人工甜味剂在不同类型土壤中的淋溶行为研究

人工甜味剂(artificial sweeteners)是一类人工合成或半合成的蔗糖替代品,广泛应用于食品、药物、个人护理品和饲料中,但是大多数人工甜味剂在人和动物体内几乎不被代谢而随尿液和粪便直接进入环境。在天津污水河沿线及甜味剂厂附近不同深度土层中检测到安赛蜜、糖精、甜蜜素和三氯蔗糖。为探讨人工甜味剂在土壤中的移动性及其对地下水污染的风险,应用土柱淋溶实验研究了安赛蜜和三氯蔗糖在2种土壤中的淋溶行为,并观测了人工甜味剂淋溶对土柱淋出液的溶解性有机质(DOM)、pH以及电导率(EC)的影响。结果表明安赛蜜和三氯蔗糖在2种土壤中表现出较强的移动性,超过87%的甜味剂均被淋出,只有不到13%的甜味剂被土壤截留或损失,因此对地下水具有较大的风险。安赛蜜和三氯蔗糖能够促进土壤溶解性有机质的溶出,但对淋出液的pH和电导率无显著影响。     

改性尿素的肥效及淋溶特性研究初探

在普遍尿素的生产工艺中分别加入一定比例的无机矿物改性剂,研制出３种改性尿素。盆栽结果显示,在等质量及等Ｎ施肥条件下,３种改性尿素均有较大幅度的增产。淋溶实验表明,改性尿素与德国缓释尿素的淋溶曲线相似。     

除草剂毒草胺在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性

为研究毒草胺在土壤中的迁移特性,分别利用振荡平衡法和土柱淋溶法测定了毒草胺在不同土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性,并讨论了其影响因素.结果表明,毒草胺在3种供试土壤上的吸附特性能较好地用Freundlich吸附等温线拟合,吸附常数Kd为0.34—2.96 mg1-.nL.nkg-1,很难被土壤吸附,吸附与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关.毒草胺在土壤中具有较强的淋溶性,淋溶速率：江西红壤〉太湖水稻土〉东北黑土,淋溶性强弱与毒草胺在土壤中的吸附性以及土壤粒径分布有关.     

澳门城市垃圾焚烧底灰的重金属淋溶及其遗传毒性评价

应用美国国家环境保护局推荐的毒性特性溶出程序(toxicitycharacteristicleachingprocedure,TCLP),以及ICP-MS和ICP-AES技术研究了澳门城市垃圾焚烧底灰中重金属的淋溶,并结合蚕豆根尖微核试验评价了其潜在的生态与健康风险.结果显示,该底灰淋溶出来的重金属元素:铝(Al)、锰(Mn)、钴(Co)和汞(Hg)的浓度低于0.01mg·L-1,铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)和钼(Mo)的浓度低于0.1mg·L-1,而铬(Cr)、锌(Zn)、硒(Se)、锶(Sr)、钡(Ba)和铯(Cs)的浓度在0.11mg·L-1￣2.19mg·L-1之间.需要注意的是淋溶液中铅(Pb)的浓度异常高,最高可达19.06mg·L-1,超过了美国相关标准的上限(5mg·L-1);对比不同条件下底灰中重金属的淋溶情况,表明溶解作用和淋溶液的pH值是影响其淋溶的2个重要因素.蚕豆根尖微核试验显示各淋溶液处理组根尖细胞微核率明显升高,与阴性对照组相比具有显著性差异(p<0.05),表明各淋溶液具有遗传毒性;随着淋溶液中重金属浓度的增加,蚕豆根尖细胞所表现出来的毒性效应增强,表明重金属是淋溶液具有遗传毒性的重要原因.     

黄土中矿物元素的淋溶释放研究

选取我国西北地区广泛分布的黄土进行模拟降水淋溶实验,研究了在动态淋溶系统中盐基离子和ＳｉＯ２、Ｃｌ－等黄土主要组份的释放规律及淋出液的ｐＨ值变化特点,在此基础上对黄土中各矿物元素的淋溶释放机制进行了探讨。结果表明,黄土中的Ｎａ＋、Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋、Ｃｌ－主要通过快速的无机盐溶解过程淋失,而Ｋ＋、ＳｉＯ２的淋溶释放则与缓慢的硅酸盐矿物风化有关。粗略的通量计算结果显示,在黄河流域,降水淋溶侵蚀作用每年可从黄土中淋失盐基离子４０．７ × １０９ｍｏｌ,占黄河溶解态物质入海通量的近２０%。     

青霉素钠在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性

分别采用振荡平衡法和土柱淋溶法分析了青霉素钠在不同土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性及其影响因素。结果表明,25℃以下,3种供试土壤对青霉素钠的吸附特性能用Freundlic模型进行较好的拟合,江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土的吸附常数KF分别为30.73、39.26和64.58 m L·g-1。偏最小二乘法(PLS)分析表明土壤黏粒含量和有机质含量是影响土壤吸附青霉素钠的主要因素。供试土壤对青霉素钠的吸附自由能变化值均40 k J·mol-1,该吸附过程主要属于物理吸附,吸附能力由大到小依次为东北黑土、太湖水稻土和江西红壤。土柱淋溶试验结果显示,土壤有机质含量和黏粒含量亦是影响淋溶过程的主要因素,青霉素钠在土壤剖面中的迁移能力较弱,3种土壤淋溶性能由大到小依次为江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土。     

毒死蜱在土壤中的残留和淋溶动态

对土壤中毒死蜱的残留和淋溶动态进行了研究.结果显示,毒死蜱在土壤中的残留降解属于一级动力学反应,在土壤中的降解半衰期为63.0 d.通过土柱模拟淋溶试验,对毒死蜱在土壤中淋溶的影响因子进行了研究.结果表明,降水量对毒死蜱的淋溶影响较大,主要表现为降水水量增大, 毒死蜱在土层中的最大淋溶深度也随之增加, 出现浓度最高峰的土层深度也越大, 两者呈正相关关系.与降水量相比,降水强度对毒死蜱的淋溶的影响相对较小.     

动物粪便堆肥的养分淋溶特征模拟研究

通过室内土柱模拟实验,研究了自然条件下土壤施用不同量的动物粪便堆肥对氮、磷和钾的淋失的影响,结果表明:氮、磷和钾的淋出量都与堆肥用量呈正相关关系,总氮的淋出主要集中在土壤下层,随着施肥量的增加,淋出液总氮浓度最高达到300mg·l-1,可能对地下水造成污染,总磷主要聚集在土壤的上层,最高达到8.5mg·l-1,磷向下迁移较为缓慢,随淋溶次数的变化不显著.土柱上层渗滤液中钾的含量远大于下层,各施肥量处理都在前三次淋溶中随淋溶次数的增加而有一定程度减小,随后趋于稳定.     

模拟酸雨对泉州市区大气降尘重金属的淋溶

以泉州市区受污染的大气降尘为研究对象,开展大气降尘中重金属(Cu,Pb,Cr,Cd,Zn,Mn,Fe,Ni,V,As,Co)在不同酸度(pH=2.5、3.5、4.5、5.6)酸雨淋溶下的溶出行为研究.结果表明:由于降尘样品本身的中和作用,淋出液的pH呈现出先升后降的趋势,并最终接近淋溶液原始pH.在模拟酸雨作用下,污染降尘中不同重金属呈现不同的溶出规律,金属Cu、Pb、Fe、Ni、Mn、Cd的淋出量随pH的升高而降低,各重金属的溶出基本可分为快速溶出阶段、缓慢溶出阶段或稳定阶段,重金属的溶出不仅与总量有关,还与模拟酸雨pH、环境温度、淋溶时间等因素有关.在pH2.5的酸雨下,累积释放量由大到小的顺序为交通区降尘:FeZnMnCoCuCrNiPbAsVCd,工业区降尘:MnFeZnPbCrCuNiAsVCoCd.     

噻虫胺在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性

采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了噻虫胺在3种不同类型土壤中的吸附特性、移动特性及其影响因素.结果表明,噻虫胺在江西红壤、太湖水稻土与东北黑土中的吸附较好地符合Freundlich方程,Kd值分别为0.49、1.99和4.42,Kd值大小次序依次为:江西红壤<太湖水稻土<东北黑土.影响噻虫胺土壤吸附性的主要因素为土壤有机质.薄层层析试验显示,当溶剂展开至12.0 cm处,噻虫胺在江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土中最远移至10—12 cm、8—10 cm、4—6 cm处.土柱试验表明噻虫胺在红壤淋出液中质量分数为56.04%,太湖水稻土和东北黑土中的噻虫胺最远已移至20.0—25.0 cm和15.0—20.0 cm处.影响噻虫胺在土壤中吸附性和移动性的主要因素为土壤有机质含量.噻虫胺存在对地下水污染的潜在风险性,特别是在红壤环境下使用噻虫胺应该引起足够重视.     

广花盆地地下水化学特征及其演化分析

粤港澳大湾区(简称大湾区)建设已经上升为中国国家重大发展战略,水资源保障能力提升是大湾区建设的重点内容。城市应急备用水源建设是解决区内供水风险、保障特殊时期供水安全的重要手段,查明水环境质量状况及其演化对于备用水源地的科学建设意义重大。以粤港澳大湾区应急备用水源地-广花盆地为研究对象,采集并测试了41口监测井水样的常规化学组分,利用主成分分析、元素比值和Gibbs模型等多种方法,探讨了地下水主要离子来源及控制因子,评估了水质状况。结果表明:地下水的TDS变化范围为51.42-1 293.36 mg·L-1,Cl-为1.81-858.65 mg·L-1,淡水样占比95.1%,微咸水占比4.9%,反映地下水化学具有较大的空间差异;地下水阳离子以Ca2+和Na+为主,阴离子以HCO3-和Cl-为主,为HCO3-Ca、HCO3-Na·Ca、HCO3·SO4-Na·Ca和HCO3·Cl-Na·Ca型水;地下水的ρ(Na+)/ρ(Na++Ca2+)值为0.02-0.59,ρ(Cl-)/(Cl-+HCO3-)值为0.03-0.88,Ca/Na值为0.69-52.66,HCO3/Na值为1.28-41.64,据Gibbs模型和元素化学计量分析表明,其化学组成主要受含水层碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩风化控制;Na/Cl系数为0.31-6.39,局部地下水盐化明显,在北部高Cl-质量浓度区,其主要受古咸水与现代淡水混合影响,并有Na+与Ca2+离子交换,在南部的高Cl-质量浓度区,可能是海水沿流溪河咸潮上溯和河流侧向补给地下水所致;氨氮为0.05-7.50mg·L-1,有75.6%的样品超过Ⅲ类水标准,其主要来源为农业施肥、人畜粪便。由此,氨氮污染威胁地下水安全,作为应急备用水源应引起高度重视。     

Assessment of nitrogen leaching from arable land in large river basins: Part I. Simulation experiments using a process-based model

A two-step procedure for analysing nitrogen leaching from arable land in large river basins is suggested: (1) application of a process-based dynamic model for a set of representative conditions in a large river basin to simulate water and nitrogen fluxes and (2) development of a fuzzy-rule based metamodel using the simulated nitrogen fluxes in Step 1 as a training set. After that the metamodel can be used for rapid assessment of water quality inside the considered ranges of parameters, describing natural conditions and management practices. This paper describes Step 1 of the procedure. Step 2 is described in an accompanying paper (Haberlandt et al., Ecological Modelling 150 (3) (2002) 277–294). The advantage of this approach is that it combines the ‘process-based foundation’ with the resulting simplicity of the metamodel. Simulation experiments for analysing nitrogen (N) leaching from arable land were performed using the Soil and Water Integrated Model (SWIM) for a set of representative conditions in the Saale basin (23 687 km²) in Central Europe. The Saale River is one of the main tributaries of the Elbe. In advance, hydrological validation of the model was done for the whole Saale basin and validation of nitrogen dynamics was fulfilled in two mesoscale sub-basins of the Elbe. For the simulation experiments the drainage basin area was sub-divided into five climate zones and nine representative soil classes were chosen. The basic rotation and fertilisation schemes were established using regional information obtained from literature. In addition, the effects of changing the basic rotation to more/less intensive ones and changing fertilisation rates by 50% increase/decrease were studied. The ranges of simulated nitrogen fluxes for the basic rotation and fertilisation schemes are comparable to available regional estimates and differences between sub-regions and soils are plausible. The relative importance of natural and anthropogenic factors affecting nitrogen leaching for the Saale River basin was as follows: (1) soil, (2) climate, (3) fertilisation rate and (4) crop rotation. The simulation experiments provide a basis for a fuzzy-rule based metamodel approach, which aims at rapid water quality assessment of large regions.     

Influence of reclaimed water discharge on the dissemination and relationships of sulfonamide,sulfonamide resistance genes along the Chaobai River,Beijing

Reclaimed water threatens the ecological safety of the Chaobai River. SMX, TMP, and SDZ were the first three abundant antibiotics in the research area. SRGs and intI1 were widespread with high abundance after reclaimed water recharge. The SRGs values followed the sequence: Summer>autumn>spring>winter. Strong correlations were detected between SRGs and environmental factors. Reclaimed water represents an important source of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes, threatening the ecological safety of receiving environments, while alleviating water resource shortages. This study investigated the dissemination of sulfonamide (SAs), sulfonamide resistance genes (SRGs), and class one integrons (intI1) in the surface water of the recharging area of the Chaobai River. The three antibiotics sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and sulfadiazine had the highest abundance. The highest absolute abundances were 2.91×10⁶, 6.94×10⁶, and 2.18×10⁴ copies/mL for sul1, sul2, and intI1 at the recharge point, respectively. SRGs and intI1 were widespread and had high abundance not only at the recharging point, but also in remote areas up to 8 km away. Seasonal variations of SRGs abundance followed the order of summer>autumn>spring>winter. Significant correlations were found between SRGs and intI1 (R² = 0.887 and 0.786, p<0.01), indicating the potential risk of SRGs dissemination. Strong correlations between the abundance of SRGs and environmental factors were also found, suggesting that appropriate environmental conditions favor the spread of SRGs. The obtained results indicate that recharging with reclaimed water causes dissemination and enrichment of SAs and SRGs in the receiving river. Further research is required for the risk assessment and scientific management of reclaimed water.     

成都平原蔬菜生产中灌溉水对农药渗漏的影响研究

针对成都平原蔬菜生产中大量施用农药、大量灌水的特点,首次在国内应用欧洲官方成熟的农药评估模型——PEARL模型,研究评估了成都平原当前蔬菜生产中的灌溉方式对两种不同特性农药的渗漏的影响。杀毒矾(土壤吸附力(KOM)为0 L/kg,半衰期(DT50)为80 d)在没有灌溉条件下,其渗出土体时的最大质量浓度是190μg.L-1,而有灌溉条件下其渗出质量浓度则可达523μg.L-1,是没有灌溉条件下的2.75倍。三唑磷(KOM为200 L.kg-1,DT50为60 d)在没有灌溉条件下,其渗出土体时的最大质量浓度是0.025μg.L-1,而有灌溉条件下其渗出质量浓度为0.13μg.L-1,比没有灌溉时提高了4.2倍。不管有没有灌溉三唑磷在该地区对地下水的污染风险都很小,而杀毒矾的风险则很高。因此,农药的化学特性是影响农药渗漏的最重要的因子。在蔬菜生产中应尽量选用被土壤吸附力强、半衰期短的农药,例如:三唑磷;农药在土壤中的移动载体是土壤水,不合理的灌溉会大大地加大农药淋溶,应当多使用微喷、滴灌等节水灌溉措施,减少使用漫灌等耗水多的原始灌溉方式。     

Preferential leaching of nitrate,chloride and phosphate in an Australian clay soil

This paper investigates leaching of water and nutrients (NO^‐ ₃, Cl^‐, PO^3‐ ₄) from the unsaturated layer in an Australian soil using a multisegment percolation system (MPS). Large undisturbed soil cores were collected from a clay‐based, basaltic plain, agricultural soil at Grassmere, 300 km west of Melbourne, Australia. Significant heterogeneity (or preferential flow) of effluent moisture and solutes was detected (one‐way ANO VA, p < 0.001). Fifty percent of the applied nitrate and chloride leached from the soil core within three days after initial application. Hundred percent of the applied nitrate and chloride leached from the soil core within 8 days after application. These results indicate little incorporation into the soil matrix, and possible denitrification or mineralisation. In contrast, after 18 days, less than 1 % of the total applied phosphates leached from the soil, indicating strong adsorption. Our experiments indicate considerable heterogeneity in water flow patterns and solute leaching on a small spatial scale. Very rapid transport of nitrate and chloride through the soil was evident, in comparison phosphate leaching was negligible. These results have important implications for the management of nutrient schedules in agricultural soils, particularly those located in the Western District of Victoria, Australia.     

Effects of leaching from alkaline red mud on soil biota: modelling the conditions after the Hungarian red mud disaster

A soil column experiment was set up to investigate the effect of red mud from Ajka (Hungary) on a typical soil profile from the affected area. The chemical changes caused by the red mud leachate and the effects of these changes on living organisms were assessed. Ecotoxicological tests were performed with Vibrio fischeri, Sinapis alba and Folsomia candida and the number of aerobic heterotrophic microorganisms was determined. The total, plant-available, exchangeable and water-soluble fractions of Na, Mo, Cu and Cr increased in the soil, mostly owing to their leaching from the red mud layer, but partly to the increase in the pH and DOC concentration. The chemical changes only had significant effects on the test organisms in the 0–30 cm soil layer, except for F. candida, which also had a lower survival rate in the 30–50 cm soil layer. No severe toxic effects were detected in the test organisms; in fact a stimulating effect was revealed for the aerobic heterotrophic cell number and for S. alba germination. However, the red mud itself was toxic, so the ecotoxicological tests justified the removal of red mud from the soil surface after the disaster.     

经过水泥固化的重金属废物的穿透渗漏实验

采用穿透渗漏实验方法研究了经水泥固化的重金属废物的长期渗漏行为。用由Ｐｂ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｎｉ＾２＋和Ｃｒ＾６＋５种重金属组成的合成废物样品进行２组实验。实验研究了渗漏实验液流速、ＰＨ的变化和金属渗漏能力对固体废物长期渗漏行为的影响。     

国外关于稳定化/固化的有毒有害污染物的渗漏实验方法的研究进展

以水泥为基质的稳定化 /固化 (Stabilization/solidification)的方法在国外广泛用于无机、有机、有毒有害污染物的最终处置 ,已经有数十年的历史。论文较全面地介绍了拟合被这种稳定化 /固化过程处理过的污染物在自然界条件下短期和长期的污染物泄漏过程 ,即所谓短期、长期的渗漏行为的实验方法和数学模型 ,并总结了现有几种用来模拟短期或长期渗漏行为的渗漏实验方法和适用于这些实验方法的数学预测模型的应用条件。     

运用主成分分析法评价北京市代表性河流的水质与毒性状况

以北京市3条具有不同功能的代表性河流(清河:纳污排洪;京密引水渠:供水水源;小月河:景观用水)作为研究对象,分析测定了33个水质指标,采用内梅罗指数法与大型蚤急性毒性测试法对3条河流的水质与毒性状况进行了评价,同时运用主成分分析法对毒性产生的原因和影响水质的因素进行了初步探讨.结果表明,1)3条河流已受到不同程度的污染,水质和毒性状况均不容乐观.作为纳污排洪的清河大部分采样点水质较差,生物毒性极高;作为景观用水的小月河水质一般,具有一定的生物毒性;作为供水水源的京密引水渠水质一般,但毒性较低.2)水样生物毒性与Cl-、Ca、K、Li、Mn、Na、Cr、Ni等指标有关;内梅罗水质指数与NO2-、Cl-、K、Na、Ni等指标有关.3)某些指标(如NO2-)超标会对水质分级产生较大影响,但对生物毒性贡献不大,而低浓度的重金属,不会对水质分级产生贡献,却会对生物的生理活动产生影响,综合化学指标和毒性指标共同评价水质更为合理.