D0对同步硝化反硝化影响及动力学

研究生物接触氧化法中DO对同步硝化反硝化系统脱氮效率的影响。研究结果表明：在溶解氧(DO)为1．0—3．0mg/L几范围内，随着反应器内溶解氧浓度的降低，总脱氮去除率提高，保持较好脱氮率的最佳DO为2mg/L左右，并分析了其原因；同时探讨了DO为2mg/L时的动力学方程。     

SBR短程硝化的实现、维持及稳定性

以模拟生活污水为研究对象,控制SBR反应器内pH值在7.5～8.5的条件下,实现了短程硝化生物脱氮工艺,NO2--N/NOx--N的比率始终维持在90%以上,同时发现pH值和DO浓度变化特征曲线在短程硝化过程中具有良好的重现性。另外,保持DO浓度在0.5～1.0mg/L,硝化时间为5.5h,可较好的维持短程硝化生物脱氮过程,且经过1个月的运行硝化类型没有发生改变,亚硝酸盐积累率仍保持在90%以上。在此基础上,研究了系统对COD和NH4+-N浓度的抗冲击负荷能力。结果表明,该系统具有较强的抗冲击能力。     

生活污水的好氧反硝化研究

采用强化生物絮凝工艺处理生活污水,试验结果验证了好氧反硝化的存在;好氧反硝化的效率依赖三个因素:溶解氧浓度、絮体大小、有效碳源。低溶解氧质量浓度有利于好氧反硝化脱氮,当ρ(DO)为0.5mg·L-1时,TN去除率达到57.7%。结合理论分析,对好氧反硝化的机理以及影响因素进行了探讨。     

COD与DO对好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化脱氮的影响

COD和DO浓度对好氧颗粒污泥的同步硝化反硝化反应有明显影响．COD浓度在400～1200mg／L范围内，好氧颗粒污泥去除COD的能力均在85％以上．颗粒污泥能吸附有机物，使废水中COD浓度快速下降．COD浓度小于800mg／L，好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的脱氮能力，氮去除率最高达85．3％．在溶氧浓度为1-4mg／L条件下，颗粒污泥对COD去除率均在90％以上．不同的溶氧浓度对氮的去除率有一定影响，在溶氧浓度3mg／L时，氮去除率最高，达83％．图7参7     

溶解氧及活性污泥浓度对同步硝化反硝化的影响

文章研究溶解氧及活性污泥浓度对同步硝化反硝化效率的影响。研究结果表明：在一定DO范围内,随着反应器内溶解氧浓度的降低,总氮去除率呈上升趋势,即好氧反硝化效率随溶解氧浓度的降低而提高;在一定MLSS范围内,反应器内混合液污泥浓度越高,出水总氮越低,反硝化现象越明显。     

固定化反硝化菌在低污染水处理中脱氮性能研究

在面源低污染水的原位修复领域,人工湿地生物脱氮过程受温度、p H波动影响以及NO2--N积累抑制反硝化脱氮效果等问题,因此强化系统脱氮性能在实际工程应用中具有重要意义。固定化微生物技术具有环境变化适应能力以及耐毒害能力强等优点。该研究通过分离筛选高效反硝化菌,对其进行DNA序列分析鉴定及其种属和系统发育地位分析,并以包埋法加以固定,考察固定化反硝化菌在不同温度、p H、DO和C/N下的反硝化性能,分析各因素变化对固定化反硝化菌脱氮效果的影响,探究各影响因素对固定化反硝化菌脱氮性能的作用机理,以期为固定化反硝化菌强化人工湿地脱氮性能提供参考。经反硝化能力测定,筛选得到的高效反硝化菌株对NO3--N、TN的去除率分别为98.83%、98.36%,NO2--N积累量仅为0.28mg·L~(-1),24 h内脱氮效率为8.59 mg·L~(-1)·h~(-1),经16S r RNA测序结果表明该菌株与Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501的最大相似度为99.7%。采用PVA、SA为材料包埋固定该菌株,固定化反硝化菌的生物量为15.67 g·L~(-1),颗粒密度为0.93 g·m L~(-1)。通过对固定化反硝化菌处理低污染水的性能研究得知,p H、T、DO的波动对固定化反硝化菌的脱氮效果影响均小于游离反硝化菌,固定化反硝化菌在p H为7,θ为30℃,DO为0.87~1.54 mg·L~(-1),C/N为5时的脱氮效果最好。     

优势菌种硝化新工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

通过摇瓶富集与开放体系扩大培养获得高含量的硝化细菌优势菌液,用于硝化反应器的强化挂膜启动、驯化。采用优势菌种生物硝化新工艺研究了含高质量浓度氨氮垃圾渗滤液的硝化特性,并对工艺条件进行了优化。结果表明,优势菌液中亚硝化细菌与硝化细菌的含量分别达到9.0×107和3.5×107MPN/mL。实际废水动态运行的结果显示,当进水垃圾渗滤液平均氨氮质量浓度为284.4mg/L时,出水平均氨氮质量浓度为14.3mg/L,硝化速率高达NH4+-N28.1g/(m3.h),与传统硝化工艺相比高出近一倍。本工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的优化操作工艺条件为:pH、氨氮质量浓度及DO分别控制在7.5～8.5、300mg/L、1.1～2.6mg/L。     

常温SBR厌氧-好氧反应器的短程硝化

短程硝化-反硝化是污水节能脱氮新技术之一,其关键在于实现短程硝化,而水温是控制短程硝化的主要因素。在生活污水氨氮浓度小于100mg/L的水质条件下,采用SBR厌氧-好氧反应器进行了常温短程硝化试验研究。研究结果表明,水温14．5℃～16．5℃的条件下,在好氧段可以实现短程硝化,亚硝化率达到了94．9%。亚硝化的程度还与曝气时间的长短有关,曝气时间短时,可以将氨氧化控制在亚硝化阶段,积累大量的亚硝酸盐,但是氨转化率比较低;曝气时间延长,氨氮去除率增加,同时部分亚硝酸氮会被进一步氧化成硝酸氮。该研究结果打破了只有在中高温条件下才能实现短程硝化的普遍看法,从而为在常温下实现短程硝化提供了新的依据。     

一种新的好氧反硝化菌筛选方法的建立及新菌株的发现

利用间歇曝气富集,氰化钾(KCN)选择培养基筛选好氧反硝化的细菌,通过形态学特征、生理生化反应及16SrDNA同源性比较对筛得菌株进行鉴定,并对其好氧反硝化相关基因napA进行扩增并测序比较.筛选到一株可以柠檬酸钠为碳源,硝酸钾为氮源,进行好氧反硝化的细菌.在溶解氧(DO)为(9.0±0.5)mg/L的培养基中,该菌株5 d内将硝态氮由282.0 mg L-1降解至149.2 mg L-1,其硝态氮去除率为46.47 ng mg-1min-1,同时亚硝态氮仅有少量的积累.经鉴定,初步判定它为假单胞菌属,命名为Pseudomonas sp.Y2-1-1.从其基因组中扩增出与好氧反硝化相关的周质硝酸盐还原酶(NAR)的亚基napA基因,并与已报道的napA基因进行Blast比较,发现具有较大差别.利用间歇曝气富集,氰化钾(KCN)选择培养基筛选好氧反硝化的细菌是非常有效的.初步认为Pseudomonas sp.Y2-1-1是一株新的好氧反硝化菌.图6表3参12     

好氧异养硝化菌Acinetobacter sp.YY-5的分离鉴定及脱氮机理

通过异养硝化培养基获得一株高效脱氮细菌,并通过形态学特征、生理生化反应及16S rDNA同源性比较对筛得菌株进行了鉴定;分别以NO3--N和NO2--N为唯一氮源,通过对脱氮过程中各种含氮代谢物的定量及对脱氮相关基因氨单加氧酶基因(amoA)、羟胺氧化酶基因(hao)、周质硝酸盐还原酶亚基基因(napA)的扩增及测序比较,对该菌株的生理途径及脱氮机理进行了研究.结果表明,高效脱氮细菌YY-5不能发生好氧反硝化,但能在3 d内将氨氮由95.23 mg/L降解至1.29 mg/L,降解率达妻98.6%,同时未发现亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮积累;对该菌主要代谢气体产物进行检测,发现CO2和N2明显增多,无N2O生成;经鉴定,初步判定该菌为不动杆菌属,命名为Acinetobacter sp.YY-5;从该菌基因组中均能扩增出amoA、hao、napA等基因,其中napA与hao基因与已报道的napA与hao基因进行Blaster较,发现具有较大差别.图6表3参15     

基因污染与生态环境安全

论述了基因污染可能对生态环境安全造成的影响。转基因作物有可能污染天然物种的基因库；有可能破坏传统农作物品种的遗传多样性，加速作物种植品种的单一化及基因资源的流失；使抗除草剂作物的基因向野生或半野生植物漂移的可能性加大，有可能创造出“超级杂草”；带有病毒型转基因作物的基因重组，有可能创造出新的植物病毒，导致新的病害；BT转基因抗虫作物分泌的毒素，在食物链中传递，很难加以控制，对非目标生物造成危害，并最终破坏自然生态系统的平衡。文章还从不同角度分析了基因污染的严重性。     

市场经济与土肥科技

土肥的基础地位是不随社会性质或社会经济类型的变化而变化的，它既具重要性，又具长久性．市场经济是仍然需要土肥科技的．土肥科技的教学、科研和推广的力度必须加大，局面必须改观，且宜快不宜迟．土肥科技工作者一定要将培肥地力作为中心工作．根据广东的实际，增施有机肥是培肥地力的主要措施，因而抓秸秆还田和发展冬绿肥是我们工作的重点．     

Indoor and outdoor air pollution and lung cancer in New Hampshire and Vermont

Indoor and outdoor air pollution is known to contribute to increased lung cancer incidence. This study is the first to address the contribution of home heating fuel and geographical course particulate matter (PM₁₀) concentrations to lung cancer rates in New Hampshire, USA. First, Pearson correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were used to investigate spatial relationships between outdoor PM₁₀ and lung cancer rates. While the aforementioned analyses did not indicate a significant contribution of PM₁₀ to lung cancer in the state, there was a trend towards a significant association in the northern and southwestern regions of the state. Second, case-control data were used to estimate the contributions of indoor pollution and secondhand smoke to the risk of lung cancer with adjustment for confounders. Increased risk was found among those who used wood or coal to heat their homes for more than 10 winters before the age of 18, with a significant increase in risk per winter. Resulting data suggest that further investigation of the relationship between heating-related air pollution levels and lung cancer risk is needed.     

Heavy metals and pesticides in anuran spawn and tadpoles,water, and sediment

High concentrations of metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) and of lindane were measured in the sediment and in the spawn and tadpoles of Bufo bufo, Rana dalmatina, and Rana ridibunda from two Austrian locations. Residues in spawn suggest maternal transfer. Increase of the metal concentrations from spawn to advanced tadpole stage is explained by the larval microphaguous feeding habits which cause high exposition of the tadpoles to substances concentrating in sediments and suspended particles. Metal and pesticide concentrations in spawn and tadpoles are toxic to various other aquatic organisms and are furthermore considered to be potentially hazardous to the anurans themselves. The results are conform with world‐wide observations of contamination of anuran larvae with heavy metals, and prove the significance of non‐point source chemical exposure due to allochthonous toxicant input by wind load and precipitation.     

湿解产物与堆肥在土壤中的稳定性和腐熟度比较分析

研究了不同培养阶段湿解产物与土壤混合物(HTS)的物质变化特征、稳定性和腐熟度,并与堆肥和土壤混合物(CS)及自然土壤进行了对比。结果表明:在培养过程中,所有HTS和CS的参数变化趋势相似,HTS的温度变化接近于CS的温度变化,稍高于自然土壤的温度,低于环境温度;pH值变化不大,基本稳定在7.6左右;在培养初期,水溶性有机碳比有机态氮w(WSC)/w(Norg)小于0.55,种子发芽系数(GI)高于80%;培养14d后,w(C)/w(N)降低至小于20,w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)渐渐趋于稳定至小于0.16,GI基本高于100%;49d后,HTS的CO2释放率接近CS和自然土壤的CO2释放率;种子发芽系数的变化表明,湿解产物中含有更丰富的营养元素,可以促进植物根系的生长;相关性分析显示,w(WSC)/w(Norg)、w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)和GI可以作为湿解产物腐熟度的评价指标。综合各项参数表明,湿解产物在土壤中会很快达到稳定,可以安全应用。     

Interaction and combined toxicity of microplastics and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic environment

● Adsorption of PFASs on MPs and its mechanisms are critically reviewed. ● MPs could alter the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments. ● Combined toxicity of MPs and PFASs at organismal and molecular levels is discussed. Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as vectors for the transport of organic contaminants in aquatic environments in addition to their own adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely present in aquatic environments due to their widespread applications, and thus coexist with MPs. Therefore, we focus on the interaction of MPs and PFASs and related combined toxicity in aquatic environments in this work. The adsorption of PFASs on MPs is critically reviewed, and new mechanisms such as halogen bonding, π-π interaction, cation-π interactions, and micelle formation are proposed. Moreover, the effect of MPs on the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments is discussed. Based on four typical aquatic organisms (shellfish, Daphnia, algae, and fish), the toxicity of MPs and/or PFASs at the organismal or molecular levels is also evaluated and summarized. Finally, challenges and research perspectives are proposed, and the roles of the shapes and aging process of MPs on PFAS biogeochemical processes and toxicity, especially on PFAS substitutes, are recommended for further investigation. This review provides a better understanding of the interactions and toxic effects of coexisting MPs and PFASs in aquatic environments.     

水循环经济与水资源合理开发利用研究

在分析水循环经济的概念和基本特征、回顾国内外水循环经济与水资源合理开发利用历史演进和研究进程的基础上,陈述了可持续发展理论、物质代谢理论和产业生态学理论是水循环经济研究的三大新理论支柱。从现代水资源合理开发利用研究必须从系统定量的角度研究水资源系统与水社会经济系统的整体行为、演化规律及其相互作用的角度,指出了物质流分析技术(MFA)与投入产出分析技术(I/O)是水循环经济研究的主流方法。分别阐明了水循环经济理论体系构建的研究、水循环经济技术创新问题的研究、水循环经济发展模式选择问题的研究、水循环经济管理体制及经济机制问题的研究是当前水循环经济研究的四项重点内容。     

Myths and assumptions about human-wildlife conflict and coexistence

Recent extinctions often resulted from humans retaliating against wildlife that threatened people's interests or were perceived to threaten current or future interests. Today's subfield of human-wildlife conflict and coexistence (HWCC) grew out of an original anthropocentric concern with such real or perceived threats and then, starting in the mid-1990s, with protecting valued species from people. Recent work in ethics and law has shifted priorities toward coexistence between people and wild animals. To spur scientific progress and more effective practice, we examined 4 widespread assumptions about HWCC that need to be tested rigorously: scientists are neutral and objective about HWCC; current participatory, consensus-based decisions provide just and fair means to overcome challenges in HWCC; wildlife threats to human interests are getting worse; and wildlife damage to human interests is additive to other sources of damage. The first 2 assumptions are clearly testable, but if they are entangled can become a wicked problem and may need debunking as myths if they cannot be disentangled. Some assumptions have seldom or never been tested and those that have been tested appear dubious, yet the use of the assumptions continues in the practice and scholarship of HWCC. We call for tests of assumptions and debunking of myths in the scholarship of HWCC. Adherence to the principles of scientific integrity and application of standards of evidence can help advance our call. We also call for practitioners and interest groups to improve the constitutive process prior to decision making about wildlife. We predict these steps will hasten scientific progress toward evidence-based interventions and improve the fairness, ethics, and legality of coexistence strategies.     

河流底泥污染及其控制与修复

水体底泥污染是世界范围内的一个环境问题。污染物通过大气沉降、废水排放、雨水淋溶与冲刷进入水体,最后沉积到底泥中并逐渐富集,使底泥受到严重污染。在河流环境中,河床沉积底泥以推移和悬浮形式输送,很大程度上导致了上覆水和沉积底泥的相互物理作用。河流有强有力的自然环境,在河流系统中趋向有利于沉积底泥的解吸作用,从而将会影响上覆水的水质。因此,在水质管理计划中,应该将已污染的沉积底泥作为一个污染源予以考虑,沉积底泥是河流污染的一个重要方面。文章根据近年来国内外对河流底泥污染的控制、处理、修复及利用的文献资料,分析了河流底泥的污染现状及主要类型,包括重金属、NP营养物质、难降解有机物和持久性有毒污染物等,指出了目前在底泥污染修复中存在的问题。针对河流底泥污染控制与修复技术,介绍了除控制外源污染物外的物理修复、化学修复和生物修复等几种主要的修复方法和技术,分析了各种方法的利弊以及适用情况。在阐述了堆肥、建材利用、低温热解、湿地及栖息地建设、修复废弃地和建设填方等利用方式后,提出具体的控制和修复应因地制宜,综合各种恢复技术及利用方式,以达到控制及修复污染的河流底泥,恢复河流生态系统之目的。     

香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工

香芋是多年生宿根草本植物,属天南星科(Araceae)一年生栽培,是我省重要的特种蔬菜之一,随着农业结构调整步伐的加快,香芋的种植面积也在不断扩大,为了提高香芋的产量和品质,达到绿色蔬菜的标准,该文提出了香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工.表3,参5.