滇池草海东风坝水域生态修复技术工程应用

本文介绍了我院最新开发的湖泊生态修复集成技术包括湖滨陡坎沿岸带基底修复技术、植物浮岛生态技术、入湖河渠污染控制技术和湖滨沿岸带大型水生植物群落恢复技术在滇池草海东风坝及老干鱼塘水域生态修复工程的实际应用情况,本项目在滇池草海约3．3km。水面实现了大型水生植物恢复面积约1．0km^2,在湖滨带形成由挺水植物、浮叶植物、浮水植物及沉水植物等不同植被类型组成的生态结构,大型水生植物覆盖率达30％,恢复水生植物共计20余种,栖息的水禽及鸟类目前已达27种,生物多样性显著提高,呈现出郁郁葱葱、生机勃勃的景象,生态修复区良性水生植被生态系统已经初步建立,湖泊自然生态环境和水质得到了明显改善,水体透明度增幅约为65％-70％,TN和TP去除率约为30％,取得了良好的环境和社会效益,为滇池及超富营养化湖泊的生态修复提供了宝贵的经验和工程示范。     

入库径流污染综合防控技术应用实践——以彭州市西河水库为例

针对彭州市西河水库污染现状及污染来源特征,为有效限制和处理入库径流污染物,结合库区自然条件,集成了"生态护坡—岸边人工湿地—人工浮岛"综合防控技术,并设计建设了示范工程。工程运行监测结果表明:经示范工程处理过的径流来水,除总氮以外,其他指标可以达到地表水Ⅲ类标准要求,其中,来水总氮平均超标63%,出水总氮平均超标24%,工程平均削减总氮23.93%。"生态护坡—岸边人工湿地—人工浮岛"综合防控技术及示范工程在西河水库径流污染防控方面发挥了积极作用,可以为类似水源污染防控提供技术参考。     

湖北农村地区富营养化水体的人工生态浮岛技术修复研究

通过生态浮岛在水面上种植了油菜、牛皮菜、旱伞草、美人蕉、空心菜、芦苇、春羽等7种植物,经过治理,实验水体质量得到较大改善。对生物量较大的油菜、空心菜、旱伞草、芦苇及美人蕉,通过植株体氮磷含量及植株鲜重,反推植物污水处理能力,经过测算,每平方米浮岛上种植的油菜、空心菜、旱伞草、芦苇及美人蕉在整个生长周期中按总磷计所能处理的污水（Ⅴ类至Ⅲ类）体积分别为23.6m^3、77.2m^3、27.27m^3、103.2m^3、22.2m^3。     

用絮凝剂物化法技术治理造纸废水

本文介绍了用物化法技术，治理山东省临沐县造纸厂１００００吨／日造纸废水的环境污染治理工程。此工程具有三个技术特点：黑液稀碱回收、高效复合絮凝剂和合理的工艺技术路线。     

城市景观水体的生态修复技术研究

城市景观水体对于城市发展和居民生活具有重要意义,当前城市景观水体污染问题尤其是富营养化现象比较突出,影响了水体生态环境和城市景观。文章综述了近年来景观水体的生态治理技术及其机理,重点介绍了人工浮岛、生物操纵等技术在景观水体修复中的应用和发展,以期对景观水体的治理和修复有一定的借鉴作用。     

垃圾渗滤液中氨氮去除技术评价及应用

垃圾卫生填埋过程中会产生有毒有害的垃圾渗滤液。垃圾渗滤液中的高氨氮对环境及后续生物处理过程造成了严重的影响。本文介绍了几种去除垃圾渗滤液氨氮的技术,并对这些技术进行了评估,分析了这些技术工程应用的特点,同时指出了垃圾渗滤液中氨氮去除技术工程应用的发展方向。     

烟气同时脱硫脱硝技术探讨

开发先进的烟气治理技术,控制二氧化硫和氮氧化物排放是国内外脱硫脱硝研究的一大热点。本文简述了同时脱硫脱硝技术的工作机理及其优缺点,从反应机理、技术特点和工程应用等方面,介绍了烟气同时脱硫脱硝技术的研究进展情况,并对其应用前景进行了预测。     

超水深供气式射流曝气工程设计

以污水处理工程实例，介绍了超水深供气式射流曝气SBR法污水处理工艺的特点、处理效果和可靠性，对其脱氮效果进行了详细的分析。     

温室大棚应用秸秆反应堆技术的试验示范结果与分析

秸秆生物反应堆技术是一项新型农业栽培技术。本文对黄瓜温室应用秸秆生物反应堆技术的对比试验情况进行了介绍,并就农产品品质、产量、上市时间、植物生长等情况进行了分析。     

钢铁行业烧结烟气脱硫脱硝联合治理技术

分析了烧结烟气的特点,介绍了当前几种主要的烧结球团烟气脱硫脱硝联合治理技术,从技术原理、特点、适用条件及工程应用等方面进行了叙述,提出了钢铁行业烧结烟气污染物治理技术的发展方向。     

Recently planted vegetation strips reduce Giardia runoff reaching waterways

Current methods for tracking pathogens across farmland and into surrounding waterways via runoff are limited and typically have been developed using artificially created landscapes. No studies have investigated how Giardia in farm runoff moves across the landscape, despite high prevalence rates in dairy cattle (Bos taurus) worldwide. Here, we report the development of a field-based tracking method specific for Giardia movement in runoff and use this technique to compare the pathogen reduction capability of recently planted vegetation strips with bare soil strips cleared of vegetation. Such scenarios represent typical events in schemes to plant vegetation barriers aimed at reducing waterway contamination. A significant treatment effect was identified, with 26% fewer Giardia detected in runoff collected from the planted strip (P = 0.006). These results highlight the immediate benefit of pathogen removal to be gained from vegetation planting. The successful discrimination of treatment effects by this new technique will enable the assessment of different vegetation types on runoff reduction and the effects of plant development over time.     

A Multi-scale Spatial Analysis of Native and Exotic Plant Species Richness Within a Mixed-Disturbance Oak Savanna Landscape

Impacts of human land use pose an increasing threat to global biodiversity. Resource managers must respond rapidly to this threat by assessing existing natural areas and prioritizing conservation actions across multiple spatial scales. Plant species richness is a useful measure of biodiversity but typically can only be evaluated on small portions of a given landscape. Modeling relationships between spatial heterogeneity and species richness may allow conservation planners to make predictions of species richness patterns within unsampled areas. We utilized a combination of field data, remotely sensed data, and landscape pattern metrics to develop models of native and exotic plant species richness at two spatial extents (60- and 120-m windows) and at four ecological levels for northwestern Ohio’s Oak Openings region. Multiple regression models explained 37–77 % of the variation in plant species richness. These models consistently explained more variation in exotic richness than in native richness. Exotic richness was better explained at the 120-m extent while native richness was better explained at the 60-m extent. Land cover composition of the surrounding landscape was an important component of all models. We found that percentage of human-modified land cover (negatively correlated with native richness and positively correlated with exotic richness) was a particularly useful predictor of plant species richness and that human-caused disturbances exert a strong influence on species richness patterns within a mixed-disturbance oak savanna landscape. Our results emphasize the importance of using a multi-scale approach to examine the complex relationships between spatial heterogeneity and plant species richness.     

基于县域尺度的土地利用景观格局特征及其影响因素研究——以江苏省丰县为例

从类型水平、景观水平两个维度选取8个景观指数定量分析了江苏省丰县土地利用景观格局特征,探讨其影响因素.研究表明,耕地作为丰县景观基底,其景观结合度水平较高;耕地和园地景观的聚集度高、破碎度低、连接度高,而其他农用地和林地则相反;距离交通线路越近,斑块密度、景观多样性、均匀度等景观指数越大;经济较发达镇的斑块密度较大,景观分散度和分离度指数较高,聚集度指数较低;距县城越远,景观类型分布越集中且较单一.     

Patterns of biodiversity and habitat sensitivity in agricultural landscapes

Design of landscape is the process of the arrangement of spatial features with the objective of sustaining ecosystem services, and maintaining ecological functionality to meet societal needs. Along a gradient of cultivation intensity, the functional quality of agricultural landscape was explored and the relationships between landscape metrics and functional quality were analyzed, in order to make effective recommendations for landscape design aimed at sustainable land use schemes. The functional quality of landscape was calculated using the InVest model for 20 farm landscapes (North-Eastern Italy) where biodiversity (plant taxa) and sensitivity to disturbance (hemeroby) were used as model inputs. Results highlighted the importance of specific habitat types such as meadows and woodlands rather than other habitats for improving the biodiversity of agricultural landscapes. A high proportion of these habitats enhanced the functional quality of the landscape when the habitats were organized in large and not isolated patches in heterogeneous landscapes.     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的城市土地利用景观格局分析

以IKONOS卫星遥感影像为基础数据源,在GIS技术的支持下,获取了泸州市区的土地利用类型。借鉴景观生态学的基本原理和方法,基于Fragstats 3.3软件,用景观格局指数定量分析了泸州市区土地利用景观格局的特征。分析结果表明,泸州市区土地利用景观类型丰富,景观多样性程渡高,景观类型均匀程度也较高,但优势景观类型不明显;由于人类干扰程度较大,土地利用景观破碎,稳定性较差。     

Impacts of freshwater wetlands on water quality: A landscape perspective

In this article, we suggest that a landscape approach might be useful in evaluating the effects of cumulative impacts on freshwater wetlands. The reason for using this approach is that most watersheds contain more than one wetland, and effects on water quality depend on the types of wetlands and their position in the landscape. Riparian areas that border uplands appear to be important sites for nitrogen processing and retention of large sediment particles. Fine particles associated with high concentrations of phosphorus are retained in downstream wetlands, where flow rates are slowed and where the surface water passes through plant litter. Riverine systems also may play an important role in processing nutrients, primarily during flooding events. Lacustrine wetlands appear to have the least impact on water quality, due to the small ratio of vegetated surface to open water. Examples are given of changes that occurred when the hydrology of a Maryland floodplain was altered.     

Modeling the Landscape Drivers of Fire Recurrence in Sardinia (Italy)

Although recurrent fire events with very short return periods have the most dangerous effects on landscape degradation, only a few papers have explored the landscape ecological factors that drive the probability of fire recurrence. In this paper we apply a habitat suitability model for analyzing the spatial relationship between a selected set of landscape factors (mainly land use types) and fire recurrence in Sardinia (Italy) in the years 2005–2010. Our results point out that fire occurrence in already burned areas is lower than expected in natural and semi-natural land cover types, like forest and shrublands. To the contrary, like in all regions where human activity is the main source of fire ignitions, the probability of fire recurrence is higher at low altitudes and close to roads and to urban and agricultural land cover types, thus showing marked preference for those landscape factors denoting higher anthropogenic ignition risk.     

Community participatory landscape classification and biodiversity assessment and monitoring of grazing lands in northern Kenya

In this study, we asked the Ariaal herders of northern Kenya to answer "why, what and how" they classified landscape, and assessed and monitored the biodiversity of 10 km(2) of grazing land. To answer the "why question" the herders classified grazing resources into 39 landscape patches grouped into six landscape types and classified soil as 'warm', 'intermediate' or 'cold' for the purpose of land use. For the "what question" the herders used soil conditions and vegetation characteristics to assess biodiversity. Plant species were described as 'increasers', 'decreasers' or 'stable'. The decreaser species were mostly grasses and forbs preferred for cattle and sheep grazing and the increasers were mostly woody species preferred by goats. The herders evaluated biodiversity in terms of key forage species and used absence or presence of the preferred species from individual landscapes for monitoring change in biodiversity. For the "how question" the herders used anthropogenic indicators concerned with livestock management for assessing landscape potential and suitability for grazing. The anthropogenic indicators were related to soils and biodiversity. The herders used plant species grazing preferences to determine the links between livestock production and biodiversity. By addressing these three questions, the study shows the value of incorporating the indigenous knowledge of herders into classification of landscape and assessment and monitoring of biodiversity in the grazing lands. We conclude that herder knowledge of biodiversity is related to the use as opposed to exclusive conservation practices. This type of knowledge is extremely valuable to conservation agencies for establishing a baseline for monitoring changes in biodiversity in the future.     

The impact of human frequentation on coastal vegetation in a biosphere reserve

We aimed to assess the impacts of recreational trampling on rare species, plant communities and landscape structure in the Iroise Biosphere Reserve (western France). Focusing on coastal grasslands, we first identified indicators discriminating human-induced short grasslands (i.e. maintained short by intensive trampling) from natural short grasslands (i.e. maintained by environmental constraints): the presence of lichens and succulent or woody species, which are known to be highly sensitive to trampling, as well as a shallow soil were good indicators of natural short grasslands. Recreational activities affected the majority of plots containing rare species, but one third of rare species (according to their habitat preference) appeared currently not threatened by recreational activities. The other rare species were found in grasslands with low trampling intensity and were not found in grasslands with greater trampling intensity. One lichen species (Teloshistes flavicans) was not affected by trampling intensity, while two plants species (Scilla verna and Ophioglossum lusitanicum) showed higher abundances when trampling was low to medium. When it occurs in natural short grasslands, tourist trampling reduced drastically plant species richness. However, when considering maritime high grasslands, we observed that species richness was higher under low trampling vs. no trampling, but decreased at higher trampling intensity. At a landscape scale, the mean annual rate of path creation was about 1.6% and tourist trampling has already completely destroyed 3.5ha of natural coastal vegetation. Trampling of maritime-high grassland has also created 31ha of short grasslands, which represent 50.8% of the whole short grassland habitat of the island. Moreover trampling affected respectively, 41% and 15% of natural short grasslands and maritime-high grasslands. One of the main suggestions for managers to minimise trampling impacts should be to protect areas of rocky soil covered by short grassland that are still non-trampled and not impacted. Fortunately, this appears compatible with a relatively free access of visitors to coastal areas, as tourists can be redirected towards maritime-high grasslands, an habitat which is less impacted by tourism in terms of affected surface, soil cover, loss of species, or presence of rare species host.     

Integration of Visual Quality Considerations in Development of Israeli Vegetation Management Policy

This article deals with the visual quality of Mediterranean vegetation groups in northern Israel, the public's preference of these groups as a visual resource, and the policy options for their management. The study is based on a sample of 44 Mediterranean vegetation groups and three population groups of local residents, who were interviewed using a questionnaire and photographs of the vegetation groups. The results of the research showed that plant classification methods based on flora composition, habitat, and external appearance were found to be suitable for visual plant classification and for the evaluation of visual preference of vegetation groups by the interviewed public. The vegetation groups of planted pine forests and olive groves, characterizing a cultured vegetation landscape, were preferred over typical Mediterranean landscapes such as scrub and grassed scrub. The researchers noted a marked difference between the two products of vegetation management policy, one that proposes the conservation and restoration of the variety of native Mediterranean vegetation landscape, and a second that advanced the development of the cultured landscape of planted olive groves and pines forests, which were highly preferred by the public. The authors suggested the development of an integrated vegetation management policy that would combine both needs and thus reduce the gap between the policy proposed by planners and the local population's visual preference.