Symmetry is in the eye of the ‘beeholder’: innate preference for bilateral symmetry in flower-naïve bumblebees

Bilateral symmetry has been considered as an indicator of phenotypic and genotypic quality supporting innate preferences for highly symmetric partners. Insect pollinators preferentially visit flowers of a particular symmetry type, thus leading to the suggestion that they have innate preferences for symmetrical flowers or flower models. Here we show that flower-naïve bumblebees (Bombus terrestris), with no experience of symmetric or asymmetric patterns and whose visual experience was accurately controlled, have innate preferences for bilateral symmetry. The presence of color cues did not influence the bees original preference. Our results thus show that bilateral symmetry is innately preferred in the context of food search, a fact that supports the selection of symmetry in flower displays. Furthermore, such innate preferences indicate that the nervous system of naïve animals may be primed to respond to relevant sensory cues in the environment.     

饮用水源地污染物监控与应急预警机制

为实施流域饮用水资源有效保护,从技术管理层面分析流域水资源共享过程中标准体系的构成与作用。对现阶段实施的生活饮用水卫生标准、地表水环境质量标准和排水标准中涵盖的有机污染物进行对称性分析,指出标准体系中存在的技术风险以及生活污水和工业废水混排存在的管理风险,并针对管理风险提出应急预警对策。     

水环境容量开发利用研究的质量保证

本文系统介绍了大型研究课题《水环境容量研究》中采用的全过程质量控制技术,以保征课题所取得的大量数据准确可比。全过程质量控制包括对采样布点、采样时间和采样频率、样品的采集和保存,样品的分析测试等环节进行质量控制。本文还具体介绍了:①采样布点原则②选择两套分析方法,分别适用于湖泊类课题和河流海湾类课题③对分析实验室进行考核④样品分析过程中进行质量控制试验。采用以上办法以确保数据的质量。      

A novel concept of Fe-mineral-based magnetoreception: histological and physicochemical data from the upper beak of homing pigeons

Animals make use of the Earth’s magnetic field for navigation and regulation of vegetative functions; however, the anatomical and physiological basis for the magnetic sense has not been elucidated yet. Our recent results from histology and X-ray analyses support the hypothesis that delicate iron-containing structures in the skin of the upper beak of homing pigeons might serve as a biological magnetometer. Histology has revealed various iron sites within dendrites of the trigeminal nerve, their arrangement along strands of axons, the existence of three dendritic fields in each side of the beak with specific 3D-orientations, and the bilateral symmetry of the whole system. Element mapping by micro-synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analysis has shown the distribution of iron and its quantities. Micro-synchrotron X-ray absorption near-edge-structure spectroscopy has allowed us to unambiguously identify maghemite as the predominating iron mineral (90 vs 10% magnetite). In this paper, we show that iron-based magnetoreception needs the presence of both of these iron minerals, their specific dimensions, shapes, and arrangements in three different subcellular compartments. We suggest that an inherent magnetic enhancement process via an iron-crusted vesicle and the attached chains of iron platelets might be sufficient to account for the sensitivity and specificity required by such a magnetoreceptor. The appropriate alignment between the Earth’s magnetic field and the maghemite bands would induce a multiple attraction of the magnetite bullets perpendicular to the membrane, thus, triggering strain-sensitive membrane channels and a primary receptor potential. Due to its 3D architecture and physicochemical nature, the dendritic system should be able to separately sense the three vector components of the Earth’s local field, simultaneously—allowing birds to detect their geographic position by the magnetic vector, i.e., amplitude and direction of the local magnetic field, irrespective of the animal’s posture or movement and photoreception.     

Prediction of polycrystalline materials texture evolution in machining via Viscoplastic Self-Consistent modeling

The crystallographic orientation or anisotropy is one of the main microstructural attributes strongly affecting the mechanical properties of materials. It is also an influential parameter to be considered during the manufacturing process especially for ultra-precision machining since it affects part quality, tool performance, and process productivity through material properties. In this study, a prediction toolset constituted of a Viscoplastic Self-Consistent model and machining process mechanics model is used to predict the texture evolution on the machined surface. The VPSC (Viscoplastic Self-Consistent) methodology which uses the mechanisms of slip and twinning that are active in single crystals of arbitrary symmetry was used. For this, an analytical model for the process mechanics is derived to understand the forces and stresses generated by the cutting tool at each workpiece point, then the strain and strain rate to capture the rate at which the material is deforming and finally the crystallographic orientations under various machining conditions. Experiments were performed on the orthogonal cutting of aluminum alloy AA-7075-T651 and the texture results were compared to model predictions.     

云南部分烟区替代进口烟叶烤烟种植的气候论证

基于云南部分植烟地、津巴布韦多年烟叶品质和气象数据,应用对比分析和系统聚类法研究了烤烟化学品质、评吸质量和致香物质含量与气象条件的关系。结果表明,烟叶5种化学品质类型对烤烟大田生长期气象条件的要求明显不同,烤烟成熟期气象要素对烟叶品质影响突出;烟叶主要化学品质指标、致香成分含量对评吸质量的影响既有一致性,也有差异性;云南烟区若大田生长中后期(尤其成熟期)日照偏少、雨量偏多,可引起某些主要化学成分含量比例失衡,降低多数致香物质成分含量,而有利于少数致香物质成分积累,从而导致烟叶评吸质量下降,尤其影响烟叶香气质和香气量评分。云南在气候上可出产类似津巴布韦优质烟叶的地域较少,宜在大田中后期日照较多、雨量偏少、气温适当较高的气候区中选择替代进口烟叶烤烟种植基地。     

基于指标规范值的环境质量引力普适指数公式

为了建立物理意义明确、科学合理、计算简单和普适通用的环境质量评价模型,借鉴自然界普遍存在的万有引力现象和物理学中的规范对称性(不变性)原理,提出环境样本之间也存在类似万有引力的聚类相互作用引力,并在适当设定指标参照值和指标值的规范变换式及"参照级"样本基础上,定义了环境样本的"规范质量"和"规范坐标"的概念,进而分别建立了基于指标规范值的水环境质量和空气环境质量的引力普适指数公式.通过若干实例对公式的实用性进行了效果检验,结果表明,基于指标规范值的环境质量的引力普适指数公式具有形式简洁、规范统一、计算简便和普适通用的特点.     

新疆康古尔-黄山对接碰撞带的存在、成矿模式及成矿预测

据地层及其时代、岩相古地理、基性 -超基性岩及蛇绿岩套、花岗岩类、古生物地理区系、古地磁、地球物理、遥感影像及韧性变形变质带等系统分析研究 ,表明康古尔塔格 -黄山深断裂带为晚古生代双向俯冲对接碰撞带。其南为塔里木板块 ,早古生代为库都克阿奇克 -沙泉子俯冲带 ;泥盆纪北移至康古尔塔格 -黄山一带 ,经泥盆 -石炭纪拉张、双向俯冲、对接碰撞 ,二叠纪固结 -裂解演化 ,两者间为觉罗塔格岛弧增生带 ;其北为哈萨克斯坦 -准噶尔板块南缘大南湖岛弧带 ;有基性 -超基性岩、火山岩和中酸性斑 (玢 )岩及铜镍、金和铜钼矿分布 ,中酸性斑 (玢 )岩及铜钼矿呈对称分布 ,进而建立区域构造 -岩浆 -成矿模式 ,进行战略性和战术性成矿预测。千万吨资源量的赤湖 -土屋斑岩型Cu、Mo(Ag)矿的发现 ,验证了这种模式和预测的正确性。对地质构造研究及找矿有重要意义。     

拉曼光谱在水质分析中的应用进展

近年来,水污染事件频发并带来严重的社会后果,如何才能行之有效的检验水质的好坏,采取何种水质分析技术至关重要。传统水质分析方法存在步骤繁琐等弊端。拉曼光谱是一种研究物质结构快速有效的方法,目前广泛应用于多个领域,但在水质分析中的应用讨论依然为数不多。拉曼光谱能够在不破坏水样的前提下快速准确的检测水质,为日常水质监督检测及水污染事件发生后快速找到污染源提供积极有效的帮助。本文概述了拉曼光谱用于水质分析的原理及优势,详细评述了拉曼光谱在水质分析领域中的研究成果,并对拉曼光谱用于水质分析的未来进行展望。     

浅析胶莱盆地边缘层间滑动断层构造及其控矿机制

层间滑动断层构造产出于胶莱拉分盆地边部莱阳组砾岩与下伏下元古界荆山群变质岩系的不整合面上 ,是胶莱盆地东北缘蓬家夼和发云夼层间滑动角砾岩型金矿化的主要部位。层间滑动断层是在中生代白垩纪期间中国东部古板块和郯庐断裂构造活动造成的区域大地构造背景下 ,在胶莱走滑拉分盆地的形成过程中产生的。在层间滑动断层由张性应力环境向挤压应力环境过渡过程中 ,源于地壳深部的金矿成矿流体 ,与大气降水混合形成工业金矿体 ,金矿化主要发生在构造角砾岩及碎裂岩的胶结物内 ,金矿化类型和强度具有明显的对称性。层间滑动断层以其产出于特定的部位、产状、成因及控矿机制的不同与其它伸展作用形成的断裂构造相区别。     

浅水湖泊群水质模型的近似解析解法

为了实现在一般微机上也能模拟浅水湖泊群的水质变化，从水质变化的基本控制方程出发，根据浅水湖泊群的水流特征与污染物迁移特性，首先建立了浅水湖泊群ＢＯＤ－ＤＯ模型，然后针对恒定水流和污染源稳定排放污水的情形，把处于湖泊边界上的污染源所面临的湖面视为半无限区域，并考虑到浓度的可叠加性，提出了浅水湖泊群ＢＯＤ－ＤＯ模型的近似解析解法。实例结果表明，这种解法计算工作量和存储量都较小，在一般微机上即能进行，且计算准确度基本上能满足工程实际要求。     

基于水环境信息规范变换的水质普适指数公式

为了建立科学合理、和谐统一、简洁实用的包括地表水、地下水和湖泊富营养化水体的水环境质量的普适指数公式,借鉴物理学中普遍存在的规范不变性(对称性)原理,适当设定水环境各指标的"参照值"和相对于参照值的指标值规范变换式,使不同指标的同级标准值经规范变换后的"标准规范值"彼此差异很小,从而可以认为用规范值或对数变换值表示的不同指标都与某个指标"等效".因此,基于规范变换的不同指标的某种形式水质指数公式都可以用该"等效指标"的相应水质指数公式等效替代.在满足一定的优化目标准则条件下,采用免疫进化粒子群混洗蛙跳算法对公式中的普适参数进行迭代优化,分别得出优化后对地表水、地下水和湖泊富营养化水体的72项指标皆适用的对数型幂函数、韦伯-费希纳定律、Г型分布函数、污染危害S型函数、参数化组合算子和加和型幂函数等6个水环境质量的普适指数公式.最后对公式的可靠性进行了理论分析,并通过若干实例对公式的实用性进行了效果检验.结果表明:水环境质量的多种形式的普适指数公式皆具有形式简洁、和谐统一、计算简便和普适通用的特点.     

成都市道路移动源减排对空气质量的短期影响

近年来随着经济社会的高速发展,我国的空气污染问题日渐突出.管控污染源以减少污染物排放是改善空气质量的主要手段,且其效率如何会极大地影响空气质量的改善效果.但通常情况下,单一减排手段的实施对空气质量的改善的实际贡献往往在短时间内较难做出客观评价.本研究借助新冠疫情期间以道路移动源为主的各类污染源排放短期内大量下降的机会,通过疫情管控措施实施前后交通条件和空气质量的对比,分析道路移动源减排对空气质量改善的短期影响.结果表明,实施管控措施后,城市范围内道路交通条件明显改善,拥堵路段基本消失.受此影响,各类主要污染物浓度出现不同程度的下降,其中,受道路移动源贡献较大的NO₂浓度下降比例达40%~60%,PM_2.5因受气象条件影响较大而下降幅度较小.结合实时的交通数据估算其相应的尾气排放结果表明,疫情期间道路移动源排放的NO_x、HC、CO分别下降59.7%、59.9%和58.8%.本研究对于分析短时间内急速减排等应急措施对环境改善的效果,以及削减污染物排放对空气质量改善的潜力有重要的实际参考价值.     

水动力条件对藻类生理生态学影响的研究进展

湖泊和水库等水体富营养化通常会引起藻类水华暴发. 已有较多研究总结了光照、温度、营养盐等环境因素对藻类水华发生的影响方面的进展,但缺乏对水动力因素影响藻类生理生态学乃至水华发生等方面的研究总结. 本文通过梳理水动力条件对藻类生长、种群结构的影响及其作用机制,以及临界流速和人工混合对藻类的影响等方面的研究发现:在藻类生理学方面,水动力条件主要影响藻类的生长、细胞形态、营养盐吸收、光合作用活性和酶活性的变化;在藻类生态学方面,不同藻类对应的临界流速有所差异,水动力条件的变化会导致优势种之间的转变;人工混合使局部水体藻细胞密度降低进而改善水质. 对今后的研究热点进行展望:后续仍需进一步研究水动力条件对藻类生理的影响,不仅是酶活性和相关物质的吸收,还应包含胶被、产毒特性和基因序列等方面;应用于实际湖库的临界流速、水体扰动方式、扰动时间、扰动频率和最佳深度的探究,旨在推进藻类水华控制、保障水质安全等方面的相关研究.      

福州市PM2.5污染过程中大气边界层和区域传输研究

以福建省会福州市2013年1月空气质量变化为对象,分析大气边界层变化和周边区域污染物传输对福州市大气颗粒物PM2.5的影响.利用福州市2013年1月逐日地面和探空观测资料以及NCEP提供的2013年1月FNL分析资料,通过大气边界层要素与PM2.5浓度之间的相关性,对PM2.5污染过程的大气边界层特征进行分析;同时采用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模拟及区域风场相关矢分析对影响福州雾霾的污染物区域传输路径进行探讨.结果表明:地面气温与PM2.5浓度呈正相关,地面风速与PM2.5浓度呈负相关,近地面边界层条件有利于霾颗粒物的形成和累积.但不同于我国东部主要污染源区霾污染过程中存在大气边界层逆温,福州PM2.5污染过程中并未出现大气边界层逆温结构,这一边界层结构的垂直混合可有利于区域传输的污染物从上层大气到达近地面从而加重福州霾污染,福州是华东地区一个PM2.5污染物的主要接受区,PM2.5污染物主要以外源输送为主.2013年1月份福州市清洁日近地面风向为海洋吹向大陆的东南风,霾污染日则为大陆吹向海洋的偏北风,PM2.5污染物主要从长三角地区、苏北以及安徽河南一带通过东北和西北方向的传输路径影响福州的空气质量.     

黄河三角洲土地质量模糊综合评价

针对土地复杂性、模糊性的特征,本文采用模糊数学中“多级模糊综合评判”的方法进行了黄河三角洲土地质量评价,并对其科学性和可行性作了探讨。     

Effects of early developmental conditions on innate immunity are only evident under favourable adult conditions in zebra finches

Long-term effects of unfavourable conditions during development can be expected to depend on the quality of the environment experienced by the same individuals during adulthood. Yet, in the majority of studies, long-term effects of early developmental conditions have been assessed under favourable adult conditions only. The immune system might be particularly vulnerable to early environmental conditions as its development, maintenance and use are thought to be energetically costly. Here, we studied the interactive effects of favourable and unfavourable conditions during nestling and adult stages on innate immunity (lysis and agglutination scores) of captive male and female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Nestling environmental conditions were manipulated by a brood size experiment, while a foraging cost treatment was imposed on the same individuals during adulthood. This combined treatment showed that innate immunity of adult zebra finches is affected by their early developmental conditions and varies between both sexes. Lysis scores, but not agglutination scores, were higher in individuals raised in small broods and in males. However, these effects were only present in birds that experienced low foraging costs. This study shows that the quality of the adult environment may shape the long-term consequences of early developmental conditions on innate immunity, as long-term effects of nestling environment were only evident under favourable adult conditions.     

经济发达地区影响土地生态质量的关键景观格局因子研究——以江苏省昆山市为例

基于景观生态学的土地生态规划是提升土地生态质量、改善区域生态环境的重要途径,其中关键景观格局因子是土地生态规划的重要基础。论文选取长三角地区经济发达的昆山市作为研究区,以土地生态质量评价所得综合指数为基础,选取14个景观格局指数,通过关联分析测度方法确定两者的相关系数,分别在镇域和不同用地结构的典型代表村探讨影响土地生态质量的关键景观格局因子。结果表明：1）镇域尺度上,土地生态质量与最大斑块指数（LPI）、面积加权平均斑块面积（AWMPS）呈显著负相关,与香农多样性（SHDI）、平均形状指数（MSI）呈显著正相关;2）不同用地结构类型区影响土地生态质量的关键景观格局因子差异较大,其中建设用地集中区与斑块密度（PD）、边界密度（ED）呈显著正相关,与聚集度指数（AI）、蔓延度指数（CONTAG）呈显著负相关,生态用地集中区与斑块面积（TA）和面积加权平均斑块面积（AWMPS）呈显著正相关,农用地集中区与最大斑块指数（LPI）显著负相关,与分离度指数（SPLIT）和多样性指数（SHDI）呈显著正相关;3）对研究区土地生态规划景观设计时,首先要宏观把握景观的优势类型,注重各景观类型的均衡分布,增加景观复杂度,其次关注不同用地结构类型区的关键景观格局因子,其中建设用地集中区应适当维持景观的破碎度和离散性,生态用地集中区应最大限度保证生态用地面积和优势类型,农用地集中区应当维持其景观类型的多样性以及分布的均衡性。     

Feto-amniotic shunting—report of the experience of four european centres

Few reports concerning intrauterine shunting are available. We investigated the impact of this method. In order to evaluate intrauterine shunting and the complication rate for different indications, we sent a questionnaire to all German-speaking level 3 centres. In four level 3 centres, 52 intrauterine catheters were inserted in 34 fetuses. The indications were uni- or bilateral hydrothorax in nine cases, cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung in four cases, infravesical stenosis in 13 cases, and fetal ascites in eight cases. In three cases (6 per cent), difficulties occurred when the drain was inserted. In 15 cases (29 per cent), the function of the drain was reduced by dislocation or occlusion. The mortality rate caused by shunting was as high as eight per cent (four cases). The application of an intrauterine shunt currently represents a rarely performed ultrasound-guided therapeutic intervention in the fetus. In all cases, the indication for shunting is to avoid compression of normal tissue by cystic structures. A high complication rate restricts the application of drainage to selected cases.     

云贵高原典型湖泊富营养化演变过程及特征研究

选取滇池、洱海和抚仙湖3个云贵高原不同营养水平的湖泊,通过对其不同发展阶段的植物群落结构、水质类别、营养水平及流域人口和经济活动等进行研究,总结了云贵高原湖泊发展演化过程中的特征及差异性.结果表明：滇池、洱海和抚仙湖的植物群落结构、水质类别和营养状态均耦合良好,流域人口和经济活动是湖泊富营养化的重要影响因素.流域人口和...