物料衡算法在第一次全国污染源普查工业源污染物排放量核算中应用的探讨

物料衡算法是污染源普查技术规定的污染物排放量核算方法之一,但对物料衡算法的方法技巧缺乏深入全面的归纳和总结,难以为基层污染源普查人员所掌握运用。在分析存在问题的基础上,结合排污量的核定的实践,总结出进行物料衡算的一些技巧,并提出通过策略性的手段,提高调查数据可信度的观点。     

利用飞灰生产硫酸铝

本文总结报道了综合利用明矾石脱水炉的飞灰生产硫酸铝的经验。温州化工厂已积累十多年从小试、工业性试验到全部利用飞灰生产固体和液体硫酸铝的经验,产品基本达到部标精制硫酸铝三级品的质量指标,单位产品的主要物料消耗达到较好的水平。     

单组分垃圾厌氧降解初期的产气规律及恶臭特征

研究了垃圾单组分(蛋白类和糖类)厌氧降解初期的产气动态规律和恶臭特征。结果表明,糖类物料厌氧降解的累积产气量大于蛋白类物料,各物料的气体排放动态曲线不同,酪蛋白和淀粉物料呈现Monod型曲线,而纤维素物料呈现2次Monod型曲线;蛋白类物料降解产生的恶臭气体成分更丰富,且动态变化曲线有多种形式:硫化氢、磷化氢和硫8的浓度变化曲线呈单峰型,聚硫醚浓度曲线呈S型,挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)呈Monod型曲线;臭气强度分析结果表明,蛋白类物料产生的臭气强度高于糖类物料。单组分垃圾产气规律和恶臭特征的研究结果为开发高效恶臭原位控制技术提供了理论基础。     

介绍一种污染源和大气污染物监测新系统

污染源和大气污染物的监测通常都通过采样分析,费时、费工,代表性差,常不能充分满足环境保护条例的严格要求.最近,瑞士ABB(Asea Brown Boveri)属下的环境服务公司提出了一种对污染源和大气污染物进行连续监测的系统,简称为OPSIS.该系统能及时反映工厂排放污染物的情况,对排污达标、提高效益和节约资金具有很大的吸     

二恶英的生成及污染控制

介绍了二恶英的性质、毒性、污染源以及排放趋势,重点论述了二恶英的生成影响因素与污染排放控制技术.二恶英的生成影响因素主要有炭源、氯源、温度、催化剂和氧源等.二恶英的污染排放控制技术则介绍了传统的去除技术和一些降解技术.     

应用化学质量平衡模型解析烟台市污染源的排放贡献率

根据烟台地区污染排放特点,应用化学质量平衡模型（CMB8）进行污染源解析分析,得出每个污染源对于受体地区颗粒物体样本的排放贡献率。最终的模型结果显示,建筑尘和居民烯煤锅炉排放,海洋尘和冶炼厂排放对于大气环境污染也有一定的贡献,以上分析可以为城市污染源治理提供一定的依据。     

霍县,宁波市城区大气总悬浮颗粒物特性及污染来源研究

本文对霍县、宁波市大气中总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)的粒径及金属元素进行了分析,并用目标识别因子分析方法判别了污染源对其大气颗粒物的贡献率等。这些结果对大气污染状况的评价和各种污染来源的探讨以及采取治理措施有着重要的实际意义。整套分析方法可供参考。     

物料下落过程中可吸入颗粒物产生特性及控制技术

利用实验室新设计开发的一套装置,研究物料自由下落过程影响可吸入颗粒物产生的因素.通过实验分别测定不同物料、质量流量、含水量、粒径组成和下垫面5个因素对可吸入颗粒物产生的影响.实验结果表明,不同物料可吸入颗粒物产生率不同;随着质量流量和物料含水量的增加,可吸入颗粒物产生率减小,加水是减少可吸入颗粒物排放的最有效方法之一;不同粒径组成和不同下垫面对可吸入颗粒物产生也有影响,但作用并不显著.     

添加VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟齐对堆肥的影响

通过在高温好氧堆肥中分别添加VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟剂,研究接种3％o的VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟剂促进堆肥的作用效果。结果表明,接种VT菌剂的处理与空白和接种有机物料腐熟剂的处理相比,堆肥初期升温更快;高温期更长;堆肥结束时,C／N降低的多,NO3-N增加的多,NH4-N挥发的少,接种VT菌剂和VT有机物料腐熟剂都可促进有机质的充分降解,缩短堆肥时间,加快堆肥腐熟,提高堆肥肥力。     

利用干法半干法烟气脱硫灰热分解钾长石的实验研究

探讨了目前干法半干法脱硫灰综合利用当中存在的诸多问题.提出了利用该类灰渣热分解钾长石矿,生产以钾、钙、硅和镁为主的土壤营养调节剂.并对最佳的物料配比、焙烧条件和助剂的种类及含量进行了实验研究,利用广州恒运集团公司产出的脱硫灰,在1 050℃下焙烧2 h,使烧成物在酸性条件下最大可溶K2O达6.49%、有效CaO达32.28%、SiO2达13.83%、MgO达1.68%.烧成物料的PH值为9.6,是一种安全、适用于偏酸性土壤使用的复合元素土壤营养调节剂.     

杭州市空气颗粒物污染特征及变化规律研究

根据2006—2010年杭州市空气颗粒物的监测数据及2002、2006、2008年空气颗粒物来源解析结果,对杭州市空气颗粒物浓度、化学组分与污染来源等特征的变化规律进行分析,以期为空气颗粒物污染控制提供决策依据。结果表明,近年来杭州市PM10浓度有所下降,但一类功能区PM10仍超出《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—1996)的要求(≤0.04mg/m3),杭州市空气颗粒物污染以细颗粒物为主,空气颗粒物的二次转化、机动车尾气尘等产生的二次粒子污染相对严重;煤烟尘对杭州市PM10的贡献率下降明显,城市扬尘、二次粒子和机动车尾气尘对PM10的贡献率有所增加,是杭州市PM10的主要来源。     

Occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls pollution in sediments from the Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River in Tianjin City, China

The pollution status of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the sediments of Haihe River, which is the most polluted among the seven largest basins in China, Dagu Drainage River flowing through a chemical industry zone, and two other rivers flowing into Bohai Sea in Tianjin City, China were investigated. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the sediments from the mainstream of Haihe River were 1.3-26pgI-TEQg(-1) dry weight (dw) and 0.07-0.54pgTEQg(-1)dw, respectively. Heavy PCDD/Fs and PCBs pollution, with 1264pgI-TEQg(-1)dw and 21pgTEQg(-1)dw, was found in sediment from Dagu Drainage River. The congener profiles of PCDD/Fs indicated that the principal contamination source was the production of pentachlorophenol (PCP) or PCP-Na in this area. The correlation between PCDD/Fs or PCBs and total organic matter (TOM) showed that PCDD/Fs or PCBs were independent on TOM.     

化工厂环境风险评估方法探讨

对某化工厂事故隐患进行了周密调查及工程分析，筛选出主要风险因子并进行风险预测；运用概率统计法对不同生产方案、不同污染源强及不同环境功能区的污染风险进行了综合评价研究。     

Distribution,origin, and transformation of metal and metalloid pollution in vegetable fields,irrigation water,and aerosols near a Pb-Zn mine

Pollution of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in vegetable fields was investigated near a Pb-Zn mine that has been exploited for over 50 years without a tailing reservoir. A total of 205 water, soil, and aerosol samples were taken and quantified by combined chemical, spectrometric, and mineral analytical methods. The pollution origins were identified by Pb isotopes and the pathways of transformation and transport of the elements and minerals was studied. The data showed that the vegetable fields were seriously polluted by As, Cd, and Pb. Some concentrations in the samples were beyond the regulatory levels and not suitable for agricultural activities. This study revealed that: (1) particulate matter is a major pollution source and an important carrier of mineral particles and pollutants; (2) the elements from the polluted water and soils were strongly correlated with each other; (3) Pb isotope ratios from the samples show that Pb minerals were the major pollution sources in the nearby vegetable fields, and the aerosols were the main carrier of mining pollution; (4) the alkaline, rich-carbonate, and wet conditions in this area promoted the weathering and transformation of galena into the secondary minerals, anglesite and cerussite, which are significant evidence of such processes; (5) the soil and the aerosols are a recycled secondary pollution source for each other when being re-suspended with wind. Highlights ? Mining activities generated heavy metal pollution in fields around a Pb-Zn mine ? The elements from water and soils are strongly correlated ? Anglesite and cerussite are evidence of galena transformation into secondary minerals ? Particulate matter is an important transport carrier of pollution     

Application of a Chemical Mass Balance Receptor Model to Respirable Particulate Matter in Mexico City

Mexico City frequently experiences high levels of air pollution. This is due mainly to its topography and meteorology that suppress pollutant diffusion and dispersion. The atmospheric mixing is extremely poor, especially during the dry winter months. The levels of certain pollutants, such as particulate matter, are of concern since they have severe effects on public health. Visibility deterioration is one of the most noticeable effects in large cities. Biological effects of particulate matter on man and animals, ranging from mild eye irritation to death, have been reported. The effects depend on the size of the particles, their solubility, and toxicity. The main objective of this paper is to present the results of a chemical mass balance receptor model applied to a well-characterized data set of particulate matter collected in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). Samples of particulate matter were collected using a denuder and a Hi-Vol system for the respi-rable fraction and total suspended particles, respectively. In this paper the analysis of a database consisting of the chemical composition of 33 samples of respirable particulate matter (aerosols with diameter less than 2.5 µm) is presented. The 12-hour samples were acquired during day and night periods in a typical medium-income neighborhood from December 19, 1989 through February 5, 1990.     

室内空气中颗粒物污染特征研究

为获得室内空气颗粒物污染特征,2009年8月18～24日在某单位工作及生活区选取4个室内点和1个室外点进行颗粒物采样和成分分析.结果表明,室内粗颗粒(PM10)符合<室内空气质量标准>(GB/T 18883-2002),而细粒子(PM2.5)的浓度水平较高,表明室内PM2.5的污染较重;室内与室外PM2.5比值显示,P...     

Evaluation of environmental magnetic pollution screening in soils of basaltic origin: results from Nashik Thermal Power Station, Maharashtra, India

Background, aim, and scope

Soils of basaltic origin cause difficulties in environmental magnetic screening for heavy metal pollution due to their natural high background values. Magnetic parameters and heavy metal content of highly magnetic topsoils from the Deccan Trap basalts are investigated to assess their potential for use in environmental magnetic pollution screening. This work extends the fast and cost-effective magnetic pollution screening techniques into soils with high natural magnetic signals.

Materials and methods

Fifty-five topsoil samples from N?CS and W?CE transects were collected and subdivided according to grain size using wet sieving technique. Magnetic susceptibility, soft isothermal remanent magnetization (Soft IRM), thermomagnetic analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and heavy metal analysis were performed on the samples.

Results

Magnetic analyses reveal a significant input of anthropogenic magnetic particulate matter within 6 km of the power plant and the adjacent ash pond. Results depend strongly on the stage of soil development and vary spatially. While results in the W, E, and S directions are easily interpretable, in the N direction, the contribution of the anthropogenic magnetic matter is difficult to assess due to high magnetic background values, less developed soils, and a more limited contribution from the fly ash sources. Prevailing winds towards directions with more enhanced values seem to have a certain effect on particulate matter accumulation in the topsoil. Thermomagnetic measurements show Verwey transition and Hopkinson peak, thus proving the presence of ferrimagnetic mineral phases close to the pollution source. A quantitative decrease of the anthropogenic ferrimagnetic mineral concentration with increased distance is evident in Soft IRM measurements. SEM investigations of quantitatively extracted magnetic particles confirm the fly ash distribution pattern obtained from the magnetic and heavy metal analyses. Evaluation of magnetic and chemical data in concert with the Pollution Load IndiceS (PLIS) of Pb, Zn, and Cu reveals a good relationship between magnetic susceptibility and the metal content.

Conclusions

Integrated approaches in data acquisition of magnetic and chemical parameters enable the application of magnetic screening methods in highly magnetic soils. Combined data evaluation allows identification of sampling sites that are affected by human activity, through the deviation of the magnetic and chemical data from the general trend. It is shown that integrative analysis of magnetic parameters and a limited metal concentration dataset can enhance the quality of the output of environmental magnetic pollution screening significantly.     

Assessment of food-energy-environmental pollution nexus in Iran: the nonlinear approach

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Iran’s agricultural production has expanded significantly in recent years. Environmental pollution caused by the use of energy and chemical...     

Development of air quality indices for Mumbai, India

This paper proposes a simple approach for developing air quality indices for different sites in an urban region of India. The database used for calculating these indices included various physical and chemical characteristics of suspended particulate matter, such as particle size distribution, chemical (elemental) properties and parameters governing the acidity of precipitation. The indices were used to rank various sites in terms of air pollution, and higher indices indicated more polluted sites. The analysis showed that complex and large amounts of data could be converted into easily understandable simple numbers. The indices could thus serve as a ready reckoner for comparing different sites, and the information can be used to design efficient air quality management programmes and to frame appropriate abatement policies.     

Characterization of PM2.5 aerosols dominated by local pollution and Asian dust observed at an urban site in Korea during aerosol characterization experiments (ACE)--Asia Project

Daily fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected at Gwangju, Korea, during the Aerosol Characterization Experiments (ACE)-Asia Project to determine the chemical properties of PM2.5 originating from local pollution and Asian dust (AD) storms. During the study period, two significant events occurred on April 10-13 and 24-25, 2001, and a minor event occurred on April 19, 2001. Based on air mass transport pathways identified by back-trajectory calculation, the PM2.5 dataset was classified into three types of aerosol populations: local pollution and two AD aerosol types. The two AD types were transported along different pathways. One originated from Gobi desert area in Mongolia, passing through Hunshandake desert in Northern Inner Mongolia, urban and polluted regions of China (AD1), and the other originated in sandy deserts located in the Northeast Inner Mongolia Plateau and then flowed southward through the Korean peninsula (AD2). During the AD2 event, a smoke plume that originated in North Korea was transported to our study site. Mass balance closures show that crustal materials were the most significant species during both AD events, contributing -48% to the PM2.5 mass; sulfate aerosols (19.1%) and organic matter (OM; 24.6%) were the second greatest contributors during the AD1 and AD2 periods, respectively, indicating that aerosol properties were dependent on the transport pathway. The sulfate concentration constituted only 6.4% (4.5 microg/m3) of the AD2 PM2.5 mass. OM was the major chemical species in the local pollution-dominated PM2.5 aerosols, accounting for 28.7% of the measured PM2.5 mass, followed by sulfate (21.4%), nitrate (15%), ammonium (12.8%), elemental carbon (8.9%), and crustal material (6.5%). Together with substantial enhancement of the crustal elements (Mg, Al, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, Mn, Fe, Sr, Zr, Ba, and Ce), higher concentrations of pollution elements (S, V, Ni, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) were observed during AD1 and AD2 than during the local pollution period, indicating that, in addition to crustal material, the AD dust storms also had a significant influence on anthropogenic elements.