固定化菌藻微球的制备、表征及其对富营养化湖水的修复

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)和海藻酸钠(SA)为主要包埋材料,以活性炭、SiO2和CaCO3作添加剂,采用普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和活性污泥制备固定化菌藻微球。采用正交实验对微球的制备条件进行了优化,并对最优化条件下制得的微球进行了表征,还考察了固定化菌藻微球对某富营养化湖水的修复效果。结果表明,固定化菌藻微球的最优化制备条件为:PVA用量10%(m/v),微生物包埋量15 mL,海藻酸钠用量0.6%(m/v),氯化钙浓度2.0%(m/v)。制得的微球具有较大的比表面积,内部呈网状结构,孔径分布均匀,中孔居多,适合小球藻和微生物生长。采用固定化菌藻微球可有效修复上述湖泊的实际富营养化湖水,微球可重复使用3~4个循环,在前4个循环中,每个循环历时96 h,TN平均去除率达80%以上;TP平均去除率达90%以上;COD平均去除率达85%以上,表明固定化菌藻微球在富营养化湖水的修复方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

沙雷氏苯酚降解菌固定化条件优化及降解性能研究

从首都钢铁集团焦化厂曝气池中的活性污泥中分离出一株沙雷氏菌属,利用聚乙烯醇(PVA)-卡拉胶混合载体对该菌种进行固定化,并对实际焦化废水进行降解。结果表明:(1)以PVA为包埋材料,添加卡拉胶为辅助载体后,使得固定化苯酚降解菌小球在制备过程中不易出现凝集的现象,易于操作,固定化苯酚降解菌小球颗粒综合性能有所提高。(2)最佳的固定化条件:PVA质量分数为8%,卡拉胶质量分数为0.5%,KCl为0.4mol/L,菌体化包埋比(菌液和混合载体的体积比)为1.0∶5.0,固定化时间为24h。新制备的固定化苯酚降解菌在使用前需进行活化,以提高降解性能。(3)在焦化废水的实际降解中,固定化苯酚降解菌的降解性能明显优于游离苯酚降解菌,固定化的载体对固定于其中的菌种起到了保护作用。     

一株石油降解菌的活性炭纤维固定化研究

以活性炭纤维为固定化载体将一株石油降解菌固定化,对固定化后的与游离的石油降解菌的石油降解性能进行了研究.结果表明,石油降解菌固定化的最佳活性炭纤维用量为6.25 g/L;当石油培养基盐度为0～3.5%、pH为7、石油用量为5 g/L时,当石油培养基盐度为0、pH为4～10、石油用量为5 g/L时,当石油培养基盐度为0、pH为7、石油用量为1～13 g/L时,最佳活性炭纤维用量下的固定化后的石油降解菌对石油的平均去除率分别比游离的石油降解菌高30.2%、25.4%、23.2%;同一批固定化后的石油降解菌在连续4次的重复利用中,石油去除率均维持在69.1%以上.     

有机磷降解酶的固定化及其工业化应用初探

采用一种新型的酶固定化方法,在大孔微球中对有机磷降解酶（OPHC2）固定化,制备固相载体化的交联酶聚集体固定化酶。对具有实际应用意义的参数：热稳定性、牢固度和连续反应批次进行了重点研究。结果表明,有机磷降解酶固定化酶的半衰期在70℃时比游离酶提高了2.1倍。固定化酶分别在37℃的摇床中经14 h高速振荡,以及在pH 8、37℃条件下循环反应49个批次降解甲基对硫磷后,均未发现固定化酶酶活力下降。在37℃,有机磷降解酶固定化酶柱以每小时3倍柱床体积的速率对甲基对硫磷农药乳油的稀释液（甲基对硫磷含量为216 mg/L）进行降解处理,系统连续工作156 h,甲基对硫磷的降解率保持在98.4%～99.9%。     

石油污染土壤中高效石油烃降解菌Y-16的筛选及其降解性能

通过富集和驯化培养从石油污染的土样中筛选出一株高效石油烃降解菌Y-16,其对胜利原油7 d降解率达到51.98%。在好氧条件下,对Y-16菌株的最优降解条件进行了探索,结果表明,在pH值8.0,温度30℃,接种量10%,摇床转数160 r/m in和3 000~7 000 mg/L的底物浓度下,Y-16菌株的最高降解率可达到60.34%。通过Y-16菌株对石油烃降解规律的探索,发现Y-16菌株对石油烃的降解符合一级反应动力学模型。     

TiO2微球光催化降解腐植酸钠

以阳离子交换树脂为模板,采用溶胶-凝胶法以四氯化钛为原料制备TiO2微球,采用XRD,FTIR,SEM对样品进行了表征。微球中主要组分是锐钛矿型TiO2,同时掺杂有少量Na+,SO24-等离子,比TiO2粉末具有更好的光催化性能,具备重复使用的能力,使用寿命较长,可作为一种有实用价值的光催化剂。在300 W高压汞灯下采用二氧化钛微球催化降解腐植酸钠,分析了催化剂投加量和反应时间对降解率的影响。腐植酸钠的光催化降解实验结果表明:初始浓度为10 mg/L的腐植酸钠在碱性条件,催化剂投加量为2.5 g/L,反应时间为3 h时最为适宜,最大降解率可达到96.51%。     

TiO_2微球光催化降解腐植酸钠

以阳离子交换树脂为模板,采用溶胶-凝胶法以四氯化钛为原料制备TiO2微球,采用XRD,FTIR,SEM对样品进行了表征。微球中主要组分是锐钛矿型TiO2,同时掺杂有少量Na＋,SO24-等离子,比TiO2粉末具有更好的光催化性能,具备重复使用的能力,使用寿命较长,可作为一种有实用价值的光催化剂。在300 W高压汞灯下采用二氧化钛微球催化降解腐植酸钠,分析了催化剂投加量和反应时间对降解率的影响。腐植酸钠的光催化降解实验结果表明：初始浓度为10 mg/L的腐植酸钠在碱性条件,催化剂投加量为2.5 g/L,反应时间为3 h时最为适宜,最大降解率可达到96.51%。     

石油降解菌群的筛选、构建及其降解特性研究

为了构建高效石油降解混合菌群,从潜江某油田采集8个石油污染土样(分别记为S1~S8)和2个石油污染水样(分别记为W3、W4),以石油为唯一碳源进行富集驯化培养;采用外观评分、石油降解率、石油3组分降解率、饱和烃中正构烷烃色谱分析等方法筛选石油降解优势菌群,构建石油降解混合菌群;采用正交试验研究混合菌群最佳降解条件。结果表明,富集的10个石油降解菌群中S3、S4、S5、S6、S8为优势菌群,培养30d后的石油降解率分别为21.67%、22.34%、27.23%、20.46%、19.99%;菌群W3、W4对石油乳化效果较好;混合菌群M3(S3+S4+S5+S8+W3+W4)为石油降解优势混合菌群,其最佳降解条件为35℃、pH7.60、含油率1.70%,在最佳条件下培养30d后,混合菌群M3对石油降解率达30.71%,比最优菌群S5的石油降解率提高了12.78%。     

固定化氨氮降解菌处理氨氮废水的试验研究

考察了海藻酸钠(SA)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)含量对固定化载体性能的影响,并筛选了最优条件制备固定化氨氮降解菌,研究其对氨氮废水的处理效果。当PVA和SA质量分数分别为8.00%、1.00%时,制成的固定化载体抗压性能最好,能够形成丰富的多孔结构。固定化氨氮降解菌在处理氨氮废水前驯化168h,可以恢复较高活性。在固定化氨氮降解菌投加量2%(质量分数)、反应温度30℃、pH 8.01、溶解氧3.0 mg/L的条件下反应60h,氨氮废水中的氨氮质量浓度从最初的3 835.29 mg/L降为82.35mg/L,去除率为97.85%。固定化氨氮降解菌在投加量低于氨氮降解菌的情况下,仍然能实现与之相近的氨氮废水处理效果,证明固定化氨氮降解菌能高效处理高浓度氨氮废水。     

固定化微生物修复石油污染土壤影响因素研究

针对石油污染土壤修复,利用实验室已筛选的高效石油降解单菌SM-3,以天然有机材料为载体,吸附法制备固定化微生物。将游离与固定化微生物应用于室内花盆模拟修复石油污染土壤,对C/N/P、微生物投加量、石油含量、氧化剂和表面活性剂设计5因素4水平正交实验,探讨不同修复时期各影响因素的重要性顺序,最佳条件下各菌株的修复效果。结果表明,不同微生物在不同降解时期,各影响因素的重要性会发生变化;经过21 d的修复,固定化单菌SM-3石油降解率为22.77%,修复过程中,接种量是最重要的影响因素,营养元素N、P投加影响较大,表面活性剂和氧化剂影响次之。     

秸秆固定化石油降解菌降解原油的初步研究

用秸秆做载体固定嗜碱芽孢杆菌(Bacillus alcalophilus SG)降解原油,其原油去除率为73.88%,高于单纯投加菌液或者菌液与秸秆的混合物的原油去除率.秸秆的最佳投加量(干重)为25.0 g/L,最佳固定化时间为30 h.用预处理过的秸秆固定SG,降低了固定化SG的原油去除率.在固定化培养基中添加无机盐离子,促进了固定化SG对原油的降解.不同初始pH的原油培养基在固定化SG降解原油的过程中逐渐呈中性或偏碱性.固定化SG在pH 6.0～10.0时对原油均有不错的降粘能力.     

固定化解脂耶氏酵母处理油脂废水研究

利用海藻酸钙包埋固定的解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica)分别降解以色拉油为惟一碳源和以葡萄糖为惟一碳源的污水,结果表明,在最佳处理条件下,固定化细胞在50 h内,能较好地降解废水中浓度为2 000 mg/L的色拉油和浓度为2 000 mg/L 的COD,降解率都在80%以上;固定化细胞对色拉油、COD降解效率随着时间的延长而增加、随着底物浓度的增加而下降;与未固定菌株相比,固定化细胞有着更好的储存稳定性和可重复使用性,结果进一步提示固定化解脂耶氏酵母适于含油废水以及高COD含量的生活污水处理。     

固定化解脂耶氏酵母间歇式处理油脂废水研究

固定化解脂耶氏酵母菌(Yarrowia lipolytica)在气升式反应器中处理色拉油浓度为2 000 mg/L、COD为3 000 mg/L的高COD油脂废水。结果表明,固定化菌对废水的最佳处理时间为6 d,可间歇式处理9批次高COD油脂废水,重复处理废水后,其对油脂的降解均在85%以上,对COD的降解在70%以上,降解后的排出水pH稳定在3.6~3.8。且处理动力学方程属于一级生化方程。结果进一步表明,固定化解脂耶氏酵母菌在气升式反应器中适于处理高COD含油脂的污水。     

Production and optimization of biodiesel using mixed immobilized biocatalysts in packed bed reactor

Vegetable oils are used as raw materials for biodiesel production using transesterification reaction. Several methods for the production of biodiesel were developed using chemical (alkali and acidic compounds) and biological catalysts (lipases). Biodiesel production catalyzed by lipases is energy and cost-saving processes and is carried out at normal temperature and pressure. The need for an efficient method for screening larger number of variables has led to the adoption of statistical experimental design. In the present study, packed bed reactor was designed to study with mixed immobilized biocatalysts to have higher productivity under optimum conditions. Contrary to the single-step acyl migration mechanism, a two-step stepwise reaction mechanism involving immobilized Candida rugosa lipase and immobilized Rhizopus oryzae cells was employed for the present work. This method was chosen because enzymatic hydrolysis followed by esterification can tolerate high free fatty acid containing oils. The effects of flow rate and bed height on biodiesel yield were studied using two factors five-level central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM). Maximum biodiesel yield of 85 and 81 % was obtained for jatropha oil and karanja oil with the optimum bed height and optimum flow rate of 32.6 cm and 1.35 L/h, and 32.6 cm and 1.36 L/h, respectively.     

Removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by suspended and immobilized Bacillus insolitus

In this experiment, Bacillus insolitus was isolated and selected from a mixed culture that have been acclimated to chlorophenols. Decomposition of chlorophenolic compounds will be studied using this pure culture in both suspended and immobilized form. The results are: at lower initial concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenol (10-50 mg/l), immobilized Bacillus insolitus shows a higher removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol than Bacillus insolitus in suspended growth. When the 2,4-dichlorophenol concentration becomes higher (50-200 mg/l), both immobilized and suspended Bacillus insolitus have approximately the same efficiency for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol. Higher concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenol are inhibitive to the growth of either suspended or immobilized Bacillus insolitus. At lower concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenol, immobilized mixed culture may have the same removal efficiency of 2,4-dichlorophenol as immobilized pure culture of Bacillus insolitus. But with regard to the overall 2,4-dichlorophenol removal efficiency, immobilized pure culture is considered to be superior to immobilized mixed culture.     

用于处理冲厕海水的固定化生物硅藻土小球的制备

选用聚乙烯醇（PVA）和海藻酸钠（SA）混合物作为包埋载体,对筛选出的耐盐复合菌群固定化制备方法进行了研究。通过正交实验分别研究了包埋载体不同配比、包菌量、硅藻土投加量和交联时间对固定化生物硅藻土小球的性能及其对冲厕污水中COD去除效果的影响。研究结果表明,固定化生物硅藻土小球最佳包埋条件是：聚乙烯醇9％,海藻酸钠0．5％,包菌量l：1,硅藻土20g／L,交联时间为24h。在该条件下,小球成球效果较好,机械强度高,对海水冲厕污水中COD的去除率达86．95％。     

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification by Pseudomonas sp. Y-5 in a high nitrogen environment

Pseudomonas sp. Y-5, a strain with simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) capacity, was isolated from the Wuhan Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant. This strain could rapidly remove high concentrations of inorganic nitrogen. Specifically, Pseudomonas sp. Y-5 removed 103 mg/L of NH₄⁺-N in 24 h without nitrate or nitrite accumulation when NH₄⁺-N was its sole nitrogen source. The NH₄⁺-N removal efficiency (RE) was 97.26%, and the average removal rate (RR) was 4.30 mg/L/h. Strain Y-5 also removed NO₃^?-N and NO₂^?-N even in aerobic conditions, with average RRs of 4.39 and 4.23 mg/L/h, respectively, and REs of up to 99.34% and 95.81% within 24 h. When cultured in SND medium (SNDM-1), strain Y-5 achieved an NH₄⁺-N RE of up to 97.80% and a total nitrogen (TN) RE of 93.01%, whereas NO₃^?-N was fully depleted in 48 h. Interestingly, high nitrite concentrations did not inhibit the nitrification capacity of Y-5 when grown in SNDM-2, the RE of NH₄⁺-N and TN reached 96.29% and 94.26%, respectively, and nitrite was consumed completely. Strain Y-5 also adapted well to high concentrations of ammonia (~401.68 mg NH₄⁺-N/L) or organic nitrogen (~315.12 mg TN/L). Our results suggested that Pseudomonas sp. Y-5 achieved efficient simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, thus demonstrating its potential applicability in the treatment of nitrogen-polluted wastewater.

     

History of mercury use and environmental contamination at the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant

Between 1950 and 1963 approximately 11 million kilograms of mercury (Hg) were used at the Oak Ridge Y-12 National Security Complex (Y-12 NSC) for lithium isotope separation processes. About 3% of the Hg was lost to the air, soil and rock under facilities, and East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) which originates in the plant site. Smaller amounts of Hg were used at other Oak Ridge facilities with similar results. Although the primary Hg discharges from Y-12 NSC stopped in 1963, small amounts of Hg continue to be released into the creek from point sources and diffuse contaminated soil and groundwater sources within Y-12 NSC. Mercury concentration in EFPC has decreased 85% from ∼2000 ng/L in the 1980s. In general, methylmercury concentrations in water and in fish have not declined in response to improvements in water quality and exhibit trends of increasing concentration in some cases.     

Role of cyanobacteria in the biodegradation of crude oil by a tropical cyanobacterial mat

Cyanobacterial mats are ubiquitous in tropical petroleum-polluted environments. They form a high biodiversity microbial consortium that contains efficient hydrocarbons degraders. A cyanobacterial mat collected from a petroleum-contaminated environment located in Indonesia was studied for its biodegradation potential. In the field, the natural mat was shown to degrade efficiently the crude oil present in the environment. This natural mat demonstrated also a strong activity of degradation on model crude oil under laboratory conditions. In axenic cultures, the monospecific cyanobacterium Phormidium animale that constitute the bulk of the biomass did not exhibit any degradative capacity on hydrocarbons in the range of C13-C35 carbon atom number either in autotrophic or heterotrophic conditions. It was concluded that this cyanobacterial strain living on a heavily contaminated site had no direct effect on biodegradation of crude oil, the degradation activity being exclusively achieved by the other microorganisms present in the microbial consortium of the mat.