改进的模糊综合评价法在某煤矿区水质评价中的应用

基于熵权法和相对标准偏差法组合评价因子权重,综合最大隶属度原则与加权平均原则,建立改进的模糊综合评价法,应用该方法评价某煤矿区浅层地下水水质,并与其他评价方法作比较。结果表明：在研究区33个浅层地下水监测点中,属于Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类水的监测点分别有4个、16个、13个,Ⅱ类水最多,占比48.5%,无Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类水,水质状况总体较好;对比发现,工业园水质相对较差,煤矿区及工业广场次之,农田和居民区水质相对较好;改进后的模糊综合评价法综合考虑了评价因子间的内在联系,既减小了主观因素对评价过程的影响,也规避了单一评判原则对水质等级判定带来的局限性,评价结果更符合实际情况。     

深圳市浅层地下水环境状况调查及保护对策

依托深圳市浅层地下水质量监测调查成果,开展全市浅层地下水质量评估工作。结果显示:多数监测点位水质属《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848—1993)的Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类标准,综合质量评价水质为较差级别。深圳市浅层地下水环境质量不容乐观,需要加强地下水环境的保护。在此基础上分析深圳市浅层地下水环境质量较差的原因,并提出地下水环境保护对策及建议。     

模糊-主成分分析综合评价法在地下水水质评价中的应用

主成分分析法可以在保留数据原始信息的基础上有效地降低数据维度,从而将影响地下水质的多因子简化为几个综合因子,但对地下水的综合水质状况无法直接表达;模糊综合评价法能直接给出水体综合水质情况结论,但评价因子多为人为选取,存在较强的主观性。以辽宁思山岭矿区地下水水质现状评价为例,利用主成分分析法选取影响各断面水质的关键因子,将其作为模糊综合评价的评价因子,建立了模糊?主成分分析综合评价法的地下水水质耦合评价模型。研究结果表明,该模型能很好地体现分析因子对评价结果带来的影响,使得评价结果更科学、合理。     

北京市妫水河水质现状评价

2017年分3个时期(丰水期、平水期、枯水期)采集妫水河及其支流12个断面表层水样,分析了COD、氨氮、TP、DO、pH值等水质指标,采用单因子评价法、水污染指数法、主成分分析法和模糊综合评价法对水质进行评价,根据4种水质评价方法的评价结果,分析4种方法在小流域河流评价中的适用性。结果表明:目前妫水河12个断面中S2、S10和Z2 3个断面水质较差,基本属于地表Ⅴ类水,污染程度为重度污染;其他9个断面水质等级为地表Ⅳ类水,污染程度为中度污染;中段世园会段水质较好,优于上段和下段,主要污染指标为COD;妫水河主要污染源于农业和生活,枯水期水质优于平水期和丰水期。水污染指数法更适合小流域水体水质的定性定量评价,且计算方便简单。     

代表性水质评价方法的比较研究

从太湖流域国控断面常规监测数据出发,利用代表性水质评价方法对各断面进行评价,系统分析比较这些方法的优缺点。结果显示:①单因子指数法评价结果比较保守;②内梅罗指数法将"1"作为清洁与污染的分界点,指数偏小;③灰色关联分析法水质指标权重系数的确定较模糊综合评判法合理,结果也更接近于综合水质标志指数法;④综合水质标志指数法评价结果与其它评价方法结果重合度最高,且模糊评判法、灰色关联分析法和BP-ANN法的评价结果均向综合水质标志指数法逼近。综合水质标志指数法以单因子指数法为基础,对劣Ⅴ类水进行细化,将恶臭对水质的不利影响考虑其中,其指数组成合理,且易于操作施行。     

谈谈灰色聚类法在地下水环境质量评价中的应用

地下水环境质量评价方法很多,目前,我国在环境质量评价方面采用了“等标型”、“均权型”、“权重型”、“超标型”等指数评价法,这些方法都是纯迭加的方法,在分级上采用绝对数值,未能考虑水质变化的过渡性及各污染指标之间的相关性和不同采样点在污染特征方面的相似性,因而掩盖了某些本质上的差异。 近年来有不少人用模糊数学方法对水质评价作了一些研究工作,我们也曾用模糊聚类及综合评判方法,选用有代表性水质监测点资料,对乌鲁木齐地区地下水环境质量作了评价,结果与实际基本相符。但由于上述工作大都建立在由查德和田中创立的基于模糊等价关系聚类分析原理的基础上,而在水质污染的分类中,各个污染指标之间的关系,通常是相容关系,不满足传递性,不能     

西藏生活垃圾填埋场周边地表水环境质量调查评价

采用标准指数法、综合评价法和灰色关联分析法对西藏地区4个典型垃圾填埋场周边地表水环境质量进行分析和评价。结果表明：各填埋场各评价因子均满足《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838—2002）Ⅲ类标准;各填埋场临近地表水环境综合水质均呈现上游监测点优于下游监测点;综合水质现状为尚清洁—清洁;灰色关联分析法评价结果为工布江达县生活垃圾填埋场下游监测点水质为Ⅱ类,其他填埋场各监测点水质均为Ⅰ类。各填埋场临近地表水水质现状满足其水域功能区要求,受填埋场污染环境影响较小。     

阿图什城市地下水饮用水源地水质状况评价

由于水质评价中存在的不确定性和模糊性,本文采用模糊数学综合评价法对新疆阿图什市水源地地下水中总硬度、溶解性总固体、高锰酸盐指数、氯化物、氟化物、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、氨氮8个水质指标的监测结果进行了数据处理,对地下水的水质进行综合评价。结果表明,6个取水井和市水厂的水质符合地下水质量标准Ⅱ级及以上水质标准。该方法反映出水环境系统的模糊性,评价的结果更具有说服性。     

黔江区饮用水源地水质模糊综合评价研究

采用模糊综合评价模型的最大隶属及加权平均原则对黔江城区饮用水水源地(小南海水库、城北水库和洞塘水库)水质进行评价,并将评价结果与常规单因素分析法、富营养化评价的结果作对比分析。研究表明,采用最大隶属原则评价显示3个水源地的水质基本保持在Ⅱ类以上,采用隶属度加权平均原则评价水质结果为1.47级,而单因子评价结果显示3个水源地水质结果均为Ⅲ类以上。另外,模糊综合评价结果与富营养化评价结果相一致,说明模糊综合评价模型评价结果更直观、连续。     

流沙湾海域水质的综合评价与分析

以流沙湾2008年4个航次水质监测数据资料为依据,选择具有代表性的9种监测指标,分别采用模糊综合评价法和模糊贴近度法进行海水水质评价比较与分析,得出流沙湾海域水质评价等级。研究结果表明,流沙湾海域冬夏季节的水环境质量差于春秋两季,其中夏季水质最差。将整年水质监测指标平均值进行综合评价,结果表明,流沙湾各站位均符合二类水质标准。以模糊贴近度法作为主要评价方法、以模糊综合评价法作为辅助评价方法进行综合评价,更有利于流沙湾海域水质的整体分析。研究结果可作为流沙湾海域水产养殖规划和整治的参考依据,为将来合理开发利用流沙湾海域提供科学依据。     

城市空气质量周报效用分析

介绍了世界上一些发达国家的空气污染预报的做法和采取的措施,阐述了我国开展空气质量预报的方针和方法,指出了周报是预报的基础工作。叙述了我国空气质量周报的污染参数的选取、污染指数的分级及其浓度限值和污染指数计算及确定,分析并总结了开展城市空气质量周报所发挥的效用是提高公众的环保意识,加大了治理污染的力度,转变了环境监测的职能,促进了环境监测事业的发展     

锅炉烟尘测试中锅炉负荷率的计算方法探讨

GB5468 -91规定 ,锅炉烟尘测试时 ,必须对锅炉的运行负荷进行测试 ,而实际监测过程中 ,许多锅炉房不具备测试的计量条件 ,为了解决这一问题 ,文章提出利用烟气量和空气过剩系数计算锅炉负荷率。在实际监测工作中 ,该方法方便、易于操作 ,所得结果和标准规定方法所得结果有很好的一致性     

水中总硬度测量不确定度的评定

采用EDTA滴定法测定水质总硬度的测量不确定度评定。充分考虑测量重复性、标准溶液的配制、滴定等过程对测量的影响,计算水中总硬度的测量相对合成标准不确定度为1·81×10-3。     

“湖泛”恶臭物质分析及来源浅析

介绍了中国南方"湖泛"中的恶臭物质及检测情况,采用常规分析和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对"湖泛"水样进行检测,认为"湖泛"恶臭物主要是氨和硫醚类物质。根据"湖泛"发生的时间及频次,结合南方地区农业水稻秧田的农药使用情况,推断氨基甲酸酯类农药的使用可能是"湖泛"发生的诱因。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施GB/T15481-2000 idt ISO/IEC17025:1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》的过程中,通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析,识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节,提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法,对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Fractionation of heavy metals and assessment of contamination of the sediments of Lake Titicaca

Chemical weathering is one of the major geochemical processes that control the mobilization of heavy metals. The present study provides the first report on heavy metal fractionation in sediments (8–156 m) of Lake Titicaca (3,820 m a.s.l.), which is shared by the Republic of Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Both contents of total Cu, Fe, Ni, Co, Mn, Cd, Pb, and Zn and also the fractionation of these heavy metals associated with four different fractions have been determined following the BCR scheme. The principal component analysis suggests that Co, Ni, and Cd can be attributed to natural sources related to the mineralized geological formations. Moreover, the sources of Cu, Fe, and Mn are effluents and wastes generated from mining activities, while Pb and Zn also suggest that their common source is associated to mining activities. According to the Risk Assessment Code, there is a moderate to high risk related to Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn, Co, and Ni mobilization and/or remobilization from the bottom sediment to the water column. Furthermore, the Geoaccumulation Index and the Enrichment Factor reveal that Zn, Pb, and Cd are enriched in the sediments. The results suggest that the effluents from various traditional mining waste sites in both countries are the main source of heavy metal contamination in the sediments of Lake Titicaca.     

贵州黔东南州三板溪水库春季拟多甲藻水华特征

2011年3月13日对贵州省黔东南州三板溪水库进行春季浮游植物调查的结果表明,三板溪水库Ⅱ号采样点(下革东)发生以佩纳形拟多甲藻为优势种的拟多甲藻水华,细胞密度高达1.15×10⁷cell/L;板溪水库总氮的最低值为2.09 mg/L,总磷的最低值为0.95 mg/L,三板溪水库的总氮、总磷含量较丰富,不存在总氮或总磷是限制性因子;通过SPSS16.0统计软件分别进行Pearson 积距相关系数分析表明,氮磷比是三板溪水库发生拟多甲藻水华的主要影响原因。     

Evaluation of method of preparation of passive diffusion tubes for measurement of ambient nitrogen dioxide

This study was carried out in response to suggestions that the measurement of NO(2) by Palmes-type passive diffusion tubes (PDT) is affected by the method of preparation of the triethanolamine (TEA) absorbent coating on the grids. The following combinations of factors were investigated: TEA solvent (acetone or water), volume composition of TEA in solvent (50% or 20%), and grid coating method (dipping in solution prior to assembly or pipetting solution on after assembly). Duplicate PDTs prepared by each of the 8 methods were exposed in parallel, in urban air, for a total of 80 separate 1 week exposures. NO(2) concentrations derived from PDTs prepared by pipetting methods were significantly less precise than concentrations from dipping methods, with mean RSDs for duplicate measurements of 13.8% and 8.5%, respectively (n= 316 each category). Pipetting methods using solutions of 50% TEA composition were particularly imprecise (mean RSD 17.2%). Data from PDTs prepared by pipetting methods were systematically more poorly correlated with each other and with data from co-located chemiluminescence analysers, than corresponding data from PDTs prepared by dipping methods, indicating that more consistent accuracy was also obtained by the latter PDTs. The statistical evidence suggested that PDTs prepared by pipetting 50% TEA in water generally gave lower NO(2) concentrations. Although this is in agreement with a previous study, it is also possible that such an observation here may be a statistical artefact given the demonstrably poorer precision of this method. The general tendency of PDTs to show positive bias in NO(2) measurement in urban air in 1 week exposures was again evident in this study (mean biases at roadside and urban centre locations of +35% (n= 475) and +18% (n= 112), respectively) consistent with augmentation of within-tube NO(2) flux by chemical reaction between co-diffusing NO and O(3). Overall, it is recommended that the pipetting method of PDT grid preparation is avoided, or at least investigated further, because of the apparent degradation in precision and accuracy of NO(2) measurement. Potential reasons for the effect are discussed.     

Environmental Assessment of the Impact of Ozone to the Neuston of the Sea-Surface Microlayer of the Gulf of Mexico

Substantial amounts of NOx (146 000 t/y) and total hydrocarbons (294 000 t/y) are released to the marine atmosphere by the large number of oil and gas operations over Federal waters of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Under appropriate meteorological conditions these emissions react to form ozone (0–54 g/m3 over-water) which can affect the marine environment. Using a dry deposition model, this work examines the amount of ozone derived from oil and gas offshore operations and deposited in the sea surface of the Gulf of Mexico, and assesses its impact on the neuston of the sea-surface microlayer. Surface integrated estimates of ozone deposited from oil and gas operations over the sea surface ranges from 400 kg to 1800 kg which results in sea surface concentrations of 15 g/m3. This estimate and the actual toxic ozone levels suggest no acute, toxic impacts to the neuston. However, indirect effects may occur through changes to the pelagic foodwebs and organic carbon pathways. Another potential pathway for ozone impacting the environment is through the production of bromate. Based on the concentrations and time scales (11–139 days) only sublethal effects appear to occur, but uncertainties associated with this assessment need to be further studied. From an ecological perspective, the environmental impacts and risks of NOx and VOC discharges from offshore platforms need to be assessed for neuston and other components of the marine ecosystem.     

污染源监测报告有效期问题的探讨

环境监测是环境管理的基础性工作,污染源监测报告(数据)的有效性是保证环境执法严肃、公正的重要条件,也是是守法企业展示良好社会形象的基本保证。依照国家的相关规定,并结合行业技术规范的要求,探讨污染源监测报告的有效期问题,以利于相关各方严肃、科学、合理地使用污染源监测数据。