煤矸石－粉煤灰－废石膏烧结陶粒

采用制粒烧结工艺成功地把煤矸石、粉煤灰及废石膏(或烟气脱硫污泥)制备成建筑用轻质陶粒,实现了对上述固体废物的资源化和稳定化。煤矸石等的配料比以及粉状原料的颗粒尺寸分布是在成球盘中制粒的主要影响因素。烧结过程中的影响因素较多,但烧结温度是影响产品质量的主要因素。煤矸石-粉煤灰-废石膏陶粒烧结过程发生在950—1250℃,最佳烧结温度为1200±50℃,制得的陶位坚硬如岩石,容重等级为900,筒压强度为9—15MPa,超过GB2838-81的筒压强度≥6.5MPa的规定。     

粉煤灰/工业污泥烧结陶粒的制备与应用

以粉煤灰和工业污水处理站的剩余污泥为主要原材料，采用烧结法研制复合陶粒。分析了不同配方和不同烧结温度对陶粒性能的影响，以陶粒吸水率．容重为评价指标确定最佳配比和最佳烧结温度。提出用陶粒铺设景观水底，治理城市水体．并对其进行了可行性分析。粉煤灰／污泥陶粒的容重为0．79～0．9g／cm^3，吸水率为68．95％-80．01％。陶粒对水中氨氮和总磷吸附容量分别为0．03～0．05mg／g和0．01-0.02mg／g。     

煤矸石-石灰石-纯碱烧结过程研究

从煤矸石中提取氧化铝、并用残渣直接煅烧硅酸盐水泥熟料，同时将废气、废液循环利用，是煤矸石高附加值、低污染资源化综合利用的新工艺．通过对该工艺的煤矸石石灰石纯碱烧结过程固相反应历程的分析和研究，揭示了烧结过程的反应特点，并讨论了烧结温度和烧结时间对氧化铝提取率的影响．当烧结温度为１０４０℃、烧结时间为８０ｍｉｎ时，氧化铝的提取率可达到最大值８５２％．     

H－酸废母液的湿式空气氧化处理

研究了用湿式氧化法处理染料中间体Ｈ－酸废母液。在２００－２５０℃，Ｐｏ２＝１－３ＭＰａ下，Ｈ－酸的湿式氧化反应可分为２个阶段，最初１０ｍｉｎ为快反应段，ＣＯＤ快速下降，ＵＶ／可见光吸光度先急剧升高，之后快速降低；慢反应段延续到３０ｍｉｎ，ＣＯＤ和吸光度缓慢下降，其后变化不大。经过温式氧化处理之后，可生化性大幅度改善，在１６０℃，充氧３ＭＰａ，反应１ｈ，可使１０ｇ／Ｌ的Ｈ－酸液的ＣＯＤ降低５０％，ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤ由３．４％升高到３３．３％。反应后尾气中不含ＳＯ２，ＮＯｘ类有害气体。     

超临界CO2处理含氰废水初步研究

超临界ＣＯ２能萃取出含氰废水中的ＣＮ＾－，萃取物在压力降低时释放出来，释放物用饱和ＦｅＣｌ２溶液吸收稳定。萃取的最佳条件是：压力为１０ＭＰａ－１５ＭＰａ，温度为３０－５０℃，时间为２０ｍｉｎ－３０ｍｉｎ。     

污染底泥与焚烧飞灰混烧陶粒实验研究

为考察疏浚污染底泥与垃圾焚烧灰混合烧制陶粒的可行性,根据陶粒的桶压强度和吸水率等性能确定了原料配比,考察了焙烧温度对陶粒微观形貌、重金属残留率、浸出比例及浓度的影响。结果表明:随着原料中焚烧飞灰比例增加,陶粒的筒压强度降低、吸水率升高,污染底泥与焚烧飞灰的合适配比为4:1,焙烧温度在1 100~1 150℃时陶粒内部微孔聚集,在1 200℃时陶粒出现大量玻璃相,陶粒焙烧温度宜控制在1 150℃左右;在最佳条件下烧制陶粒的筒压强度为4.56 MPa、吸水率为15.3%,堆积密度为735 kg/m3;陶粒中重金属残留率除了Zn外均随焙烧温度升高而下降,重金属浸出比例随着烧结温度的增加而降低,同时渗沥浓度都有一定程度降低,浸出浓度均达到相关标准。烧制的陶粒有作为铺路、堤坝建材骨料使用的潜力。     

铁尾矿烧制陶粒及其性能的研究

本实验以铁尾矿为原料,粉煤灰、城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为添加剂,进行烧制建筑陶粒的研究。考察了物料配比和烧结工艺(烧结温度和烧结时间)对陶粒性能的影响。以陶粒吸水率和堆积密度为评价指标确定最佳配比和烧结工艺。研究表明铁尾矿、粉煤灰、污泥的最佳配比为:铁尾矿40.3%,粉煤灰44.7%,污泥15%。在最佳烧结工艺下,可以烧制出满足国家标准(GB/T 17431.1-1998)的700级轻粗集料。实验还研究了陶粒在不同浸取条件(水平振荡法、TCLP毒性浸出法)下的重金属浸出性能。结果表明:在两种不同浸出条件下,只有Cu、Zn和Pb能够检出而且其浸出浓度非常低。XRD结果表明,烧结过程中出现了硅酸盐类新物质。     

采用污水厂污泥制陶粒的烧结工艺及配方研究

对污水厂污泥“干化-烧结”制陶粒的烧结工艺和物料配方进行了研究,分析了不同烧结工艺条件对陶粒产品强度、吸水率和密度等性能指标的影响.结果表明,烧结温度对陶粒性能影响最大,而由于污泥本身熔点低,具有助熔作用,适宜的烧结温度与配方中污泥掺加量密切相关.最佳污泥烧制陶粒工艺条件为,污泥最大掺加量80%,350℃预热20min,1060℃烧结15min.     

淮南选矸电解生产Al-Si-Ti合金的研究

对淮南煤矸石低温焙烧酸浸脱杂并电解生产Ａｌ－Ｓｉ－Ｔｉ合金进行了研究。结果表明，采用工艺生产Ａｌ－Ｓｉ－Ｔｉ合金切实可行，关键在煤矸石中杂质的脱除，焙烧温度是影响脱杂的主要因素。在３００－４５０℃之间能取得最佳脱杂效果，其杂质问题由１０％左右降低到１．５％以下；脱杂煤矸石在温度为１０００℃左右、阴阳极电流密度分别 为０．７和１．０Ａ／ｃｍ＾２电解条件下能被还原并共同沉积形成合金，所得合金化学组成符     

粉煤灰和煤矸石长期浸水后pH的动态变化

监测了不同粒径的煤矸石、粉煤灰及其不同配比的基质在水的长时间浸泡下，其pH的变化规律。并寻找出了适宜于作物生长的粉煤灰与煤矸石的最佳pH配比比例为4：1—8：1。为进一步就地取材，以废治废提供新的思路，可以减少煤矿区生态恢复的费用，具有很好的实际应用潜力。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.