright, Thompson, and Dixon expressed in rough form many of these concepts half a century before. They combined their ideas with those of their predecessors and mentors to produce an unprecedented, easy-to-understand guide on managing the biotic resources of the national parks. Despite the efforts of these pioneers, their guidance did not contribute to a significant reshaping of park management practice for at least three decades.     

生态工业园建设水平的定量评估方法介绍及应用

介绍了工业园内工厂或企业间的关联度以及副产品和废物的循环利用率的计算方法,以扬州生态工业园为例进行了初步计算,并将其与国内外部分工业园进行比较,结果显示有一定差距,指出了进一步提高工业园生态化水平的方向及途径。