基于驾驶适宜性检测的沙漠公路驾驶员视觉特性分析

利用动体视力检测仪,对沙漠公路行车途中汽车驾驶员进行包括静视力和动体视力在内的视觉特性的实地测试,并就获得的1004个有效样本的检测数据进行统计整理,对受测驾驶员静、动体视力总体情况及其与驾驶员年龄、驾龄、持续行车时间、检测时的气温等因素之间的关系进行分析研究。对驾驶员视觉特性的实测分析表明:沙漠公路受测驾驶员静视力和动体视力平均值分别为1.3和0.7;动体视力相对于静视力的平均下降幅度为44.75%,远高于绿洲地区。关联度分析也表明,驾驶员的年龄、驾龄、驾车时间以及测试温度4项因素对其静视力、动视力以及视力降幅均具有较强的相关性,关联度均在0.76以上。     

驾驶员接管自动驾驶车辆的眼动特性和行为分析

为探究接管自动驾驶车辆期间驾驶员的视觉特性,分析眼动与接管反应操控行为的关系,开展驾驶模拟试验收集驾驶行为及眼动数据。运用统计学方法,分析驾驶员感知不同接管场景的视觉特性,探究接管请求(TOR)前后眼动指标的变化规律;并基于视觉分配和瞳孔变化特性分析驾驶行为,揭示眼动特性与接管反应及驾驶操纵策略的内在联系。结果表明:TOR前,相较于静态场景,驾驶员感知动态场景诱发元素扫视更频繁且平均注视时间更短;此时驾驶员的视觉分配特性与其接管反应行为存在显著相关性。TOR后,驾驶员的注视时间增加,眨眼频率降低,瞳孔直径扩张,眼跳幅度增大;不同场景下驾驶员的瞳孔差异表明其应对动态场景时具备更好的警戒水平和更平稳的操纵策略。     

视觉界面对人—机系统特性影响的试验研究

以驾驶员和飞行模拟器构成人－机仿真系统，结合驾驶员完成单自由度补偿跟踪任务，对飞机仪表显示和屏显示方式进行了人－机系统仿真试验，通过频域辨识方法，获了拟线性驾驶员描述函数，进而分析了两种显示方式对驾驶员特性和人－机系统特性的影响。     

新驾驶员反应特性分析

新驾驶员是交通事故的频发人群,并与其驾驶反应特性有关。笔者对96名(男75名,女21名)新驾驶员(驾龄≤3年)的反应时进行测试,与一定样本量(83名)的对照组相应指标作比较,其结果表明:对于简单反应时间,由于信息复杂度低,受试组和对照组未能表现出显著差异;当加大信息复杂度时(3光复合刺激),两组间反应时差异较为显著(p<0.01),即新驾驶员的反应能力较对照组差;应当有针对性地对新驾驶员进行反应时训练以增加其驾车安全性。     

城市道路下分心行为对驾驶员驾驶绩效的影响

为探究城市道路条件下常见驾驶分心行为对驾驶绩效的影响,以16名青年志愿者为被试,开展实车驾驶试验,测量车辆纵向和横向行驶参数,对比分析正常驾驶和分心驾驶状态下的驾驶绩效,并探讨驾驶经验的影响。结果表明：3种分心行为均使横向加速度标准差和纵向加速度标准差增加,而使速度均值降低,说明驾驶员通过速度和转向控制补偿分心状态下的驾驶绩效;交谈对速度均值和纵向加速度均值、阅读广告对速度标准差和横向加速度均值具有显著性影响(p<0.05);接听电话时,经验驾驶员速度标准差明显高于新手(p=0.021);接听电话和阅读广告次任务下,经验驾驶员的横向加速度均值均明显较高(p=0.003,p=0.004),说明经验丰富的驾驶员受分心行为的影响程度更低。     

汽车驾驶愤怒情绪研究现状与展望

系统分析愤怒驾驶的研究方法和研究难点,从汽车驾驶人愤怒情绪产生的情景、汽车驾驶人愤怒时的表现或行为、汽车驾驶人愤怒情绪对交通安全的影响、汽车驾驶人愤怒情绪识别4个方面介绍汽车驾驶人愤怒驾驶的研究进展,以及国外汽车驾驶人愤怒驾驶研究的方法和工具。提出研究汽车驾驶人愤怒情绪应该重点关注样本的选择和研究方法的突破,并对发展趋势进行了展望:准确识别汽车驾驶人开车中的愤怒情绪,预测愤怒下的驾驶人开车可能产生的不安全行为,如何有效地管理愤怒驾驶,消除驾驶人在行车中的愤怒情绪,避免或降低愤怒驾驶对交通安全的影响。     

基于驾驶员模型参数辨识的疲劳驾驶研究

提出一种利用驾驶员模型反演方法来进行驾驶员疲劳诊断研究的新方法。首先利用预瞄神经网络建立适应于复杂路况条件下的驾驶员-汽车-道路闭环模型,然后定义特定行驶轨迹内理论数据与试验数据的近似度为目标函数,将驾驶员参数的反演问题转化为多目标优化问题,采用基于实数编码混沌变异量子遗传算法的优化方法,获得全局最优解。试验中采用脑电和主观疲劳心理评测结合的方法确定被试者的疲劳状况。在每种疲劳状况下对驾驶员参数进行辨识,对结果进行统计分析表明,在考虑到车型、道路曲率等因素条件下驾驶员参数分布与驾驶员的疲劳状况有很强的相关性。     

情绪对驾驶行为影响研究北大核心CSCD

不良情绪是引发交通事故的因素之一。为预防由驾驶员情绪引发的交通事故,利用3层因果分解(驾驶员神经兴奋一驾驶员原始反应—车辆状态)深入分析情绪对驾驶行为的影响。设计并完成模拟驾驶试验,采集驾驶员高兴、悲伤、愤怒和恐惧4种情绪状态下的心电信号和行车数据;采用基线信号消除方法,分析驾驶员心跳间期、转向角和最大车道偏离在不同情绪下的变化值。结果表明:驾驶员在所有情绪状态下都有明显的交感神经兴奋并伴随着转向角度值增加。在高兴和愤怒情绪状态下,会产生更明显的车道偏离,驾驶员趋向更危险的驾驶行为;在悲伤和恐惧情绪状态下,产生较小范围的车道偏离,驾驶员趋向相对安全的驾驶行为。     

基于车载机器视觉的汽车安全技术

在描述汽车驾驶操作过程基础上,根据信息获取范围将汽车安全辅助驾驶的机器视觉分为外部信息的机器视觉与内部信息的机器视觉技术,包括视觉增强、视野扩展、道路环境理解、视线跟踪与驾驶疲劳监测;逐个阐述其作用机理,综述其国内外研究现状,并归纳出研究重点;分析了汽车安全辅助驾驶系统中机器视觉技术当前研究不足。笔者认为,低能见度驾驶员视觉增强方法、道路环境理解信息融合以及驾驶疲劳检测等技术需进一步开展研究。     

基于脑电信号的驾驶员情绪状态识别研究

为研究驾驶员情绪状态识别技术,利用特定题材的影音氛围诱发兴奋和悲伤2种情绪,结合汽车模拟驾驶试验采集驾驶员情绪化驾驶时的脑电信号,利用db5小波分解算法分解信号,提取受情绪状态显著的脑电信号成分,并计算相应的功率谱。结果表明:驾驶员左右额叶区脑电β波受情绪状态影响显著;平静状态时,驾驶员左右额叶脑电β波功率值Pβ大小近似,数值较小;兴奋状态时,左右额叶脑电Pβ大小近似,相比于平静时显著增加;悲伤状态时,左额叶脑电Pβ显著增加,右额叶脑电Pβ相比于平静时无显著变化。Pβ可作为区分驾驶员平静(平常)、兴奋和悲伤这3种情绪状态的依据。     

Estimating young novice drivers' compliance with graduated driver licensing restrictions: A novel approach

Objectives: Current methods of estimating compliance with graduated driver licensing (GDL) restrictions among young drivers with intermediate driver's licenses—which include surveys, direct observations, and naturalistic studies—cannot sufficiently answer many critical foundational questions: What is the extent of noncompliance among the population of young intermediate drivers? How does compliance change over the course of licensure? How does compliance differ by driver subgroup and in certain driving environments? This article proposes an alternative and complementary approach to estimating population-level compliance with GDL nighttime and passenger restrictions via application of the quasi-induced exposure (QIE) method.

Methods: The article summarizes the main limitations of previous methods employed to estimate compliance. It then introduces the proposed method of borrowing the fundamental assumption of the QIE method—that young intermediate drivers who are nonresponsible in clean (i.e., one and only one responsible driver) multivehicle crashes are reasonably representative of young intermediate drivers on the road—to estimate population-based compliance. I describe formative work that has been done to ensure this method can be validly applied among young intermediate drivers and provide a practical application of this method: an estimate of compliance with New Jersey's passenger restrictions among 8,006 nonresponsible 17- to 20-year-old intermediate drivers involved in clean 2-vehicle crashes from July 2010 through June 2012.

Results: Over the study period, an estimated 8.4% (95% confidence interval, 7.8%, 9.0%) of intermediate drivers' trips were not in compliance with New Jersey's GDL passenger restriction. These findings were remarkably similar to previous estimates from more resource-intensive naturalistic studies (Goodwin et al. 2006 Goodwin AH, Wells JK, Foss RD, Williams AF. Encouraging compliance with graduated driver licensing restrictions. J Safety Res. 2006;37(4):343–351.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Klauer et al. 2011 Klauer SG, Simons-Morton B, Lee SE, Ouimet MC, Howard EH, Dingus TA. Novice drivers' exposure to known risk factors during the first 18 months of licensure: The effect of vehicle ownership. Traffic Inj Prev. 2011;12(2):159–168.[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).

Conclusion: Studies can practically apply proposed methods to estimate population-level compliance with GDL passenger and night restrictions; examine how compliance varies by relevant driver, vehicle, and environmental factors; and evaluate the implementation of a GDL provision or other intervention aimed at increasing compliance with these restrictions. Important considerations and potential limitations and challenges are discussed.     

融合分心维度的驾驶行为可靠性研究

分心驾驶容易影响驾驶行为,进而导致交通事故的问题。用理论建模方法,研究分心对驾驶行为及其可靠性的影响。介绍分心驾驶的定义和维度。基于驾驶行为理论,建立融合分心维度的驾驶行为模型,分析不同分心维度对驾驶行为的影响机理。基于可靠性理论,建立融合分心维度的驾驶行为可靠性模型,分析不同分心维度对驾驶行为可靠性的影响。结果表明:不同维度分心对驾驶行为的影响具有各自特点和交互性;减少影响系数高的分心维度,有助于提高驾驶行为可靠性;多维度分心比单维度分心会更大程度地降低驾驶行为可靠度,应减少或避免复合分心。     

Crashes of novice teenage drivers: characteristics and contributing factors

OBJECTIVE: The initial months of licensure are especially hazardous for teenagers. Factors leading to crashes of novice 16-year-old drivers were identified. METHOD: Sixteen year-olds in Connecticut who were involved in nonfatal crashes during the first 8 months of licensure were interviewed, and police crash reports were examined. Crash types and contributing factors were identified. RESULTS: Three-fourths of the crash-involved teenagers were at fault. Their crashes resulted primarily when they ran off the road, rear ended another vehicle, or collided with another vehicle that had the right-of-way. Three factors contributed about equally to their crashes: failing to detect another vehicle or traffic control, speeding, and losing control of the vehicle or sliding. Slippery roads also were an important factor. Most failures to detect another vehicle or traffic control involved not looking thoroughly, distraction, or inattention. DISCUSSION: Based on the findings, potential countermeasures for reducing crashes of novice teenage drivers include adequate practice driving, in-vehicle monitoring devices, and electronic stability control. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: More than half of the nonfatal, at-fault crashes of newly licensed 16-year-old drivers involved more than one contributing factor including speed, loss of control, and slippery roads. Efforts to reduce teenage crashes should focus on these factors.     

Parent involvement in novice teen driving: rationale, evidence of effects, and potential for enhancing graduated driver licensing effectiveness

Motor-vehicle crash rates are highly elevated immediately after licensure and then decline gradually over a period of years. Young age, risk taking, and inexperience contribute to the problem, but inexperience is particularly important early on. Driving is like other complex, skilled behaviors in which subtle improvements in perception and judgment develop gradually over a period of years. After all, safe driving is more a matter of attention and perception than physical management of the vehicle. Inexperience is particularly linked to driving performance and safety outcomes under certain driving conditions, with driving at night and with teen passengers as the most important cases. Surprisingly, driving outcomes do not appear to be affected by the pre-license training or supervised practice driving. Given the limits of training, safety effects can best be achieved by countermeasures that delay licensure or limit novice teen driving under high risk driving conditions while novices gain experience and develop safety competence. The two complementary approaches of Graduated Driver Licensing policies and parent management have been shown to provide safety effects by limiting the driving conditions of novice teenagers.     

基于多元线性回归的煤矿驾驶员情绪预测模型*

为研究煤矿人车驾驶员情绪状态不良引发的煤矿驾驶事故问题,设计眼动实验并建立基于多元线性回归的驾驶员情绪状况预测模型对驾驶员情绪状况进行预测;通过眼动仪采集煤矿驾驶员良好情绪与不良情绪状态下的各项眼动指标,记录其主观情绪状态;使用多元线性回归方程对数据进行分析与建模,采用平均相对误差对预测模型进行评估。结果表明:每秒注视点个数、平均扫视速度、反应时间、危险源辨识个数在情绪变化前后存在显著差异,且与情绪状态呈较强相关;基于多元线性回归的驾驶员情绪状况预测模型预测精度较高,平均相对误差为8.16%。模型适用于煤矿人车驾驶员的情绪监测,可为煤矿驾驶员安全行驶提供保障。     

特长隧道环境下驾驶人注视转移特性研究

为了研究不同经验驾驶人在高速公路特长隧道环境下的注视转移特性,在高速公路特长隧道中开展实车实验,利用 iView X HED型眼动仪采集了32名不同经验驾驶人的眼动数据。运用动态聚类方法,对驾驶人注视区域进行划分,分析了职业与非职业驾驶员在高速公路隧道不同段与普通路段的注视转移规律与注意力分配特性。结果表明:相较于非职业驾驶人,职业驾驶员具有较强的注视前瞻性,且在隧道的不同段主要注视的区域因行车环境不同变化较小;驾驶人对同一目标需要重复注视才能提取足够的信息,且当行车环境复杂度增加或驾驶员驾驶经验不足时,重复注视概率增加;驾驶人在不同路段行车时,主要通过注视中间区域获取信息;行车环境与驾驶经验对驾驶人在中间近处、左侧区域及内后视镜区域的注视平稳分布存在显著的交互作用。     

A novel driver hazard perception sensitivity model based on drivers’ characteristics: A simulator study

Objective: Considering the high annual number of fatal driving accidents in Iran, any approach for reducing the number or severity of driving accidents is a positive step toward decreasing accident-related losses. Accidents can often be avoided by a timely reaction of the driver. One of the steps before reacting to a hazard is perception. Some driver characteristics may affect road hazard perception. In this research, it was assumed that various driver characteristics, including demographic characteristics and cognitive characteristics, have an impact on driver perception.

Methods: The driving simulator used in this research provides various scenarios; for example, passing a pedestrian or animal across the road or placing fixed objects in a 2-lane separated rural road for 2 groups of experienced and inexperienced drivers under day and night lighting conditions. The go/no-go test was carried out in order to assess drivers’ attention to driving tasks and inhibitory control. A structural equation model (SEM) was used to estimate the relation between driver characteristics and sensitivity to road hazard perception. A new hazard perception index was proposed based on the time intervals in the hazard vulnerability.

Results: The results show that the most effective variables in the analysis of sensitivity to hazard perception are driving experience (in kilometers) during the last 3 years and road lighting conditions. Moreover, hazard perception sensitivity was improved by better inhibitory control, selective attention, and decision making, more carefulness, the average amount of daily sleep, and marital status.

Conclusion: The results of this research may be useful in educating and advertising programs. It also could enhance sensitivity to perception of hazards such as pedestrians, animals, and fixed obstacles among young and novice drivers.     

生理疲劳和心理疲劳对车辆驾驶的影响对比

针对现有疲劳驾驶预警和干预技术研究鲜有对生理疲劳和心理疲劳进行区分考虑的问题,为对比这两类典型疲劳态对驾驶员车辆驾驶过程的事故倾向影响,分别从性别、年龄和驾龄的角度分3批次共招募90位驾驶员进行状态诱发和驾驶实验。结果表明:尽管生理疲劳和心理疲劳都会如传统研究所述导致各驾驶员的驾驶违规倾向增加和驾驶能力降低,但是二者对于各类别驾驶员的驾驶影响程度和规律存在差异甚至迥异。研究疲劳驾驶相关问题时有必要首先判断驾驶员是生理疲劳还是心理疲劳,这是一个被普遍忽视而又可能影响研究结论准确性和有效性的重要因素。