以石灰石和石灰为脱硫剂的镁强化FGD过程对比研究

目前石灰石和石灰仍是湿式烟气脱硫(FGD)的2种主要脱硫剂。因二者物理性质不同，其利用率和脱硫率等随操作参数的变化规律亦有差异。为了分析这种差异，依据旋流板塔镁强化石灰石／石灰FGD实验结果，研究得出了脱硫率等随操作参数变化的拟合方程，计算了不同浆液pH值下石灰石和石灰的利用率，对比分析了相关方程的导数。结果表明，镁强化石灰FGD过程的脱硫率因入口气体SO2浓度的增大而下降的幅度小于镁强化石灰石的过程；在设备条件等相同的情况下，为实现高效净化，镁强化石灰石FGD过程的操作液气比大于镁强化石灰的过程；石灰的利用率随浆液pH值的降低而提高的幅度较小，而在保证脱硫率的前提下，降低操作pH值则可有效提高石灰石的利用率。     

旋流板塔镁强化石灰脱硫过程研究

以旋流板塔为吸收器进行镁强化石灰脱硫的实验研究,测定了脱硫率、浆液pH值等随时间的变化情况,考察了硫酸镁浓度的影响,并利用实验数据计算了石灰利用率.与单用石灰脱硫对比,添加硫酸镁可明显提高脱硫率;对具有2块板的旋流板塔,硫酸镁浓度为0.2mol/L时,脱硫率从45%提高到60%以上.为保证较高的脱硫率,pH值宜控制在6.0～7.5.由于硫酸镁能促进石灰的溶解,减缓pH值的下降,因此又可提高石灰利用率;适宜条件下,0.2mol/L硫酸镁强化时可提高石灰利用率5%(所加石灰为基准)以上.     

烟气脱硫过程中添加剂对石灰石的促溶作用

以双搅拌釜为实验设备,研究了烟气脱硫过程中硫酸钠、硫酸镁和腐殖酸钠对石灰石的促溶作用.结果表明,分别采用3种不同添加剂时,pH值等随脱硫反应时间的变化规律类似;与非强化石灰石脱硫过程对比,在相同pH值下,3种添加剂均使石灰石颗粒体积占初始体积的分率rp减小,即均能促进石灰石的溶解,改善浆液的传质性能.通过理论分析,导出了r_p与浆液pH值之间的关系式,该方程能很好地关联双搅拌釜实验数据.     

湿法烟气脱硫用石灰石溶解数学模型研究

石灰石／石膏湿法烟气脱硫是我国广泛应用的脱硫技术,其中石灰石活性对优化脱硫装置的设计,降低脱硫成本．提高脱硫效率显得尤为重要。通过实验对石灰石活性进行了研究,在固定pH值的条件下,采用酸滴定石灰石浆液的方法．研究了不同pH值以及Cl-对石灰石溶解率的影响。结果表明,在所测的pH值范围内,较低的pH值有利于石灰石的溶解,pH值每降低0．5,石灰石的溶解率增加8％左右。但为了保持吸收溶液的脱硫效果,一般选择pH值在5．0．5．5之间。Cl-阻碍石灰石的溶解,Na^＋促进石灰石的溶解,且pH值越高作用越明显。此外,建立了石灰石溶解的数肇模型并与实验结果进行了比较．得到了较好的相似性。     

石灰石湿法烟气脱硫添加剂的实验研究

利用双搅拌釜，作石灰石浆液脱硫的实验，测定添加剂强化前后石灰石浆液脱硫过程中气液两相传质系数的变化，对比气液两相传质系数的大小。并结合国内外脱硫技术现状，提出了以石灰石作为脱硫剂，以硫酸镁、硫酸钠、腐残酸钠为添加剂，应用双搅拌釜为主设备的湿法脱硫方法，对添加剂的脱硫机理进行了基础性研究。     

旋流板塔钠强化石灰石湿式烟气脱硫研究

向石灰石脱硫浆液中添加硫酸钠可提高脱硫率。以旋流板塔为吸收器,测定了钠强化石灰石湿式烟气脱硫过程的脱硫率、pH值等随脱硫反应时间的变化情况,对不同pH值范围内的石灰石溶解速率等进行了分析。在与工业操作温度相近的条件下,测定了不同塔板数时的脱硫率和塔压降,计算了平均单板效率。结果表明,增加塔板数,脱硫率提高,而平均单板效率减小,实验条件下,塔板数由1增加到4,液气比为4L／m^3时脱硫率由25．5％提高到48．6％,而平均单板效率则由25．5％下降到15．3％。得出了平均单板效率与塔板数之间的关系式。     

粉煤灰对脱硫用石灰石溶解特性的影响研究

石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫是我国广泛应用的脱硫技术,其中石灰石（CaCO3）活性对优化脱硫装置的设计,降低脱硫成本,提高脱硫效率显得尤为重要。通过实验对CaCO,活性进行了研究,在固定pH值的条件下,采用酸滴定CaCO3浆液的方法,研究了不同pH值以及粉煤灰对CaCO3溶解率的影响。结果表明,在所测的pH值范围内,较低的pH值有利于CaCO3的溶解,pH值每降低0．5,CaCO3的溶解率增加8％左右。但为了保持吸收溶液的脱硫效果,一般选择pH值=5．0～5．5之间。粉煤灰对石灰石硫酸溶解的影响较小,初始2h内粉煤灰对CaCO3的溶解有较大的促进作用,2h后变为微弱的阻碍作用。     

几种碱性废渣脱硫性能的比较研究

以吸收瓶为实验装置研究了几种碱性废渣的脱硫容量。实验结果表明 ,电石渣、碱渣、废大理石和石灰石的脱硫容量分别为 0 85、0 75 ,0 6 2和 0 5 8gSO2 g脱硫剂。旋流板塔试验主要参数对脱硫率的影响结果表明 ,入塔浆液pH值越大 ,液气比L G越大 ,脱硫率η也越高 ;入塔SO2 浓度y0 越高 ,脱硫率η越低。模拟工业试验结果表明 ,对电石渣和碱渣 ,控制浆液pH >7,L G =2～ 3L m3时 ,η可达 6 5 %以上 ;对废大理石和石灰石 ,控制浆液pH为 6 5 ,L G =4～6L m3时 ,η可达 6 0 %以上。从以上结果来看 ,作为脱硫剂 ,电石渣脱硫效果最好 ,碱渣次之 ,最后是废大理石和石灰石。电石渣和碱渣显示了良好的应用前景     

湿法烟气脱硫关键影响因素及新型单塔双循环技术

分析了石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫(LGWFGD)技术的关键影响因素:液气比、浆液pH值、浆液密度的影响规律,发现在浆液pH值和浆液密度的选择时不能同时满足高脱硫效率和高石膏品质的要求。为解决这一矛盾,提出一种新型的单塔双循环技术,在两个相对独立的浆液循环系统中可以分别调节浆液pH值和浆液密度,使得高脱硫效率和高石膏品质的需求同时得到满足。     

控制氧化对湿法烟气脱硫过程的影响研究

在喷射鼓泡反应器上进行了控制氧化对湿法烟气脱硫过程的影响研究,测定了脱硫率η和pH随时间t的变化规律,得出了η与t的回归式及η与pH值的关系规律,讨论了不同曝气强度及抑制剂浓度对CaCO3利用率α、pH值及脱硫率η的影响。实验表明强制氧化及抑制氧化均能提高脱硫效率η及CaCO3利用率α,但对浆液pH值的影响正好相反,强制氧化使浆液pH值下降的更快,而抑制氧化则使浆液pH值有所提高。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.