土壤样品中微生物活性的荧光分析方法

以土壤为供试样品,基于荧光素二乙酸酯(FDA)水解反应产生的荧光素含量与土壤中微生物活性呈比例的现象,探讨了荧光光度法测定土样中微生物活性的可行性,提出采用荧光光度法测定环境样品中微生物活性的新方法.对测定所涉及的物理参数和化学参数进行了优化.在最佳实验条件下,方法的线性响应范围为荧光素含量2—2000#g.L-1,线性相关系数(r)=0.9971,方法的检出限(3σ)为3.1×10-2#g.L-1,方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.8%(n=5),对4个土壤样品荧光素含量测定的回收率为90.6%—104%.所建立的方法具有简单快速、灵敏度高、线性范围宽、试样用量少等优点,可用于土壤、水等环境样品中微生物活性的测定.     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法测定土壤、植物样品中13种多溴联苯醚

采用气相色谱(GC-ECD)法,建立了土壤和植物样品中13种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的分析方法,以正己烷∶二氯甲烷(1∶1)作为萃取溶剂,样品经加速溶剂萃取仪(ASE)萃取、固相萃取净化后,使用气相色谱仪分析样品中的13种PBDEs.结果表明,所选取的13种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)得到了较好的分离,且该方法中BDE-209在土壤和植物样品中的平均添加回收率分别为68.1%—75.1%和65.1%—72.1%,其余12种BDE的回收率分别为70.3%—106.9%、67.7%—93.4%;BDE-209方法检出限分别为0.26 ng.g-1、0.64 ng.g-1,其余12种BDE的方法检出限分别为0.016—0.043 ng.g-1、0.028—0.096 ng.g-1.本实验方法测定多组分PBDEs的灵敏度和准确度较高、稳定性和回收率良好,可满足于环境样品中PBDEs的分析.     

基于三维荧光光谱直测土壤中的多环芳烃

针对土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染现状,并建立了一种基于三维荧光光谱技术,可直接、快速确定土壤中PAHs浓度的检测方法.以同分异构体菲和蒽为研究对象,准备20个含有不同浓度菲和蒽的土壤样品(菲和蒽的浓度范围均为0.5—10 mg·g~(-1)),利用激光诱导荧光分光光度计采集了所有样品的三维荧光光谱.研究了单组份菲和蒽、以及菲和蒽混合组分在土壤中的三维荧光谱特性,在此基础上,建立了同时定量分析土壤中菲和蒽浓度的多维偏最小二乘(N-PLS)模型.研究结果表明,将三维荧光光谱技术与多维化学计量学结合快速评估土壤中多种PAHs污染物是可行的.与目前常用的检测方法相比,所建立的方法不需要复杂的样品预处理,极大地提高了分析效率.该研究为激光诱导荧光技术在直测土壤中PAHs的应用提供理论和实验基础.     

基质固相分散-加压溶剂萃取法测定土壤中多环芳烃

建立基质固相分散(MSPD)辅助加压溶剂萃取(PLE)-高效液相色谱法测定土壤中16种多环芳烃的方法.土壤样品与弗罗里硅土混匀后装入萃取池,在15 MPa、120℃萃取条件下,丙酮∶二氯甲烷(1∶1,V∶V)作为萃取溶剂,静态提取5min,应用高效液相色谱法荧光检测-二极管阵列检测串联,采用外标法对其进行定量分析.结果表明:16种多环芳烃线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.9994,利用荧光检测器与二极管阵列检测器的方法检出限分别为0.04—0.8μg·L-1、0.6—20μg·L-1,在低、中、高3个水平下的加标回收率在78.4%—105.8%范围内,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.2%—4.1%(n=5).     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法分析蔬菜中四环素类抗生素

建立了蔬菜中四环素类抗生素(TCs)的固相萃取-高效液相色谱-荧光检测(HPLC-FLD)分析方法.蔬菜样品以(乙腈+ Na_2SO_4+CH_3COONa=Na_2EDTA+CaCl_2)溶液超声提取,提取液再用正己烷进行液-液萃取去脂,以HLB柱净化富集.利用HPLC-FLD,以缓冲液[0.35mol·l-1CaCl_2+0.025mol·l-1Na_2EDTA+0.075mol·l-1CH_3COONa(Ph=7.3)]-乙腈(82.5:17.5,V/V)为流动相,于激发波长390nm、发射波长512nm处进行检测.蔬菜样品中土霉素(OTC)和四环素(TC)的定量限分别为0.471μg·kg-1和0.532μg ·kg-1,加标回收率为68.61%-114.12%.利用该方法对不同蔬菜样品的分析结果表明,OTC和TC的含量分别在0.041--0.174mg·kg-1(鲜重)和0-0.048mg·kg-1(鲜重)之间,部分蔬菜中 OTC的含量高于我国农业部动物性食品中控制标准.     

微波辅助萃取法提取滇池沉积物中的多氯联苯

研究运用微波辅助萃取-固相萃取-气相色谱/质谱检测滇池沉积物中6种指示性多氯联苯（PCB28、PCB52、PCB101、PCB138、PCB153和PCB180）.重点优化了微波辅助萃取技术,在萃取温度为100℃和萃取时间为30 min（升温和恒温各15 min）条件下,以30 mL正己烷∶二氯甲烷（1∶1,V∶V）的...     

Fenton氧化法修复石油污染土壤的研究进展

传统的Fenton氧化法（Fe2＋/H2O2）因反应速度过快、需要定期补充Fe2＋、控制pH值≤3等方面的限制而影响到石油烃类污染土壤的修复效果.本文综述了近年来Fenton反应中氧化剂、催化剂的改进及其对土壤中石油污染物的去除效率,揭示了土壤性质、反应条件、污染物结构及非均相催化剂比表面积等因素对去除效率的影响,介绍了超声波前置处理后,Fenton试剂与土壤上解吸的石油污染物接触几率的增加及石油烃类可生物降解性的提高,促进了微生物的后续处理效果,并对该领域的研究趋势进行了展望.     

土壤中芳香胺3,3′-二氯联苯胺的测定研究

建立了气相色谱/质谱来测定土壤中芳香胺3,3′-二氯联苯胺的方法。该化合物通过超声波辅助萃取,选择正己烷-丙酮混合溶剂(体积比为1∶1)或乙酸乙酯,以及Cleanert S C18-SPE柱进行净化。该方法测定土壤中3,3’-二氯联苯胺的检出限为2.8μg·kg-1(信噪比S/N=3);3,3′-二氯联苯胺的加标回收率平均值为89.7%(n=5);重复进样RSD为3.55%(n=5)。该方法的线性范围是120~2 400μg·kg-1,相关系数0.999 5。该方法也可用于沉积物中3,3′-二氯联苯胺的测定。     

组合液膜对土壤淋洗液中砷(As)的提取效果

针对土壤淋洗液中重金属传统萃取及液膜提取方法效率低的问题,提出组合液膜来提高提取率.本研究采用双二-乙基已基磷酸(D2EDTPA)和磷酸三丁酯(TBP)互为协同提取剂的组合液膜提取技术对土壤淋洗液中砷(As)进行提取,考察了系统温度、组合池膜溶液提取剂与膜溶剂体积比(M1/M2)、组合相有机相与水相体积比(O/A)、组合相提取剂比例(VD2EDTPA/VTBP)对As3+和As5+提取率的影响.研究结果表明,组合提取剂与As形成络合物在液膜系统中传输,最佳提取条件为:系统温度在28—30℃左右、M1/M2为4∶1、O/A为2∶1、VD2EDTPA/VTBP为4∶3.As3+和As5+起始浓度为5.45×10~(-4)mol·L~(-1)和1.12×10~(-4)mol·L~(-1)时,90 min最佳提取条件下提取率可达93.1%和82.7%.     

荧光传感器阵列检测农药污染物研究进展

农药的滥用已造成严重的环境污染,因此开发高效、简便和灵敏的农药检测技术是环境科学领域的研究焦点.荧光传感检测因其灵敏度高,检出限低,操作简单,成本低,目前已逐渐成为农药快速定量检测的一个发展方向.然而,在真实样品检测环境中,污染物不是单独存在的,常伴随结构或化学性质上与待检测分析物相似的污染物进行干扰.而基于阵列的荧光...     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

Examining the uncertain origin and management role of martens on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska

Conservation biologists are generally united in efforts to curtail the spread of non‐native species globally. However, the colonization history of a species is not always certain, and whether a species is considered non‐native or native depends on the conservation benchmark. Such ambiguities have led to inconsistent management. Within the Tongass National Forest of Alaska, the status of American marten (Martes americana) on the largest, most biologically diverse and deforested island, Prince of Wales (POW), is unclear. Ten martens were released to POW in the early 1930s, and it was generally believed to be the founding event, although this has been questioned. The uncertainty surrounding when and how martens colonized POW complicates management, especially because martens were selected as a design species for the Tongass. To explore the history of martens of POW we reviewed other plausible routes of colonization; genetically and isotopically analyzed putative marten fossils deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene to verify marten occupancy of POW; and used contemporary genetic data from martens on POW and the mainland in coalescent simulations to identify the probable source of the present‐day marten population on POW. We found evidence for multiple routes of colonization by forest‐associated mammals beginning in the Holocene, which were likely used by American martens to naturally colonize POW. Although we cannot rule out human‐assisted movement of martens by Alaskan Natives or fur trappers, we suggest that martens be managed for persistence on POW. More generally, our findings illustrate the difficulty of labeling species as non‐native or native, even when genetic and paleo‐ecological data are available, and support the notion that community resilience or species invasiveness should be prioritized when making management decisions rather than more subjective and less certain conservation benchmarks.