城市污水再生处理过程中病原性原虫的去除特性

通过定期监测北京市某城市污水再生处理过程各单元出水中的隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫(两虫)浓度,系统考察了污水再生处理系统对两虫的去除特性.结果表明,原污水、初沉池出水、二沉池出水、絮凝沉淀池出水和砂滤池出水中隐孢子虫的平均检出量分别为238、179、6、1、0.3个·L-1,贾第鞭毛虫的平均检出量分别为1 568、1048、22、4、0.6个·L-1.污水再生处理系统对隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫的总去除率分别为2.98log(99.895%)和3.46log(99.965%).一级处理工艺对污水中两虫的去除效果并不理想,去除率分别只有0.13log和0.18log.二级生物处理对两虫的去除贡献最大,去除率分别达1.50log和1.67log.污水深度处理工艺(絮凝-沉淀-砂滤)能有效提高两虫的去除效果.污水厂进水中的两虫检出量随季节变化,雨季较低,旱季较高.     

污水再生处理系统中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫检测方法的优化

隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫是2种严重危害水质安全的病原性原生动物.与USEPA1623方法相比,以膜过滤-洗脱法作为浓缩方式的检测流程回收率较高且成本较低.本研究通过对膜过滤-洗脱环节和免疫磁性分离(IMS)过程进行改进和参数优化,建立了适用于污水再生处理系统的两虫检测方法.研究发现,对滤膜进行刮擦处理后隔夜浸泡,以及洗脱前剧烈振荡等操作能够显著提高并稳定回收率.投加高岭土浊液提高水样的浊度至4NTU更加有效地提高了低浊水样的浓缩回收率.离心浓缩后洗涤沉淀并进行2次酸解离是降低IMS过程水质干扰的有效措施.采用该优化方法对不同来源水样进行检测,隐孢子虫回收率超过70%,贾第鞭毛虫回收率超过80%,明显高于1623方法的接受标准(>24%).     

操作条件对污水再生处理絮凝工艺中病原性原虫去除特性的影响

再生水中的隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫会通过直接或间接的方式影响人体健康.与传统的消毒手段相比,絮凝、澄清、过滤等污水深度处理工艺能有效地控制两虫污染.本研究主要考察了絮凝剂种类、投加量、pH和温度等操作条件对污水再生处理絮凝过程中病原性原虫去除特性的影响.结果发现,污水絮凝过程中,pH为6～8时两虫的去除率较高,低温条件不利于两虫的去除.氯化铁对两虫的去除率随投加量的增加而增加;硫酸铝絮凝和聚合氯化铝的最佳投加量分别为70 mg/L和20　mg/L左右.     

饮用水中隐孢子虫qPCR检测研究

分子生物学的发展推动了分子技术在病原体检测诊断中的应用,建立成熟可靠的饮用水中隐孢子虫的分子检测方法也迫在眉睫.本研究直接提取饮用水浓缩液DNA,对隐孢子虫卵囊目的基因进行定量PCR(quantitative PCR,简称qPCR)检测,并对该体系进行了综合优化.本研究比较了不同冻融处理及不同DNA提取试剂盒对隐孢子虫卵囊DNA提取效果,结果显示,QIAamp DNA Mini kit配合冻融前处理(液氮/沸水5个循环)提取DNA含量较高,用这种方法可以提取到(4±1)个隐孢子虫卵囊DNA.本研究比较了隐孢子虫SYBR green染料法及Taqman探针法qPCR,结果显示,探针法和染料法均可以检测到10个18S rRNA基因拷贝(一个隐虫卵囊含有20个18S rRNA基因拷贝).采用该检测体系测定的去离子水和水源水中隐孢子虫的加标回收率分别达到了55%和46%;本研究提供了饮用水中隐孢子虫检测的一种可行性分子方法.     

再生水河道菹草管控的生态响应研究

在北京地区典型再生水补水型河道开展试验,通过在菹草(Potamogeton crispus)生长期对其进行基于生物量控制条件下的不同收割强度处理,研究光照强度等环境影响因子、菹草生长特征、浮游动物及底栖动物分布的响应机制,以期为北京再生水补水型河道提供生态修复技术支撑与沉水植物管控方案.结果表明:①菹草收割强度对水体浊...     

Effectiveness of vegetation on phosphorus removal from reclaimed water by a subsurface flow wetland in a coastal area

This work was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and influence factors of vegetation on phosphorus (P) removal from reclaimed water in constructed wetlands. Comparisons were conducted between one pilot scale subsurface flow wetland (P-SSFW) and two demonstration subsurface flow wetlands, which were series-wound and named as first subsurface flow wetland (F-SSFW), and second subsurface flow wetland (S-SSFW), respectively. The three wetlands had the same vegetation and substrate, but different pH values, total dissolved solids (TDS) and P loads. Results showed that the P content in the vegetation shoots of the F-SSFW was 2.16 mg/g, while 2.31 mg/g in the S-SSFW and 2.69 mg/g in the P-SSFW. These differences were likely caused by the higher pH and TDS in the reclaimed water. The P content also differed among the tissues of the plant, which were 5.94-6.44 mg/g, 2.20-2.77 mg/g, 1.31-1.46 mg/g and 1.53-1.88 mg/g in the flowers, leaves, stems, and roots, respectively. The greatest discrepancy was observed in the leaves, indicating that the environment of the wetlands had the greatest influence on the leaves. When the total phosphorus (TP) load was lower, the proportion of P removed by vegetation assimilation was 16.17% in the P-SSFW, 12.90% in the F-SSFW and 13.29% in the S-SSFW. However, the relative removal efficiency by vegetation among the three wetlands did not vary greatly from that observed in other studies. Moreover, the influence of pH, TDS and TP load was not as great as the influence of the vegetation species, type of substrate, influent style or climate.     

臭氧灭活水中贾第虫影响因素研究

为研究O3在水体中杀灭贾第虫的效果,利用荧光活体染色法探讨了不同因素(CT值、pH值、温度、浊度、有机物含量和无机离子等)对O3灭活贾第虫效果的影响.结果表明,O3灭活贾第虫整个过程可分为指数和缓慢灭活期,指数灭活期反应速度明显快于缓慢灭活期[k1=(5.64±0.023)×10-1mg·min,k2=(2.72±0.002)×10-2mg·min,k1k2];浊度0.1～20NTU,温度5～35℃,pH值6.0～9.0,HA在0.5～10.0mg/L浓度范围内,浊度越低,灭活效果越好;随温度上升,O3灭活贾第虫的能力减弱;酸性较碱性条件下臭氧杀灭贾第虫的能力更强;有机物浓度越高,在反应体系中与贾第虫发生了竞争作用,降低了灭活率;水中阴离子对灭活率的影响次序为:NO3-NoneSO24-HCO3-,而阳离子(Ca2+、Mg2+和Cu2+)均对灭活起到一定促进作用;当臭氧CT值≥15.0min·mg/L,在饮用水消毒的浊度、温度、pH值、有机和无机杂质浓度范围内,贾第虫的灭活率均在99.0%以上.     

大型溞对水环境中抗生素抗性菌与抗性基因的摄食与去除

原后生动物是污水生物处理系统中的常见生物,了解它们是否能够摄食与去除抗生素抗性菌(ARB)和抗生素抗性基因(ARGs),对于建立藉捕食作用的ARB和ARGs去除技术具有重要意义.本研究以大型溞作为代表生物,探究了其对ARB和ARGs的摄食、去除效果与机制.使用荧光抗性菌直接观察其摄食过程,证实大型溞对ARB的摄食与富集...     

Risk assessment of Giardia in rivers of southern China based on continuous monitoring

The occurrence and risks of Giardia in China have been unclear to date, which has made it difficult to properly manage source water as well as to create reasonable drinking water standards. The levels of Giardia in river networks of several cities in Zhejiang Province, China were found to be in the range of 0-5 oocysts/10 L in the rainy season in 2008. The mortality due to Giardia infection for people in this region was calculated to be from 0 to 1.95 × 10^-8 persons using a conditional probability equation. Based on multiple unboiled water intake routes, the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to Giardia infection for people who consumed conventionally treated water was 0.625 (95% CI: 0.137-2.05) per 10⁵ persons, with the symptom of hospitalization making the highest contribution to total DALYs (0.56 per 10⁵ persons; 95% CI: 0.122-1.84). The DALYs decreased to 0.425 (95% CI: 0.137-2.05) per 10⁵ persons per year for those consuming water treated with advanced technology. These values were lower than the acceptable risk (1.97 × 10^-5 DALYs per year). This study revealed the risk of Giardia infection to the people in river networks of Zhejiang Province for the first time, and provides a method to evaluate the risk of Giardia infection. The results are useful for the modification of drinking water quality standards based on cost-benefit analysis.     

用umuC测试水中遗传毒性效应的样品前处理方法

umuC实验是用于检测物质致癌、致突变性的一种有效方法.本文将化学物质暴露阶段的温度细化为37℃,获得最佳灵敏度.以北方某自来水厂的自来水为对象,研究前处理方法对遗传毒性诱导效应的影响,发现以Oasis HLB固相萃取柱为浓缩柱,丙酮为洗脱溶剂的样品前处理方法显示出最高的遗传毒性诱导效应.对上述自来水厂不同工艺过程出水的遗传毒性进行检测,结果表明氯消毒过程促进遗传毒性的诱导.     

沼液SBR处理出水养殖螺旋藻

养猪沼液氮磷等营养物质丰富,可作为廉价的螺旋藻培养基,但其成分复杂,尤其是高氨氮等因素严重抑制螺旋藻的生长.采用序批式生物反应器(sequencing batch reactor,SBR)降低沼液中的氨氮浓度,通过改变进水中化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)与总氮(total nitrogen,TN)的比值,研究了沼液中的亚硝态氮及硝态氮的保留情况,为螺旋藻生长提供氮源.通过对比螺旋藻在不同工况出水中的生长情况,以及氮元素的保留情况,筛选出最佳SBR工况.摇瓶试验结果表明,当进水COD/TN=3.0,出水中氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮浓度分别为51.2、91.6、213.1 mg·L~(-1),此时螺旋藻具有较快生长速率,产率达到0.084 g·(L·d)~(-1).在此基础之上,通过放大螺旋藻培养规模至120L,研究了螺旋藻在室外大棚中的生长情况及螺旋藻对沼液中氮、磷元素的去除,结果表明螺旋藻在室外依然生长良好,培养10 d后,产率为(0.075±0.003)g·(L·d)~(-1),螺旋藻蛋白含量达到60%左右,养殖出水中氨氮去除率达到99%.     

正渗透技术在水和废水处理中的应用研究

正渗透(Forward osmosis,FO)技术是一种由渗透压驱动的膜技术,与传统的机械压力驱动的膜技术相比,具有出水水质高、能耗低、操作压力小、设备简单易操作、污染小等特点,近年来在水和废水处理的研究领域受到越来越多的关注.但FO技术目前仍然存在一些问题,如浓差极化、膜污染、汲取液溶质返混和汲取液的后处理等,使之目前仍未得到广泛的应用.本文对已有FO技术的相关文献进行较为全面系统的归纳,介绍了FO技术的原理,以及在海水脱盐、市政污水处理、特种废水处理等领域的应用,讨论了影响FO运行的主要因素(主要包括FO膜、汲取液、原水性质和运行条件等方面),并着重阐述了FO技术目前存在的问题(浓差极化、膜污染、汲取液溶质返混和汲取液的后处理).最后,对FO技术未来的研究和发展方向给出了建议.     

Factors influencing the photodegradation of N -nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water

In order to provide basic data for practical application, photodegradation experiment of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in aqueous solution was carried out with a low-pressure Hg lamp. Effects of the initial concentration of NDMA, solution pH, dissolved oxygen, and the presence of humic acid on NDMA photodegradation were investigated. NDMA at various initial concentrations selected in this study was almost completely photodegraded by UV irradiation within 20 min, except that at 1.07 mmol/L, NDMA could be photodegraded almost completely in the acidic and neutral solutions, while the removal efficiency decreased remarkably in the alkaline solution. Dissolved oxygen enhanced the NDMA photodegradation, and the presence of humic acid inhibited the degradation of NDMA. Depending on the initial concentration of NDMA, NDMA photodegradation by UV obeyed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. Dimethylamine, nitrite, and nitrate were detected as the photodegradation products of NDMA. ¹O₂ was found to be the reactive oxygen species present in the NDMA photodegradation process by UV, based on the inhibiting experiments using tert-butanol and sodium azide.     

Male-biased predation of a cave fish by a giant water bug

Male-biased predation has been described from several epigean species, and in many cases, intrinsic differences between the sexes (such as male ornaments) have been suggested as an explanation. Here we report on male-biased predation of a cave fish (Poecilia mexicana) by an aquatic insect (Belostoma sp.) in a Mexican sulfur cave. P. mexicana use aquatic surface respiration (ASR) to survive in their sulfidic, hypoxic habitat. We found that males typically exhibit more ASR activity than females, which leads to increased exposure to the sit-and-wait predator that catches fish near the water surface. Our finding is novel, because male vulnerability to predation is not directly related to male traits involved in courtship, but rather due to other sexual differences in behavior and ultimately, oxygen demands.     

Detection of Escherichia coli in wastewater based on enzyme immunoassay

This research describes a fast detection method on the basis of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Escherichia coli in drainage of wastewater treatment plants. Optimized conditions such as the reaction format (sandwich or direct), the concentrations of diluted horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-E. coli conjugate, and anti-HPR antibody and pretreatment of E. coli were studied. Those results showed that the linear range of detection for E. coli was 10 cfu/mL-6 × 10⁴ cfu/mL. Compared with conventional methods, it is a convenient and sensitive detection method with low cost. Translated from Environmental Science, 2005, 26(5): 128–131 [译自: 环境科学]     

N-亚硝胺在不同处理工艺污水处理厂中的分布及其

以6种典型N-亚硝胺(NAs)为研究对象,基于质量浓度监测数据系统研究了它们在3种不同处理工艺的污水处理厂中的分布及其去除规律,并分析了它们在受纳河水中的污染概况及来源.结果表明,6种NAs在3种不同处理工艺污水处理厂各工艺段废水中普遍存在,其中主要污染物为NPIP、NDMA和NPYR,质量浓度水平为几十到几百ng·L-1. 3种不同处理工艺的污水处理厂都能对NAs起到一定的去除效果,其中改良A~2/O和A~2/O+MBR对NAs的去除效果较好,总体去除率分别为95%和63%,主要依靠生化阶段的微生物降解和转化.在过滤、MBR和消毒阶段,废水处理体系中NAs前驱物经一系列反应后会形成一定的NAs增量. 6种NAs在受纳河流的表层水中也频繁检出,主要污染物和污水处理厂进水中的主要污染物一致,仍然是MDMA、NPIP和NPYR.受纳河流中的NAs来源广泛而复杂,包括污水处理厂尾水排入、未经处理的生活污水和工业废水以及工业区地表径流等的汇入.因此,应该通过增强污水收集和处理能力、优化污水处理工艺等措施减少NAs向受纳河流的输入.     

某市再生水灌区水土环境中PPCPs污染特征分析

为初步了解再生水灌区土壤环境中药物与个人护理品（PPCPs）的污染特征,识别灌区地下水中PPCPs的主要来源,对某市东南郊Y灌区内的淸灌区、再生水灌区以及湿地三种类型的场地进行了精细剖面钻探工作,采集不同深度土壤、灌区地表水及成井地下水样品,分别对其进行了常规指标和15种PPCPs浓度的测试.结果表明,不同场地土壤中PPCPs含量分布存在差异,土壤剖面中PPCPs含量总体表现为再生水灌区 > 清灌区 > 湿地.土壤中PPCPs总浓度平均值为15.6μg/kg,主要以卡马西平CBZ、苯扎贝特BF、吉非罗齐GF、氯霉素CP、吲哚美辛IM为主.灌区地表水中PPCPs总含量明显高于地下水,总浓度平均值分别为272.5ng/L和63.5ng/L,且地表水中,PPCPs含量呈现沿程递减现象.利用Multi-cell基本原理并结合推流的概念刻画PPCPs从地表穿透土壤包气带进入地下水的垂向输移过程,计算结果显示除卡马西平CBZ、甲芬那酸MA和萘啶酸NA外,其余9种PPCPs计算值和地下水中的实测值吻合良好,初步证实再生水是灌区地下水中PPCPs的主要来源.     

太湖蓝藻水华期间水体和底泥中产毒微囊藻与非产毒微囊藻种群丰度研究

运用实时荧光定量PCR(Quantitative real-time PCR,QPCR)技术研究了太湖蓝藻水华期间不同湖区水体和底泥中产毒微囊藻与总微囊藻种群丰度.结果表明,湖区间产毒微囊藻种群和总微囊藻种群丰度明显不同:在水体中,竺山湾(N5)和梅梁湾(N2)产毒微囊藻和总微囊藻种群丰度高于贡湖湾(N4)和湖心(S4...     

NUA-DAS生态滤池脱氮效果与反硝化菌特征研究

构建小型酸中和残渣(neutralized-used acid residue,NUA)和脱水铝污泥(dewatered alum sludge,DAS)联合生态滤池,研究了NUA-DAS生态滤池的脱氮效果和反硝化菌特征.系统运行稳定后,装置总出水中COD、TN、NO_3~--N的平均去除率达到60%、70%和95%,出水中NO_3~--N的浓度范围只有0.02~0.55 mg·L~(-1).采用PCR-DGGE分子生物学技术检测系统运行30d和60d各滤料层中含3类基因(nirS、nirK和nosZ)的反硝化菌群落特征,包括丰富度及相似度.结果表明,系统运行30 d和60 d里,nirS、nirK和nosZ基因反硝化菌丰富度均有明显增加,且处在各个滤料层中的反硝化菌丰富度基本相同.NUA和DAS滤料中检测出3类基因丰富度指数大小均为nosZnirKnirS.运行时间对反硝化菌的群落结构影响并不明显,但空间位置有一定影响.反硝化菌在NUA中的适应能力优于DAS,3类基因中nirK基因对滤料环境的适应能力最强.     

再生水补给型城市景观水体中溶解性有机物的分布及特征——以圆明园为例

天然水体中的溶解性有机物(Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM)具有多样的生态意义,已被用作评价天然水体水质状况的一项重要指标.本研究运用三维荧光光谱(Excitation-Emission Matrix Spectroscopy,EEMs)测量了圆明园水体中溶解性有机物的四季变化情况,利用平行因子...