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Four microorganisms, Pseudomonas sp. (ER2), Aspergillus niger (ER6), Cladosporium herbarum (ER4) and Penicilluim sp. (ER3), were isolated from cucumber leaves previously treated with metalaxyl using enrichment technique. These isolates were evaluated for detoxification of metalaxyl at the recommended dose level in aquatic system. The effect of pH and temperature on the growth ability of the tested isolates was also investigated by measuring the intracellular protein and mycelia dry weight for bacterial and fungal isolates, respectively. Moreover, the toxicity of metalaxyl after 28 d of treatment with the tested isolates was evaluated to confirm the complete removal of any toxic materials (metalaxyl and its metabolites). The results showed that the optimum degree pH for the growth of metalaxyl degrading isolates (bacterial and fungal isolates) was 7. The temperature 30℃ appeared to be the optimum degree for the growth of either fungal or bacterial isolates. The results showed that Pseudomonas sp. (ER2) was the most effective isolate in metalaxyl degradation followed by Aspergillus niger (ER6), Cladosporium herbarum (ER4) and Penicilluim sp. (ER3), respectively. There is no toxicity of metalaxyl detected in the supematant after 28 d of treatment with Pseudomonas sp. (ER2). The results suggest that bioremediation by Pseudomonas sp. (ER2) isolate was considered to be effective method for detoxification of metalaxyl in aqueous media. 相似文献
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Current methods for assessing the environmental impact of point source discharges in the United States are reviewed. The emphasis of many assessments of damage from pollution is shifting from chemical or technological standards to biological standards, i.e., the protection of biological integrity in the receiving system. The importance of integrating information from chemical measurements, toxicity tests, and field surveys in impact assessment is re-emphasized. Ways in which environmental professionals can improve methods for assessing damage from pollution and its control are discussed. 相似文献
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NELLY VAN DER HOEVEN 《Environmetrics》1997,8(3):255-261
One of the principal aims of ecotoxicity tests is to determine the concentration level below which the test chemical will have no or at most a negligible effect on the test parameter. Nowadays, the NOEC (no observed effect concentration) is normally used as an estimate for this concentration. The NOEC has, however, several major drawbacks as a summary statistic: (i) it is based on wrong usage of hypothesis testing—the acceptance of a null hypothesis (no difference); (ii) the estimate depends on the accuracy of the experimental test—when the sample error is small, i.e. the test is performed accurately, the NOEC will be lower; (iii) the estimate depends on the sample size—the larger the sample size, the lower the NOEC will be; (iv) the NOEC is a test concentration; (v) the NOEC depends on the chosen significance level. An alternative is proposed, the ECx, i.e. the concentration causing an effect of x per cent: 1. To estimate the ECx a concentration–response model is needed. The value of x in the ECx estimation should be chosen so that the ECx estimate is not too model dependent. 2. In NOEC estimation a certain deviation from the control is accepted. For an ECx estimation to give comparable protection with an NOEC, the x must be chosen somewhat smaller than the maximum non-significant deviation in the case where the test is performed according to normal guideline procedures and the variance in the control is the mean variance for such tests. Another alternative is parametric NEC (no effect concentration) estimation. The NEC is the threshold concentration below which the test chemical will not induce an effect. (a) All NEC estimates will be model dependent. Therefore, they are not appropriate in standard ecotoxicity tests where data will seldom be sufficient for model verification. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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生物炭是纤维类生物质经热解处理得到的富碳产物,因其提高耕地土壤肥力、促进土壤碳封存和吸附土壤污染物等功能而备受关注.土壤微生物是耕地土壤生命系统的主要组成,对土壤结构、营养、生态平衡和植物健康具有重要作用.添加的生物炭作用于耕地土壤和植物,其复杂关系中都有土壤微生物的参与.为此,梳理生物炭对耕地土壤微生物的直接影响,及其导致土壤性质、植物根系生长和代谢状况变化而带来的间接作用.发现了生物炭能直接为土壤微生物提供栖息环境和养分,改变酶活性,影响信号通讯,其成分中的多环芳烃等物质不利于微生物生存和代谢;生物炭通过改善孔隙度、酸碱度、团粒结构和容重等土壤理化性质,刺激植株生长、改变分泌状况和富集有害物质等间接作用于土壤微生物;生物炭对耕地土壤微生物的代谢活动和群落结构的影响具有复杂性,其影响趋势与生物炭的原材料性质、加工工艺和施用量等有关;提出了制备成本低、潜在危害少和综合效益高的生物炭产品建议和未来研究方向,可为生物炭的耕地土壤生态调控研究提供依据. 相似文献
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A culture of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans strain T-4, isolated from Song Zao Coal Mining, China, is able to use pyrite from coal as a source of energy. The bacterial culture solution with 108 -109 cells/ml, pH 1.55 - 1.70 was employed in the nine coal samples with -200 mesh have been studied at initial pH 1.7.30℃ , 20-30% coal pulp density. The bacterial removal sulfur from coal in samples 3, 4, 6 and 7 were reduced to 1.05 - 1.33% and 86.11% of pyritic sulfur can be removed in 4-24 hours. 相似文献
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Two strains of bacteria were isolated from nitrile polluted soils, and identified as Corynebacterium boffmanii and Arthrobacter flavescens. Acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile and acrylonitrile were degraded by these bacteria to yield corresponding amides, carboxylic acids and ammonia. The nitrile-degrading abilities of these strains were investigated. The removal rates for the nitrile were nearly 100%, after these bacteria were grown in medium containing 10000 ppm of aceto-, propio-, or butyronitrile at 28 ℃ for 24h. When the reaction mkture consisting of 5000 ppm of above mentioned nitriles or acrylonitrile and 20g (dry cell) /L resting cells of the two strains in 0.06mol/L phosphate buffer (pH7.5) was incubated separately at 25 ℃ with moderate shaking for 15 or 45 min, the nitrile could be degraded completely. The optimum growth conditions for C.hoffmanii and A.flavescens were studied as well. 相似文献
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红壤在我国农业耕地资源中占据重要地位,但其低pH值、铝含量高和磷素利用效率低等特性限制了酸性红壤的农田生产力.植物根系具有显著的可塑性,不仅能够吸收水分和养分,还能通过自身或根际微生物诱导调控根系构型,以应对生物和非生物胁迫.根际益生微生物(包括丛枝菌根真菌、根瘤菌等植物根际促生菌和合成微生物群落)通过调控植物根系构型来促进植物耐逆性,其主要调控作用包括:产生激素、释放挥发性有机物、固氮、溶磷和改善根际土壤结构等机制.以上机制可以影响根系生物量、根系分支、侧根和根毛的生长.进一步探讨了植物根系构型及根际微生物的可视化新方法,为研究根际微生物调控根系构型提供了技术支持.在酸性土壤条件下,根际微生物作为重要的调控策略,可以通过调整植物根系构型提高酸性土壤生产力,是改善酸性土壤障碍因子的潜在解决途径. 相似文献
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化学农药对土壤微生物的影响 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
农药的使用势必对土壤微生物产生影响,由于土壤中的微生物处在共生状态,而土壤中的很多物质分解是靠微生物来完成的,因此微生物受农药影响而发生的各种变化,都会对物质分解过程(如碳、氮循环),植物的生长发育,以及植物病理等产生影响。该文概述了农药对土壤微生物的6个方面影响,并提出了还需进一步研究的方向。 相似文献
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22种化学物和紫外线对λDNA的遗传毒性分析 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
采用具有遗传毒性的受试化学物处理λDNA后,经体外包装,形成噬菌体颗粒,感染宿主菌LE392,噬菌斑发生率将显著降低。用这一方法对22种化学物和紫外线测试的结果表明,丝裂霉素C等13种受试化学物和紫外线对λDNA具有遗传毒性。根据用限制性内切酶消化和凝胶电泳分析的结果认为,丝裂霉素C(MMC)、甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)和9-氨基吖啶(9-AA)对λDNA的遗传毒作用机理,可能是它们分别造成了λDNA分子发生随机断裂、DNA交联和在碱基热点上结合的移码突变。 相似文献
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Liao Ruizhang Shen Qiuqin Jin Lizhi Shen Shuling Qian Houyin Guan ZhenshengInstitute of Soils Fertilizers Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China 《环境科学学报(英文版)》1990,(3)
A physiological strain of microorganism - Azotobacter sp. has been adopted as an indicator to detect the toxicity of heavy metals in soils. The concentration of heavy metals to which Azotobacter sp. was behaving initially to have the resistance to heavy metals is defined as the critical poisoning concentration. The method of physiological threshold adopted can have a quantitative determination with reproducible results. The determined critical poisoning concentration is basically consistent with the results of heavy metals and arsenic toxicities to the bacteria reported recently in literatures. Total 9 typical soils, including 6 zonal soils and 3 purple soils, in the whole country were determined for the toxicities of 5 heavy metals and arsenic to Azotobacter sp. that resulted in 48 critical poisoning concentrations. 相似文献
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锑对土壤跳虫(Folsomia candida)的毒性效应 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了解Sb(锑)对土壤无脊椎动物的毒性效应及对比不同类型土壤中Sb毒性的差异,选取死亡率、逃避率、繁殖数三组个体水平的评价指标研究了3种典型土壤(海伦黑土、祁阳红壤、北京潮土)中外源添加Sb对模式生物——跳虫(Folsomia candida)的急性毒性和慢性毒性效应.结果表明,基于实测w(Sb总)求得的上述3种土壤中Sb影响跳虫逃避的2 d-EC50(EC50为半数效应浓度)分别为298、>431[高于土壤中最高w(Sb总)]和132 mg/kg;影响跳虫死亡的7 d-LC50(LC50为半数致死浓度)分别为3 352、4 007、2 105 mg/kg;影响跳虫死亡的28 d-LC50分别为2 271、1 865、703 mg/kg,影响跳虫繁殖的28 d-EC50分别为1 799、1 323、307 mg/kg.由上述毒性阈值大小可知,跳虫逃避率的敏感性高于死亡率和繁殖数的敏感性,不同土壤中Sb对跳虫的毒性大小具有显著差异,北京潮土中Sb对跳虫的毒性与海伦黑土、祁阳红壤相比最大差别接近6倍,表明不同土壤理化性质对Sb生态毒性效应具有显著影响.但基于w(Sb水提)求得的上述3种土壤中Sb的毒性阈值差异减小,说明水提态Sb与其毒性具有显著相关性,可以较好地解释不同土壤间Sb毒性的差异.该研究结果可为建立我国土壤中Sb的毒性预测模型及制订Sb的质量标准值提供依据. 相似文献
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三种有机磷萃取剂对水生生物的毒性效应 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
通过3种有机磷萃取剂:甲基磷酸二仲辛酯(P350)、异辛基磷酸单异辛酯(P507)和磷酸二异辛酸(P204)对不同营养级水平的单种生物:藻类(斜生棚藻)、草履虫(尾草履虫)、类(大型)、鱼类(鱼苗)的毒性试验,结果表明:3种有机磷萃取剂的毒性效应浓度(半致死浓度或半抑制浓度)为P350:0.40~9.30mg/L,P507:23.32~112.00mg/L,P204:59.50~138.00mg/L;毒性强弱的顺序为P350>P507>P204;建议把P350、P507、P204在水体中的安全浓度暂分别定为0.04mg/L、2.33mg/L和4.71mg/L。 相似文献
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