厦门市城市外来植物的种类构成

开展城市外来植物种类构成的研究,可以为城市植物多样性的保护和城市绿地的科学设计提供重要依据。为剖析厦门城市外来植物种类构成的主要特点,规避外来植物对城市环境带来的潜在威胁,采用大样本分层随机抽样调查法结合K-means聚类分析、方差分析、重要值、频数分布等方法进行系统分析。结果显示,(1)记录到厦门市城区外来植物67科174属223种,占各绿地类型植物种数的49.1%~55.2%;其中最常见的优势种类有乔木植物凤凰木(Delonix regia)、垂叶榕(Ficus benjamina),灌木植物黄金榕(Ficus microcarpa‘Golden Leaves’)、矮黄假连翘(Duranta repens),草本植物沟叶结缕草(Zoysia matrella)、喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)和小蓬草(Conyza canadensis)。(2)国外外来植物主要来自美洲,占各绿地类型国外外来植物种数的58.4%~70.8%、频数的71.9%~89.0%;其次是来自非洲或亚洲的植物。(3)频数分布图显示,优势种的优势性明显,高频植物种仅占少数。(4)调查到入侵植物7科13属13种,其中小蓬草是出现频数最高的入侵种类,已成为草本植物中的优势种类。文章揭示了外来种在厦门市城市植物中的重要地位和特点,分析了外来植物种类结构的特征,并指出要加强对外来优势植物的进一步研究,相关结果可为厦门市城市绿地的可持续发展和管理监控提供建议和理论参考。     

珠江三角洲城市墙壁植物资源及其应用

墙壁植物对城市绿化和改良生态环境具有重要价值.调查表明珠江三角洲城市墙壁植物共有94种,隶属于42科,76属,主要集中在菊科、禾本科、桑科、茜草科、凤尾蕨科、大戟科,部分植物为彩叶植物,其中分布数量较多有29种,以桑科和菊科最为突出,具有较强的适应能力.然后对墙壁植物的耐旱性、观赏性、应用进行了分析和评价,结果表明耐旱强的种类有29种,观赏性较高的种类有56种;最后对墙壁植物在墙面和围墙绿化提出了一些建议.     

亚热带阔叶林植物叶片虫食特征研究

植物与昆虫是森林生态系统的重要组成成分,两者通过长期的协同进化形成了密切的相互关系,在森林生态系统中发挥着承上启下的作用,连接了初级生产和高级消费,是森林生态系统中重要的动态中心。植物叶片的虫食特征是植物与昆虫相互作用关系的重要表征。选取福建梅花山和浙江天童两地76种常绿阔叶林植物为研究对象,采用野外调查与室内统计分析相结合的方式对植物叶片的虫食率和虫食频度进行了研究,以期了解亚热带常绿阔叶林植物叶片所面临的食叶昆虫取食压力。结果表明:76种植物平均虫食率为7.21%,虫食频度为32.95%。多数植物的叶片虫食率低于10%,叶片虫食频度主要分布在10%-60%之间。乔木种与灌木种、优势植物与伴生植物之间的叶片虫食率和虫食频度均不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。超过60%的叶片虫食率和虫食频度发生在展叶期。福建梅花山常绿阔叶林植物的叶片虫食率(P=0.012)和虫食频度(P=0.74)均高于浙江天童。植物幼叶的虫食率随着海拔的升高而下降。以上结果表明,常绿阔叶林植物的叶片虫食强度介于热带雨林(11.1%)和温带森林(7.1%)之间,展叶期是叶片虫食发生的主要阶段,表现出过渡性特征;叶片的虫食在不同生活型和优势程度的植物间存在差异;叶片虫食率随纬度的升高和海拔的上升而降低。     

北京不同功能绿地昆虫群落组成和生物多样性特征

昆虫资源的保护有利于促进城市生态环境可持续发展,而城市绿地昆虫群落组成和生物多样性特征是昆虫资源保护的基础。对北京市建城区五环内5种主要功能绿地的昆虫资源进行了抽样调查、标本采集与鉴定,旨在为北京市主要功能绿地昆虫资源建立数据基础,为城市昆虫资源的保护提供科学依据。结果表明:采集到的昆虫隶属于14目105科,其中半翅目最多,占总数的41.17%,鞘翅目次之,占总数的22.16%。不同功能绿地昆虫个体数量表现为公共设施绿地居住区绿地道路绿地防护绿地公园绿地;昆虫物种数表现为居住区绿地公共设施绿地道路绿地=公园绿地防护绿地。5种功能绿地的昆虫多样性指数存在显著性差异(df=4,F=3.079,P0.05),其中,居住区绿地最高,公共设施绿地最低;不同绿地之间优势度指数亦存在显著性差异(df=4,F=2.537,P0.05),其中,居住区绿地最低,公共设施绿地最高。5种功能绿地的昆虫物种相似度系数较低,q值在0.275 5~0.402 3之间,均为中等不相似。综上,不同功能绿地的植物组成、人类干扰和管理方式影响着绿地昆虫资源。     

川西亚高山彩叶林景观分布格局及其地形影响研究

彩叶林是川西亚高山森林景观的重要组成部分,是川西地区重要的美学资源,提供了多种重要的生态系统服务,对区域生态旅游和经济发展起着重要作用。探讨彩叶林景观分布格局及其与地形因子的关系,有助于为亚高山彩叶林旅游资源的有效保护和规划利用提供依据。以四川省理县317国道沿线彩叶林为研究对象,基于外业调查的森林资源数据绘制景观类型分布图,通过景观类型分布图与数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,DEM)数据叠加分析地形因子对彩叶林景观分布格局的影响,并分析植被演替对亚高山彩叶林景观格局动态的影响。结果表明,(1)研究区域彩叶林面积占森林景观面积的49.60%,彩叶林类型共18种。(2)典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence Analysis,CCA)结果表明,海拔高度是影响整体彩叶林分布的主要因子,其次是坡向。(3)研究区彩叶林多数处于混交林阶段,其次为阔叶林和灌丛林阶段,随着恢复演替正向进行,彩叶林将面临退化消失的风险。因此,在彩叶林管理中需要加强对混交林类型彩叶林的动态监测,同时可考虑适当人工干预将彩叶林维持在最有利于观赏游憩的演替阶段。     

江西三清山东亚-北美间断分布属植物缺萼枫香群落研究

通过对三清山缺萼枫香林群落的野外调查和分析,其结果表明,(1)该群落乔木分层明显,其中第1层高达20～25m,最高可达35m。年龄结构显示,主要优势种缺萼枫香处于衰退状态。(2)群落生活型以高位芽植物占绝对优势(75.38%),地上芽植物较多(21.54%),反映出该群落具有山顶群落特征。(3)重要值计算表明,各优势种的重要值比例为缺萼枫香(52.08%)、细叶青冈(34.14%)、猴头杜鹃(31.01%)、多脉青冈(24.95%)和红花油茶(20.63%),其相应的科所占比例为壳斗科(21.9%)、金缕梅科(17.36%)、山茶科(14.86%)及杜鹃花科(12.96%),在科属地理分布区类型上群落具有从热带向温带过渡的特征,热带性科占57.84%,温带性科占42.16%。(4)多样性指数以及频度分析表明,以Shannon-Wiener公式计算,其多样性指数为4.46,介于广东鼎湖山常绿阔叶林与江西中亚热带常绿阔叶林之间;频度值分析为A>B>CE,与Raunkiaer频度定律有一定差异。整体分析表明缺萼枫香群落是中亚热带地区典型的山地常绿落叶阔叶林群落。     

川西亚高山不同彩叶林土壤水稳性团聚体特征

彩叶林是川西亚高山地区重要的生态系统类型之一.以川西亚高山典型彩叶林为对象,研究彩叶林不同季节土壤有机层和矿质土壤层水稳性团聚体粒径组成和稳定性特征.结果表明:(1)彩叶林土壤水稳性团聚体各粒径占比总体呈现随团聚体粒径减小而降低的变化趋势,以＞2 mm团聚体最高,0.053-0.25 mm团聚体最低,土壤有机层和矿质土...     

北京典型郊野公园植物组成结构分析

通过对北京典型郊野公园绿地植物的系统调查,分析了其种类构成,计算并论述了公园绿地的植物结构特征,以期能够为北京生态城市建设提供科学依据。调查发现典型郊野公园植物有78科181属299种,占北京市总维管植物种数的12.1%,总体上偏少。乔木和灌木的丰富度指数都在5.0以下,草本的丰富度要大于乔、灌木;植物均匀度指数总体上在0.7以内,乔木要高于灌木和草本;总体说来,郊野公园绿地植物种类偏少、分布不均匀;北京郊野公园建设刚刚起步不久,要在现有基础上不断完善。     

人工封育区植物群落恢复演替系列种群生态位动态特征——以宁夏盐池为例

为了解干旱半干旱区草原植物生态位格局,运用Levins生态宽度指数及Pianka生态位重叠指数,对宁夏盐池人工封育草原3种不同措施下的植物生态位宽度及生态位重叠进行计量。结果表明:茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaries Thunb)和新疆猪毛菜(Salsola sinkiangensis A.J.Li)的生物、生态学特性决定了它在该区的优势地位,其生态位宽度远远高于其他物种,并且出现下降的趋势;生态位重叠结果均表明,生态位宽度大的物种不一定和其他物种有大的重叠值,较高的生态位宽度和较高的生态位重叠之间并不存在直接的线性关系;较高的Pianka生态位重叠值都出现在生态位宽度较小的物种之间。这一现象从另外一个角度说明植被恢复过程中环境资源存在着高度的空间异质性。     

柏木次生林震后滑坡迹地物种多样性变化特征

为探讨地质灾害作用下物种多样性的变化特征,以北川县擂鼓镇凤凰山柏木次生林为对象,采用样地调查法对震后滑坡迹地物种组成及多样性进行研究.结果表明:滑坡区共记录植物93种,隶属42科78属,以菊科、豆科、禾本科为主,过渡区共记录植物97种,隶属39科80属,以菊科、禾本科、蔷薇科为主,未滑坡区共记录植物108种,隶属59科92属,以菊科、蔷薇科、禾本科为主,菊科、禾本科在震后滑坡迹地恢复过程中占据重要地位;草本层中未滑坡区Pielou均匀度指数(JSW)最高,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)和Simpson优势度指数(H′)居中,丰富度指数(D)最低,灌木层中未滑坡区D、H和H′值最高,JSW值最低,过渡区的物种多样性指数均高于滑坡区;乔木层中D和H值表现为滑坡区最高,过渡区最低,H′和JSW值表现为过渡区最高,未滑坡区最低.综上所述,植被分布大体上与表层土壤养分的空间分布规律保持一致,滑坡区群落演替较慢且处于初级阶段,马桑、雀儿舌头、矛叶荩草为先锋树种,可改良土壤,稳定坡面,再适当增植乔木可有效恢复植被、提升植物群落稳定性.     

Protection versus culture-driven exploitation of wild plant resources: the case on Changbai Mountain

Under Chinese culture it is believed that herbal medicine is always safe and wild food is always healthy. Generally, the rarer a plant, the higher its value. The booming economy in China has promoted tourism development in wilderness areas and wild medicinal and food plants are part of the attraction to tourists. Conflicts between wild plant exploitation and protection have emerged in many parts of China, such as Changbai Mountain. Changbai Mountain supports numerous medicinal and food plants but many have become rare and endangered. This paper numerically evaluates 30 plant species that have relatively high conservation value for each type (medicinal, ornamental and food), and briefly describes the uses of four to five top ranked species per type that need more protection on Changbai Mountain. This paper also addresses some tree species with important timber values on Changbai Mountain. Over 90% of China's medicinal, ornamental and food plant species, as well as valuable timber trees are found in the conifer–broadleaf mixed forest zone across the boundary of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve. It is a major challenge to protect the native biodiversity of mixed forest on Changbai Mountain and more efforts need to be made to protect rare and endangered plant species with high economic value.     

宁夏地区二斑叶螨的寄主植物选择及其季节转移

采用田间系统观察和室内饲养方法,调查并发现宁夏引黄灌区和新垦区二斑叶螨（Tetranychus urticae Koch)为寄主植物88种,其中野生寄主植物59种,栽培寄主29种,垦前荒漠,半荒漠有适宜二斑叶螨生存和繁殖的寄主植物分布,用生命表方法研究了20种主要寄主植物对二斑叶螨实验种群净生殖率（R0)的营养效应,不同寄主植物随季节的变化其营养效应明显不同,对二斑叶螨在这些寄主植物间的季节转移规律研究表明,宁夏农田,以野荠菜Capsella bursa-pastoris,小旋花Calystegia hederacea,小蓟Cephalanoplos segetumji,苦苣菜Sonchus brachyotus,车前草Plantago asiatica,蚕豆Vicia foba,大豆Glycine max,玉米Zea mays等一起,构成了有利于二斑叶螨季节转移的寄主体系,分析认为,宁夏麦套玉米间作大豆的耕种模式是二斑叶螨大发生的主要原因之一。     

Value of Small Patches in the Conservation of Plant-Species Diversity in Highly Fragmented Rainforest

Abstract:  We evaluated the importance of small (<5 ha) forest patches for the conservation of regional plant diversity in the tropical rainforest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. We analyzed the density of plant species (number of species per 0.1 ha) in 45 forest patches of different sizes (1–700 ha) in 3 landscapes with different deforestation levels (4, 11, and 24% forest cover). Most of the 364 species sampled (360 species, 99%) were native to the region, and only 4 (1%) were human-introduced species. Species density in the smallest patches was high and variable; the highest (84 species) and lowest (23 species) number of species were recorded in patches of up to 1.8 ha. Despite the small size of these patches, they contained diverse communities of native plants, including endangered and economically important species. The relationship between species density and area was significantly different among the landscapes, with a significant positive slope only in the landscape with the highest deforestation level. This indicates that species density in a patch of a given size may vary among landscapes that have different deforestation levels. Therefore, the conservation value of a patch depends on the total forest cover remaining in the landscape. Our findings revealed, however, that a great portion of regional plant diversity was located in very small forest patches (<5 ha), most of the species were restricted to only a few patches (41% of the species sampled were distributed in only 1–2 patches, and almost 70% were distributed in 5 patches) and each landscape conserved a unique plant assemblage. The conservation and restoration of small patches is therefore necessary to effectively preserve the plant diversity of this strongly deforested and unique Neotropical region.     

Ecological niche modeling of customary medicinal plant species used by Australian Aborigines to identify species-rich and culturally valuable areas for conservation

Customary medicinal plant species used by Australian Aborigines are disappearing rapidly with its associated knowledge, due to the loss of habitats. Conservation and protection of these species is important as they represent sources of novel therapeutic phytochemical compounds and are culturally valuable. Information on the spatial distribution and use of customary medicinal plants is often inadequate and fragmented, posing limitations on the identification and conservation of species-rich areas and culturally valuable habitats.In this study, the habitat suitability modeling program, MaxEnt, was used to predict the potential ecological niches of 431 customary medicinal plant species, based on bioclimatic variables. Specimen locality records were obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal and from Australia's Virtual Herbarium (AVH).Ecological niche models of 414 predicted species, which had 30 or more occurrence points, were used to produce maps indicating areas that were ecologically suitable for multiple species (concordance of high predicted ecological suitability) and having cultural values. For the concordance map, individual species niche models were thresholded and summed. To derive a map of culturally valuable areas, customary medicinal uses from Customary Medicinal Knowledgebase (CMKb) (www.biolinfo.org/cmkb) were used to weight individual species models, resulting in a value within each grid cell reflecting its cultural worth.Even though the available information is scarce and fragmented, our approach provides an opportunity to infer areas predicted to be suitable for multiple species (i.e. concordance hotspots) and to estimate the cultural value of a particular geographical area. Our results also indicate that to conserve bio-cultural diversity, comprehensive information and active participation of Aboriginal communities is indispensable.     

上海居住区植物群落的降温增湿效应

对上海居住区常见的23种植物群落的降温增湿效应进行观测的结果表明,所有植物群落都有降温增湿作用,且群落间降温增湿效应差异较大.各群落的降温增湿效应在13∶ 00-14∶ 00最强,与草坪之间的差异达到最大;在16∶ 00-17∶ 00,各群落间降温增湿效应差异小,18%的植物群落降温效应低于草坪,45%的植物群落增湿效应低于草坪.针叶林、针阔混交林和竹林的降温增湿效应最强,日均降温效应>2.3 ℃,日均增湿效应>12.4%.     

塔里木河下游荒漠植物群落物种多样性及其结构特征分析

以29块植物群落调查样地资料为基础,采用物种多样性指数、丰富度和均匀度由高到低指数对塔里木河下游植物群落的物种多样性及群落结构进行分析。结果表明,研究区共有植物10科14属,出现频率居于前3位的植物依次为柽柳、黑果枸杞和胡杨;重要值以胡杨为最大（0．384）,其次为柽柳（0．230）,盐生草为最小（0．002）;优势建群植物胡杨主要分布在与河道垂直距离500m范围内。沿河道从英苏至阿拉干断面,地下水位逐渐下降,物种多样性总体呈下降趋势,群落结构由乔木-灌木-草本转为以乔木-灌木为主;随与河道垂直距离增加,群落密度和盖度均呈现先增加后减少的变化趋势,植物群落结构由乔木-灌木、乔木-灌木-草本逐渐演变为灌木-草本或单一的灌木结构。     

青岛市城市绿地种子植物区系的构成特征

在资料分析和2013年夏秋二季进行的实地调查基础上研究了青岛市城市绿地种子植物区系的科属种构成、种的生活型构成、属的地理分布区类型构成,并比较了青岛市城市绿地种子植物区系与青岛崂山种子植物区系、中国种子植物区系属的地理分布区类型构成差异。结果表明,青岛市城市绿地种子植物区系有种子植物69科155属228种,有含5种及以上的12个较大科、124个单种属、183种木本植物和45种草本植物,有热带分布属32属、温带分布属95属、世界分布属14属和中国特有属14属。青岛市城市绿地种子植物区系有植物种类丰富多样,木本植物种类多,区系中属、种的分化程度高,属的地理分布区类型多样且具有很典型的温带特征和鲜明的中国特色等特点。     

半干旱区人工封育草场植物群落物种多样性与复杂性研究──以宁夏盐池为例

围栏封育促进植被恢复效果研究方法很多,其中通过研究植被的群落特征及物种多样性来阐述恢复状况仍是比较常用和有效的手段,但多样性测度对生物群落的自组织及有序性方面的特征描述欠缺,鉴于此,多样性与复杂性测度结合起来研究群落结构与功能显得更有意义。研究人工封育对植被恢复过程中群落的多样性与复杂性的影响,必然有助于揭示生态恢复过程机理。目前,利用多样性与复杂性测度相结合来对群落结构进行量化研究不多,用于对草原生态系统植物群落结构研究更少。本文通过样地调查,利用多样性和复杂性指数相结合定量研究半干旱区人工封育草场植物群落物种多样性、复杂性随封育年限的变化规律,并对比分析复杂性与物种多样性之间的相关性。结果表明,（1）老封育区、新封育区丰富度指数整体高于对照区,说明封育有利于物种丰富度的增加。但随封育时间的延长,封育区的优势种占据主要的资源空间,丰富度指数降低。长时间封育,草场植被丰富度将发生规律性波动变化,低峰值和高峰值出现频率均约为4~5年/次。老封育区、新封育区的SW、SP多样性指数值大部分也高于对照区,说明封育措施增加草场植被的多样性。物种多样性指数受降水影响显著,当降水量增加或减少时,多样性指数也相应出现增加或减少,但降水影响效应具有一定的滞后性。老封育区、新封育区均匀度变化比较平稳,且指数值高于对照区,说明封育有利于均匀度的增加。（2）老封育区、新封育区总复杂性指数、无序结构复杂性指数值大部分比对照区指数值高,且指数波动相对平稳,说明封育区群落结构比对照区稳定,更适合荒漠草原植被的生长,封育增加了群落总复杂性、无序结构复杂性。封育也提高群落有序结构复杂性,但?     

常熟地区农户庭院植物多样性与配置模式

选择常熟地区代表性乡村,对农户庭院植物多样性和配置模式进行研究,分析其植物物种组成和多样性,并利用TW INSPAN分类方法,研究了庭院植物配置类型与模式。结果表明:在对281个户级庭院调查中,170户庭院中栽种植物,111户庭院中无任何绿化,共栽种植物151种(含变种、栽培品种),隶属58科116属;庭院植物配置可划分为4种庭院类型和10种配置模式;植物的层次结构对于多样性指数影响较大,植物配置模式的结构越丰富、复杂,其物种多样性指数越高。认为观赏性植物成为庭院的主体植物,观赏功能成为庭院植物的主要功能;庭院内有效绿化面积不足,单位面积植物生态效益较低;乡土植物景观建设与物种多样性保护有待于进一步加强。     

Bronchial contamination with toxic metals in mineral-based industrial areas of India

Selected toxic metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Co, Cd, Ni and Mn) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 55 samples of bronchial washouts obtained from patients with respiratory ailments. These subjects either worked or lived in industrial locations which have mineral-based industries such as steel plants, thermal power plants, cement plants, limestone mines and iron ore mines. Half of the samples analysed were from the plant workers and the other half from the non-workers living in the respective industrial areas. Samples from subjects living outside the industrial areas were also collected and analysed. The highest occurrence of toxic metals was found in the subjects living in the steel plant area. The occurrence was of the order: steel plant > thermal power plant > cement plant > iron ore mines > limestone mines > non industrial areas. Plant workers showed a higher presence of metals in their respiratory tracts compared to the non-workers in each industrial area. Higher depositions were noticed in areas of coal-fired industries compared to non-coal-fired industries. Zn, Cu and Pb were more likely to reach the respiratory tracts. The occurrences were found to increase with the age of the subjects. A slightly higher susceptibility to bronchial contamination was noticed in females.To whom correspondence should be addressed.