Environmental awareness and the contemporary society of China——an analysis and an understanding

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｗｏｒｄ“ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ”ｎｏｗｂｅｃｏｍｅｓａｃａｔｃｈｗｏｒｄｉｎＣｈｉｎａ，ｂｕｔｔｈｅｔｅｒｍ“ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌａｗａｒｅｎｅｓｓ（ＥＡ）”ｉｓｓｔｉｌｌｎｏｔｉｎｔｈｅｓａｍｅｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ．ＴｈｉｓｉｓｔｈｅｒｅａｓｏｎｗｈｙＩｔｒｙｔｏｍａｋｅａｂｒｉｅｆｉｎｑｕｉｒｙｉｎｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒａｂｏｕｔｔｈｅｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅＥＡａｎｄＣｈｉｎａ○ｓｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ．ＥＡｉｓａｎｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｏｆｖ…     

Ecological and environmental water demand of the lakes in the Haihe-Luanhe Basin of North China

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅＨａｉｈｅ ＬｕａｎｈｅＢａｓｉｎｉｓｔｈｅｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｆａｃｉｎｇｔｈｅｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｏｆｗａｔｅｒｃｒｉｓｉｓｉｎｔｈｅＮｏｒｔｈＣｈｉｎａ.Ｗａｔｅｒｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｉｓｓｕｅｓａｎｄａｎｔｈｒｏｐｏｇｅｎｉｃｄｉｓｔｕｒｂａｎｃｅａｒｅｖｅｒｙｓｅｒｉｏｕｓａｔｔｈｅｓａｍｅｔｉｍｅ .Ｗａｔｅｒｄｅｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ ,ｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄｏｖｅｒｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｈａｖｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｅｄｉｎｏｂｖｉｏｕｓｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎａｎ…     

Ecological and environmental water demand of the lakes in the Haihe—Luanhe Basic of North China

The purpose of this paper is to present a brief concept of the ecological and environmental water demand of lake. The present situation and affecting factors of lake ecological system in the Haihe-Luanhe Basin of North China was analyzed. The calculating method of the ecological and environmental water demand of the lake basis on the water body and the calculating method of the ecological and environmental water demand of the lake basis on the aquatic ecosystem, wetland and vegetation were compared and discussed. As the examples of Baiyangdian Lake and Beidagang Lake in Haihe-Luanhe river basin, the ecological and environmental water demand of the two lakes was calculated to be 27 x 10(8) m3. It is 6.75 times to the water demand according to the calculating method of the ecological and environmental water demand of the lake basis on the water body. The research result indicated: (1) The calculating methods of the ecological and environmental water demand of the lake basis on the aquatic ecosystem should be better than only basis on the water body of lake. (2) The data, such as area of the vegetation kind around and in the lake, the vegetation coefficient, the evaporating amount of the vegetation and the vegetation water demand itself around and in the lake are lack and urgent need. Some suggestions for controlling and regulating the water resource of the lake in North China were proposed.     

Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions in China and the abatement measures

The major emission sources of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and CFCs in China have been identified, and the emission trends has been estimated. Besides fossil fuel combustion, human respiration and biomass burning are important sources. Some feasible abatement measures on energy conservation, afforestation and biomass recycling have been discussed.     

Impacts of climate change on development rate and production of corn in the northeastern China

In this paper, the impacts of climate change on development rate and production of corn in the northeastern China are discussed. The results show that the higher the temperature is, the faster the development rate will be. And the more the precipitation is, the slower the development rate will be. Of which, air temperature is the controlling factor of corn development rate. The influences of development rate on corn yield are remarkable. The impacts of development rate on production in first and last periods are great, and small in the middle two periods. The development rate is positive by relate with corn production from sowing to emergence stage and negative during other periods. So, it is very important to arrange a suitable sowing time for com cultivating in the northeastern China.     

The ways to prevent pollution of the pulp and paper industry in China

Water pollution from the pulp and paper industry is one of the most serious environment problems in China. In order to prevent and treat pollution of the pulp and paper industry, the following works have been done in recent years: 1. Making necessary policies, measures and regulations; 2. Making overall planning and rational layout; 3. Relying mainly on internal treatment developing external treatment as supplement; 4. Improving the technology of treating wastewater of the pulp and paper industry.     

Conceptual understandings of the ecological engineering issues: in China and abroad

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｓａｎｅｗｂｒａｎｃｈｏｆｅｃｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄａｎｉｎｔｅｒｄｉｓｃｉｐｌｉｎａｒｙｆｉｅｌｄ,ｔｈｅｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇｗａｓｉｎｉｔｉａｌｌｙｆｏｒｍｕｌａｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｅａｒｌｙ1960ｓ.Ｄｕｒｉｎ...     

Impacts of climate change on wheat development and production in the northern China

In this paper, impacts of climate change on wheat development rate and production in the northern China are discussed. The results show that the temperature is a controlling factor of development rate but the precipitation is not. The higher the temperature is. the faster the development and the shorter development period will be. Without consideration to varieties and cropping system, meteorological yield of winter wheat would decrease 170.40, 134.25, 98.70 and 97.20 kg/hm2 in the north China and 13.97, 7.95, 39.60 and 19.80 kg/hm2 in the northwest China compared with that in 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, respectively, when the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is doubled. In drought and semi-drought regions, the spring wheat yield would drop with the temperature rise in and raise with the precipitation increase. The influence of temperature on weight of leaf and stalk is also remarkable.     

Study on the oasis corridor landcape in the arid regions based on RS and GIS methods—application of Jinta Oasis,China

The study on the oasis corridor landscape is a new hotspot in the ecological environment research in the arid regions.In oasis,main corridor landscape types include river,ditch ,shelterbelt and road.This paper introduces the basic ecological effects of the corridor landscape on the transporting mass and energy and obstructing desert landscape expansion and incursion.Using Geographic Information System(GIS),we have researched the corridor distribution and its spatial relationship with other landscape types in the Jinta Oasis.Based on the dynamically monitoring on the landscape pattern change of the Jinta Oasis during the latter 10 years by using Remote Sensing(RS) and GIS,the driving functions of the corridors on this change have been analyzed in detail.The analysis results showed that all kinds of corridors‘ characteristics can be quantified by the indexes such as length and width ,ratio of perimeter and area,density and non-heterogeneity.The total corridor length of Jinta Oasis is 1838.5km and its density is 2.1km/km^2.The corridor density of the irrigation land.forest and resident area is maximal,which shows that affection degree of the oasis corridors on them is the most.The improvment of the corridors quality is one of the important driving factors on the irrigation land and so on.The organic combination of the RS and GIS technologies and landscape research methods would be an effective means for the corridor landscape research on arid region oasis.     

A policy and technical measures for controlling soil and water loss in the Loess Plateau of China

Loess Plateau is the most serious region of soil and water loss in China and the world. The sediment carried into the Yellow River amounts to 1.6 billion tons every year. This paper reviews the factors and reasons for erosion in this area, and puts forward a comprehensive controlling policy on the basis of the principles of ecology and practise of Chinese scientists for 40 years. In conformity with the policy, a number of technical measures for controlling soil and water loss are suggested.     

Spatial–temporal characteristics of haze and vertical distribution of aerosols over the Yangtze River Delta of China

Variation of haze events occurred in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) of China, the characteristics of meteorological elements and the vertical distribution of aerosols during haze episodes were analyzed by utilizing data of ground observation, radiosonde and CALIPSO. The results illustrate that the frequency of haze events between 1981 and 2010 peaked in winter but bottomed out in summer and decreased from north to south in the YRD region, reaching at the lowest point in "low frequency center" — Shanghai. When haze happened, the most seriously affected area was 2–4 km above the ground and the concentrated range of total backscattering coefficient(TBC) that decreased with altitude was 0.8 × 10~(-3)–2.5 × 10~(-3) km~(-1)·sr~(-1). Particulate depolarization ratio(PDR) was less than 40%in a large part and 93% aerosols over the YRD area were regular particles, while the irregular ones concentrated on 2 km above the surface and the irregularity rose up but the diversity diminished when altitude increased. Color ratio(CR) was lower than 1.2 mostly at all altitudes and distributed asymmetrically above the ground. Nearly 80% aerosols under10 km were fine particles(CR 1.0) and 22.54% coarse particles(CR 1.0) clustered at 2–4 km. Large particles(CR 1.2) aggregated in lower troposphere massively yet relatively smaller ones gathered in middle and upper troposphere. In the YRD region, aerosols with more powerful capabilities were wider and less regular than the ones of Northwestern China.     

Economic development and its impact on the environment in east coastal zone of China

This paper discusses briefly the elementary characteristics of the east China economic developing zone, and analyses the condition of urban atmospheric pollution, water pollution and ecological damage in this zone at present. It was brought forward that we must pay great attention to the environmental factors, and make the environmental impact assessment and environmental planning in the process of economic development in this zone.     

Sequential fractionation of reactive phosphorus in the sediment of a shallow eutrophic lake——Donghu Lake, China

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＳｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓｈａｓｂｅｅｎｔｈｅｆｏｃｕｓｏｆａｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｄｕｅｔｏｉｔｓｒｏｌｅｉｎｔｈｅｅｕｔｒｏｐｈｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｌａｋｅｓ.Ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓｆｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｓｅ?..     

Modern sea level changes of the Eastern China Seas and their influences on coastal areas

The statistics of tidal gauging records showed that the mean sea level of the China Seas has risen for 14 cm in past 100 years. The annual mean sea levels of the Eastern China Seas have been rising at a speed of about 0.21 -0.23 cm/a since 1960. The annual mean sea levels of the Eastern China Seas in 1989 were 1.45 cm higher than that in 1988 on average.The sea level rise may cause the damage of the dynamical balance of the natural environments in the coastal area? and form or strengthen many coastal disasters, such as storm-tide catastrophic events, sea water invasion landward, soil salinization in coastal lowland and plains, and beach erosion retreat.     

Flux of dimethylsulfide in the Jiaozhou Bay,China

Seasonal measurements of dimethylsulfide(DMS)in surface waters were carried out during 1993-1994 in the Jiaozhou Bay.A seasonal variation is observed for DMS concentrations in seawater,ranging from 0.6 to 8.97 nmol S/L with the highest values in spring.A factor of 4 was measured for DMS concentrations with mean concentrations of 5.85 nmol S/L or 6.58 nmol S/L in spring and 1.40nmol S/L in winter.A sea-to-air flux of DMS also showed a seasonal variation     

Technological paradigm and innovation of EST of SMEs in China

This article described the change of technological paradigm from environmentally unfriendly technology to environmentally sound technology(EST),and reported results from the investigation made in 1993-1995 of how China's small-medium enterprises(SMEs)have been innovating technology in response to environmental pressures and tried to identify factors affecting China' SMEs to innovate more environmentally sound products and processes.     

Landscape ecolgical assessment and eco—tourism development in the South Dongting Lake Wetland,China

As an important resource and the living enivronment of mankind,wetland has become gradually a highlight ,strongly concerned and intensively studied by scientists and sociologists.The governmetns in the world and the whole society have been paying more and more attention on it.The Dongting Lake of China is regarded as an internationally important wetland.For a rational development and protection of the wetland,an investigation and studied on its resources and its value to tourism in the South Dongting Lake was conducted,to create an assessment system of the ecological landscapes,and to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the value of wetland landscape to the eco-tourism.The results showed that the scenic value of the South Dongting Lake Wetland satisfied the criterion of AAAA grade of China national scenic attraction.The eco-tourism value of the landscape cultures in the South Dongting Lake Wetland was discussed with emphasis.It were formulated that a principle and frame of sustainable exploitation of the wetland landscapes and it was proposed as well that establishing a Wetland Park and developing eco-tourism in the South Dongting Lake .Wetland is a fragile ecosystem with low resistance to the impact of the exploitation.Thus,we must pay intensively attention to the influence of exploitation on the landscape,take the ecological risk in account to employ a right countermeasure and avoid the negative affection.     

Study of elemental distribution in soil on the loess plateau of China

Instrument neutron activation analysis (INAA) has been employed in this study to determine 32 elements in soil on the loess plateau. The preliminary results suggest that geochemical characteristics of elements in the soil mainly retained those in the parent materials (loess). It has been found that fractional deposition among grain sizes in the process of loess transportation as well as the bioclimate in which the soil developed are main factors affecting the regional variations of elemental distribution in soil on the plateau. Contour maps of element concentrations plotted from the trend analyses exhibit the major patterns of the distributions and variations on the plateau. Furthermore, the study also provides evidence for the aeolian theory of the loess transportation in China.     

Soil erosion types in the loess hill and gully area of China

ＳｏｉｌｅｒｏｓｉｏｎｔｙｐｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｌｏｅｓｓｈｉｌｌａｎｄｇｕｌｌｙａｒｅａｏｆＣｈｉｎａＦｕＢｏｊｉｅ（ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＥｃｏ－ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＳｃｅｉｅｎｃｅｓ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｅｉｅｎｃｅ...