纳滤膜深度处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

以膜生物反应器二级处理后的出水为研究对象,考察了操作压力、pH、运行时间和进水流量对纳滤膜分离性能的影响以及对COD的去除情况.结果表明,操作压力为0.6MPa,pH为7是最佳运行条件,纳滤膜对COD去除率可以达到90%以上,出水完全达到国家二级排放标准.此外,实验还表明运行4小时后膜的性能就可以达到稳定,进水流量越大,膜通量和COD截留率也越大.文章最后探讨了膜污染的原因,并在膜通量降至膜初通量的16%时进行了水力清洗和化学清洗,结果表明水力清洗最大只能使膜通量恢复至膜初通量的40%,而化学清洗最大可达到85%.     

直接超滤和混凝-超滤组合工艺的膜污染比较

利用滤饼层过滤模型和膜孔窄化模型，结合国产中空纤维超滤膜对提取的天然腐植酸进行直接超滤和混凝－超滤2种工艺的试验结果分析，表明混凝预处理基本消除了膜孔污染，并且大大降低了膜表面滤饼层污染阻力，从而使超滤保持高渗透通量。另外，与原水直接超滤相比，混凝－超滤组合工艺对溶解性天然有机物的去除率较高，DOC去除率从28％提高到53％，UV254去除率从40％提高到78％。     

络合-超滤耦合工艺去除水中镍离子的研究

以聚丙烯酸钠(PAANa)和聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)作为络合剂,将其与镍离子络合后的溶液转移至超滤杯中,在0.1 MPa压力下通过聚醚砜超滤膜进行分离,研究pH值和络合剂/Ni2+装载质量比(L)对Ni2+去除率的影响,并根据朗缪尔等温模型拟合络合反应平衡常数.同时研究超滤时间对膜通量和Ni2+去除率的影响.结果表明,选用PAANa为络合剂,在pH值为8、L=5时,Ni2+的去除率达到最大值99.5%.PEI为络合剂时,Ni2+去除率在pH值为7、L为5时达到最大值93.0%.不同pH值条件下拟合得到的络合平衡常数表明,pH为7时最有利于络合反应.另外,单个络合剂单体所能结合的Ni2+个数随着pH值的升高而增大.研究结果还表明,在长达12 h的超滤时间内,PAANa为络合剂时,膜通量的衰减<10%;PEI为络合剂时,膜通量基本保持不变;Ni2+的去除率都基本保持恒定.因此,在合适条件下,络合-超滤耦合工艺能有效去除水中的镍离子.     

预涂膜工艺应用于超滤膜系统

为提高超滤膜系统对污水处理厂二级出水中有机物和TN的去除效果,并降低超滤膜污染速率,改善超滤膜性能,分析了沸石粉、硅藻土2种预涂膜工艺在超滤膜系统中的应用效果. 结果表明:沸石粉/超滤工艺对超滤膜系统的膜通量恢复良好,反冲洗后能恢复到原来的膜通量;而硅藻土/超滤工艺中膜通量较初期下降0.01 L/(m2·h),对照组下降0.04 L/(m2·h). 沸石粉/超滤工艺对污水处理厂二级出水中COD_Cr、UV₂₅₄和TN的去除率分别为17.5%、13.5%和11.7%,相比对照组均有较大程度提高. 通过电镜扫描分析发现,沸石粉能够在超滤膜表面有效形成一层保护膜,降低有机物在膜表面的沉积,保障膜系统的高效率及长期稳定运行. 通过比较各实际运行工况效果并进行筛选,确定沸石粉为预涂膜工艺的最佳材料.      

平片膜生物反应器中膜污染特性的实验研究

采用聚偏氟乙烯平片膜生物反应器 ,通过测定不同运行条件下的水通量研究其污染特性 ,重点考察了运行时间、操作压力、曝气状况对膜污染的影响。实际结果表明 ,在曝气量为 3m3 h、操作压力为 0 .0 2MPa条件下运行 6h后 ,膜水通量从2 4 0mL min·m2 降至 5 5mL min·m2 ,下降率超过 77%。     

用超滤法处理洗毛污水

本文就聚砜中空纤维超滤法处理洗毛污水进行了研究，首先考查了不同截留分子量的超滤膜对超滤性能的影响，发现截留分子量为３万的膜超滤性能较佳；然后考查了压力、温度、浓度及流速等操作参数对超滤性能的影响；污水经过超滤后，脂、总固体及ＣＯＤ去除率分别在９８％、８０％和９５％以上．     

臭氧氧化对陶瓷膜超滤工艺降低饮用水中浊度的影响

利用臭氧陶瓷膜超滤集成工艺,研究了臭氧对陶瓷膜超滤工艺处理不同浊度原水的影响.实验用陶瓷膜平均孔径为100 nm.结果表明,与不投加臭氧的情况相比,投加3 mg·L-1臭氧可将浊度为14、52、108和510 NTU原水的膜通量提高18.2％～104.9％,投加5 mg·L-1臭氧可将此值提高至21.7％ ～116.3％,而投加1～2 mg·L-1臭氧对膜通量的改善不明显.投加5mg·L-1臭氧可将CODMn的去除率提高至28.7％ ～46.9％,投加1～3 mg·L-1臭氧对CODMn的去除率无显著影响,膜出水有机物浓度有所升高.臭氧氧化后原水中小分子量有机物增多,降低了膜的有机物污染程度,有利于膜通量改善.集成工艺出水中2～3 μm颗粒物数量为10 ～36个·mL-1.臭氧氧化导致陶瓷膜过滤初期出水中颗粒物数量略微升高.本研究对于水中颗粒物通过陶瓷超滤膜孔的探讨,以及改善膜对颗粒物的去除具有重要的指导意义.     

超滤及其组合工艺对污水的深度处理试验

超滤及其组合工艺 ,混凝 UF和粉末活性炭 (PAC) UF对污水深度处理的试验结果表明 ,超滤对水中浊度几乎可以完全去除 ,对细菌和大肠杆菌的去除效率大于 99% ,对水中有机物、氨氮、总铁和总锰也均有一定的去除。超滤前加混凝预处理或粉末活性炭吸附后 ,提高了水中有机物的去除率 ,同时减轻了膜污染 ,提高了膜通量和产水量。此外 ,三种工艺在等量冲洗用水的条件下 ,适当缩短过滤周期 ,增加反冲洗频率均提高了单位能耗产水量。     

胶团强化超滤处理含镍废水

胶团强化超滤(MEUF)是一种高效分离水中金属离子的技术。以无机陶瓷膜为媒介,采用胶团强化超滤法处理含镍废水,考察膜孔径,表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)浓度、镍离子浓度、pH值等因素对胶团强化超滤过程的影响。实验结果表明:膜孔径、SDS浓度、pH值对镍离子截留率有显著影响。当废水温度为20℃,操作压力为0.15 MPa,膜孔径为20 nm,SDS浓度为6.0 mmol/L时超滤效果最好;在此条件下,镍离子的截留率达99.25%,膜通量为89.65 L/(m2.h)。     

陶瓷微滤膜深度处理炼油污水二级出水的效能及膜清洗研究

建立了炼油污水二级生化出水的陶瓷微滤膜深度处理系统,当膜孔径为0.2 mm、操作压力为0.12 MPa时,该系统对CODCr和SS的去除率分别达到79%以上和87%以上,出水达到生活杂用水水质标准.自动高压气体(0.5 MPa)反冲洗可有效地提高膜通量;反应系统中加入Al2(SO4)3絮凝剂(50 mg/(L d))与不加入时相比,可使膜通量提高近80%;采用NaOH、HNO3、NaClO溶液和家用洗涤灵进行化学清洗时,HNO3和NaClO先后使用的复合清洗方法效率最高.     

吸附-超滤工艺用于饮用水除氟的试验研究

采用吸附-超滤工艺进行饮用水除氟的试验研究,试验在恒流条件下进行,重点考察吸附剂粒径、膜区曝气量和回流量对除氟效果和膜污染的影响. 结果表明,粉末状的活性氧化铝较颗粒状吸附容量有了很大的提高. 在膜通量为150 mL/min,反冲周期为6 h,反冲时间为2 min,反冲流量为150 mL/min,原水ρ(氟)为2 mg/L,活性氧化铝投加量为0.1 g/L的条件下,选取活性氧化铝粒径为0.050～0.074 mm,膜区不曝气,沉淀区与反应区间的回流比为0.5(对应的回流量为4.5 　L/h),可获得较好的除氟效果,并能有效地控制膜污染,使该系统在一定时间内稳定运行.      

Drinking water production by ultrafiltration of Songhuajiang River with PAC adsorption

In recent years, membrane ultrafiltration （UF） of surface water for drinking water treatment has become a more attractive technology worldwide as a possible alternative treatment to conventional clarification. To evaluate the performance of ultrafiltration membranes for treatment of surface water in North China, a 48-m^2 low pressure hollow fiber membrane ultrafiltration pilot plant was constructed. Ultrafiltration was operated in cross-flow and with powdered activated carbon （PAC） adsorption. Turbidity was almost completely removed to less than 0.2 NTU （below Chinese standard 1 NTU）. It was found that PAC addition enhanced organic matter removal. The combined process of PAC/UF allowed to 41% removal of CODMn, 46% removal of DOC and 57% decrease in UV254 absorbance. The elimination of particles, from average 12000/ml in the raw water to approximately 15/ml in the permeated, was observed. When PAC concentration was below 30 mg/L, backwashing could recovery the membrane flux with backwash interval/backwashing duration of 1/30.     

Drinking water production by uitrafiltration of Songhuajiang River with PAC adsorption

In recent years, membrane ultrafiltration (UF) of surface water for drinking water treatment has become a more attractive technology worldwide as a possible alternative treatment to conventional clarification. To evaluate the performance of ultrafiltration membranes for treatment of surface water in North China, a 48-m2 low pressure hollow fiber membrane ultrafiltration pilot plant was constructed. Ultrafiltration was operated in cross-flow and with powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption. Turbidity was almost completely removed to less than 0.2 NTU (below Chinese standard 1 NTU). It was found that PAC addition enhanced organic matter removal. The combined process of PAC/UF allowed to 41% removal of CODMn 46% removal of DOC and 57% decrease in UV254 absorbance. The elimination of particles, from average 12000/ml in the raw water to approximately 15/ml in the permeated, was observed. When PAC concentration was below 30 mg/L, backwashing could recovery the membrane flux with backwash interval/backwashing duration of 1/30.     

Treatment of phosphate-containing oily wastewater by coagulation and microfiltration

The oily wastewater generated from pretreatment unit of electrocoating industry contains oils, phosphate, organic solvents, and surfactants. In order to improve the removal efficiencies of phosphate and oils, to mitigate the membrane fouling, coagulation for ceramic membrane microfiltration of oily wastewater was performed. The results of filtration tests show that the membrane fouling decreased and the permeate flux and quality increased with coagulation as pretreatment. At the coagulant Ca （OH）2 dosage of 900 mg/L, the removal efficiency of phosphate was increased from 46.4% without coagulation to 99.6%; the removal of COD and oils were 97.0% and 99.8%, respectively. And the permeate flux was about 70% greater than that when Ca（OH）2 was not used. The permeate obtained from coagulation and microfiltration can be reused as make-up water, and the recommended operation conditions for pilot and industrial application are transmembrane pressure of 0.10 MPa and cross-flow velocity of 5 m/s. The comparison results show that 0.2 μm ZrO2 microfilter with coagulation could be used to perform the filtration rather than conventional ultrafilter, with very substantial gain in flux and removal efficiency of phosphate.     

Effect of powdered activated carbon on Chinese traditional medicine wastewater treatment in submerged membrane bioreactor with electronic control backwashing

Chinese traditional medicine wastewater, rich in macromolecule and easy to foam in aerobic biodegradation such as Glycosides, was treated by two identical bench-scale aerobic submerged membrane bioreactors （SMBRs） operated in parallel under the same feed, equipped with the same electronic control backwashing device. One was used as the control SMBR （CSMBR） while the other was dosed with powdered activated carbon （PAC） （PAC-amended SMBR, PSMBR）. The backwashing interval was 5 min. One suction period was about 90 min by adjusting preestablished backwashing vacuum and pump frequency. The average flux of CSMBR during a steady periodic state of 24 d （576 h） was 5.87 L/h with average hydraulic residence time （HRT） of 5.97 h and that of PSMBR during a steady periodic state of 30 d （720 h） was 5.85 L/h with average HRT of 5.99 h. The average total chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal efficiency of CSMBR was 89.29% with average organic loading rate （OLR） at 4.16 kg COD/（m^3.d） while that of PSMBR was 89.79% with average OLR at 5.50 kg COD/（m^3.d）. COD concentration in the effluent of both SMBRs achieved the second level of the general wastewater effluent standard GB8978-1996 for the raw medicine material industry （300 mg/L）. Hence, SMBR with electronic control backwashing was a viable process for medium-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater treatment. Moreover, the increasing rates of preestablished backwashing vacuum, pump frequency, and vacuum and flux loss caused by mixed liquor in PSMBR all lagged compared to those in CSMBR; thus the actual operating time of the PSMBR system without membrane cleaning was extended by up to 1.25 times in contrast with the CSMBR system, and the average total COD removal efficiency of PSMBR was enhanced with higher average OLR.     

玻璃纤维编织管覆膜改性及其动态膜生物反应器研究

对玻璃纤维编织管进行了覆膜改性,并依托于玻璃纤维编织管开发了一种新型的栅式膜组件及其动态膜生物反应器.研究表明,覆膜改性前,玻纤编织管动态膜组件的稳定通量仅为4 L/(m2.h),跨膜压差为0.02 MPa;覆膜改性后,玻纤编织管动态膜组件的膜通量可达到16 L/(m2.h),跨膜压差为0.01 MPa;经过水力清洗和碱洗后再次运行,膜通量可达到17.1 L/(m2.h),而跨膜压差最低仅为0.003 MPa.覆膜膜液浓度为1∶4时反应器在膜通量为14.29 L/(m2.h)时稳定运行长达51 d.按阻力增长速率计算,膜通量可保持稳定运行275 d左右.同时出水效果良好,COD和NH4+-N的处理效果平均值分别为81.96%和83.66%,其中动态膜的去除率分别为21.01%和3.61%.此外,覆膜改性的玻纤编织管估算价格约为40~60元/m2,低于传统有机膜.     

新型聚乙烯填料生物滴滤床净化硫化氢气体运行特性

研究高密度聚乙烯改良型拉西环填料按其不同规格分层填充后生物滴滤床去除硫化氢气体的运行特性.126d的长期运行试验结果表明,该反应器具有压降低、负荷沿塔高分布均匀的显著优点.在去除率90%时,气体停留时间最短为12s,入口负荷最大为110g/(m3·h),反应器最大去除负荷为84g/(m3·h).底层去除比率在37%～55%之间,负荷在2层填料间分布均匀.整个长期运行期间反应器压降一直低于280Pa/m,反冲周期大于2个月,长期运行底层未发生生物量积累,稳定运行时压降的变化可以作为反应器反冲的监控指标.故障恢复试验表明,反应器在停止供应气相基质6d后,去除率恢复到95%仅需1d,喷淋液pH的剧烈变化对于反应器具有明显的不良影响.     

膜-生物反应器组合工艺稳定运行特性的研究

对自行研制的无机陶瓷膜 生物反应器的操作条件及稳定运行特性进行了研究 ,结果表明 :操作压力、膜面流速及水温的提高均有利于膜通量的增加。经系统长期稳定运行 50d以上 ,CODCr、NH3 N的平均去除率分别达到96.1 3%和 99.33%以上。     

逆出水方向曝气反冲洗在动态膜生物反应器中的应用

采用逆出水方向曝气措施对以无纺布构建的动态膜生物反应器生活污水处理系统中的动态膜进行在线反冲洗.当反冲洗曝气强度为5.6 m³/(m²·h)、反冲洗时间为5　min时,生物动态膜的恢复需要45　min,生物动态膜恢复后出水浊度保持在5　NTU以下.在该反冲洗条件下,反应器稳定运行2个月,反冲洗周期可以稳定在15　h左右.扫描电镜观察表明,逆出水方向曝气反冲洗能够有效破坏附着在膜基材上的生物动态膜.生物动态膜截留能力研究表明,新的生物动态膜形成后,反应器对相对分子质量3×10⁴以上的有机物的截留率大于50％.逆出水方向曝气是一种经济有效的动态膜反应器在线清洗方法.     

碳化硅陶瓷膜管对PM_(2.5)捕集性能的实验研究

PM2.5因其粒径小、吸附能力强、输送距离远、环境危害大,同时捕集困难而成为世界各国共同关注的大气环境问题。以涂氧化铝膜的碳化硅陶瓷膜管(孔隙率28.16%,平均孔径20μm,过滤面积0.28 m2)为过滤元件,搭建了PM2.5捕集的实验装置,对膜管的过滤时间、通量与阻力降的关系以及捕集效率与时间的关系和膜污染控制方面进行了研究。结果表明:随过滤时间增加,通量逐渐减小,阻力降逐渐增大,捕集效率逐渐增大,对PM2.5捕集效率高达99.9%;对膜污染控制参数优化后反吹压强选定为0.8 MPa,反吹间隔时间为10 min,反吹时间为14 s。