降雨入渗与地表径流污染减量模拟试验研究

针对造成水体污染的城市降雨地表径流问题,建立模拟降雨系统,选用聚合物与功能材料,改良土壤结构,提高土壤对雨水的渗透性,削减地表径流及径流携带污染物对纳污水体的污染.结果表明,复合施用PAM与沸石使降雨径流过流体土壤结构被改良,对降雨径流的削减作用明显,对土壤的降水渗透有显著的促进.数据表明,沸石与PAM配施对削减降雨地表径流与提高降雨土壤入渗的效果有协同作用.在36、72和108 mm/h不同降雨强度下,处理土壤水的入渗较对照分别提高了35%～76%、32%～66%和18%～47%,降雨后土壤的含水量较对照可提高1～5倍.     

降雨促渗对地表径流污染物负荷影响模拟试验研究

建立模拟降雨装置,研究降雨条件下功能性材料与聚合物对降水土壤渗透性与地表径流污染负荷的影响.研究证实,沸石与PAM不仅能够促进降雨土壤水的入渗、延缓并减少地表径流,而且使土壤渗液和地表径流水质TSS、TN、TP、COD污染物负荷降低.以3 kg/hm2 PAM、3 kg PAM与7.5 t/hm2沸石、6 kg/hm2 PAM 3种方式处理,径流COD负荷为对照的39.12%～69.76%、26.14%～46.63%和20.60%～28.09%;TN、TP与TSS负荷较对照分别减少44.36%～96.47%、66.63%～98.99%、93.71%～99.62%和50.46%～98.40%、83.30%～99.31%、94.91%～99.72%和31.06%～77.23%、46.82%～86.22%、83.54%～95.33%.聚合物与功能性材料改良土壤是一种削减地表降雨径流非点源污染的有效手段.     

降雨促渗对地表径流污染物负荷影响模拟试验研究

建立模拟降雨装置，研究降雨条件下功能性材料与聚合物对降水土壤渗透性与地表径流污染负荷的影响。研究证实，沸石与PAM不仅能够促进降雨土壤水的人渗、延缓并减少地表径流．而且使土壤渗液和地表径流水质TSS、TN、TP、COD污染物负荷降低。以3kg／hm^2PAM、3kgPAM与7．5t／hm^2沸石、6kg／hm^2 PAM3种方式处理，径流COD负荷为对照的39．12％-69．76％、26．14％-46．63％和20．60％-28.09％；TN、TP与TSS负荷较对照分别减少44．36％-96．47％、66．63％-98．99％、93．71％-99．62％和50．46％～98．40％、83．30％～99．3l％、94．91％～99．72％和31．06％～77．23％、46．82％，86．22％、83．54％-95.33％。聚合物与功能性材料改良土壤是一种削减地袁降雨径流非点源污染的有效手段。     

城市绿地土壤渗透性改良对雨水径流污染的削减效果及去除规律

为考察土壤渗透性改良后的径流污染削减效果和去除规律,以上海浦东某已建居住社区绿地土壤特性为样本,采用中粗砂和沸石进行渗透性改良并开展径流污染削减实验。结果表明:改良后土壤渗透性能明显提高,具有较好的截留和净化污染物作用;通过土壤成分、污染负荷、流量负荷和渗滤深度对COD、TN、TP和NH_4~+-N去除效果的影响分析,提出了不同径流污染特征下可采用不同的土壤渗透性改良方案,实现对特征污染物更有效的削减效果。研究结果可为改良城市居住社区绿地土壤渗透性,缓解初期雨水径流污染提供参考和借鉴。     

土壤渗滤系统中植物对地表雨水径流中磷的控制效果与影响分析

按照城市地表雨水径流水质指标,通过在自来水中添加药剂或材料,人工配制模拟地表雨水径流。通过对有植物和无植物种植的两个土壤渗滤系统开展4次模拟地表雨水径流渗滤试验,监测每次模拟地表雨水径流渗滤试验的渗滤出水中TP含量以及在进水、落干阶段土壤渗滤系统试验装置中0、5、15、35cm深度改良土壤渗滤介质的交换态无机磷(Ex-P)、铝磷(Al-P)、铁磷(Fe-P)的含量,研究土壤渗滤系统中植物对地表雨水径流中磷的控制效果和对改良土壤渗滤介质吸附磷迁移转化过程的影响。结果表明:(1)4次模拟地表雨水径流渗滤试验中,土壤渗滤系统对模拟地表雨水径流中TP的去除率均在89%以上,有植物种植的土壤渗滤系统中TP去除率均高于无植物种植的土壤渗滤系统。(2)改良土壤渗滤介质对模拟地表雨水径流中无机磷的吸附是分层进行的,随着上层改良土壤渗滤介质固定的无机磷量逐渐增加,改良土壤渗滤介质对模拟地表雨水径流中磷的吸附作用逐渐减弱,含有较多磷的模拟地表雨水径流进入下层的改良土壤渗滤介质再被吸附固定。在没有外源磷进入的阶段,改良土壤渗滤介质吸附磷的主要介质为红壤土中无定形态的铝,植物的生长会促使改良土壤渗滤介质中Al-P累积到一定程度后会向Fe-P转化。     

不同地表雨水径流冲刷特性分析

选择北京市某城区典型地表(校园、自行车道、商业街和高架桥)的雨水径流作为研究对象,系统分析了不同地表雨水径流的冲刷特性。分析结果表明:不同地表初期冲刷现象都比较明显,控制不同地表20%的初期雨水可以削减污染物总量的40%～60%,高架桥初期雨水径流中COD、SS和TP浓度最高,校园初期雨水径流中TN浓度最高。不同地表雨水径流的水质优劣顺序为:校园>商业街>自行车道>高架桥。校园和自行车道在整个降雨过程中D50和D90粒径大小相近,分别为30μm和50μm左右,且变化幅度都较小。高架桥和商业街在雨水径流初期D50和D90粒径有明显减小,但后期均出现较大幅度的波动,其粒径明显大于校园和自行车道。上述研究成果对于城市不同地表雨水径流污染控制和场地开发具有重要意义。     

苏州市工业用地地表径流污染特性研究

对苏州新区枫桥工业园湘江路段的10场有效降雨事件的地表径流污染特性进行了研究.研究表明.地表径流水质参数COD、SS、NH3-N、TN、TP均服从对数正态分布,在95%置信水平下,SS与COD、TP、TN之问存在线性相关性(R=0.45～0.72).统计了污染物事件平均浓度(EMC),COD、SS、NH3-N、TN、TP的EMC中值分别为213、491、2.65、5.19、1.07 mg/L,相对应的单位面积污染物负荷分别为1 898、4 375、24、46、10 kg/(hm2·a).与韩国Chongju工业区和上海市相比,SS负荷高是苏州新区枫桥工业园地表径流水质的主要特点,削减SS负荷对控制其非点源污染具有重要意义.     

昆明主城区城市地表径流污染特征分析

昆明市位于滇池上游,城市地表径流污染负荷对滇池水质具有直接影响。通过对昆明主城区内不同功能区12个监测点7次降雨径流过程水样的采集与分析,研究了昆明主城区城市地表径流污染特征。结果表明,昆明主城区城市地表径流中TSS、COD、TN和TP的多场降雨平均浓度分别为182.8、138.2、2.37和0.43 mg/L。不同功能区的地表径流水质存在显著差异(p<0.05);各功能区径流污染负荷顺序为:公路区>商业区>住宅区>文教区;不同功能区单场降雨径流水质动态变化规律是:污染物浓度在降雨径流初期相对较高,中后期浓度快速下降,并逐渐趋于稳定;地表利用功能、降雨特征和交通流量是影响城市地表径流水质的主要因素;城市地表径流中COD、TN、TP与TSS之间有较好的相关性,说明大部分的污染物质是以颗粒吸附态存在。     

天津市不同土地利用类型雨水径流污染特征

在对天津市不同土地利用类型地表径流水质进行监测的基础上,探讨了地表雨水径流污染物的出流规律、污染物的事件平均浓度(EMC)以及污染物负荷量.结果表明,地表径流污染物浓度大多在径流初期10～20 min达到最高值,之后随着降雨历时的延续,污染物浓度呈波浪性锯齿状降低,至降雨结束,污染物浓度最终趋于稳定,在整个径流污染过程...     

河岸缓冲带对地表径流及悬浮颗粒物的阻控效应

河岸缓冲带可以有效地截留阻控农业非点源污染物向水体中迁移。构建草木犀带T2、草木犀与枫杨混合带(T3林草带)和杂草带(T1对照)3种类型人工河岸缓冲带,通过野外径流实验区2年的实地观测,对寒冷地区不同类型及不同宽度植被缓冲带阻控地表径流和悬浮颗粒物(SS)的能力进行了初步的研究。实验共收集21次降雨径流和3次融雪径流,通过对径流水样分析,结果表明,3种类型缓冲带均能有效截留降雨径流,5 m宽T3缓冲带的截留效率达78%。河岸缓冲带对降雨径流的阻控效应明显高于融雪径流,且对地表径流中SS质量的截留明显高于对浓度的截留作用。枫杨与草木犀的混合种植并没有显著减少融雪径流中悬浮颗粒物的含量,宽度达到13 m时,其阻控作用才明显。总体上,林草带对地表径流及悬浮颗粒物的阻控能力最强。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils

This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine～ amitrole～ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log K_ow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.