Variations in traffic-related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 in Kanazawa, Japan, after the implementation of a new vehicle emission regulation

A three-year sampling campaign was conducted at a roadside air pollution monitoring station in the urban area of Kanazawa, Japan. Due to a new emission regulation, PAHs levels decreased over the sampling campaign, exhibiting values of 706 ± 413 pg/m³ in 2017, 559 ± 384 pg/m³ in 2018, and 473 ± 234 pg/m³ in 2019. In each year, similar seasonal variations in PAHs levels were observed, with higher levels observed in winter and lower levels in summer. Among the PAHs isomer ratios, we observed that the ratio of benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) and benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), [BbF]/([BbF] + [BkF]), and the ratio of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IDP) and benzo[ghi]perylene (BgPe), [IDP]/([BgPe] + [IDP]), showed stability over the sampling campaign and were less affected by the new emission regulation, seasonal variations, and regional characteristics. When using the combined ratio ranges of 0.66 - 0.80 ([BbF]/([BbF] + [BkF]) and 0.26-0.49 ([IDP]/([BgPe] + [IDP]), traffic emissions were clearly distinguished from other PAHs emission sources. Principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were also performed to further analyse the characteristics of traffic-related PAHs. Overall, this study affirmed the effectiveness of the new emission regulation in the reduction of PAHs emissions and provided a combined range for identifying PAHs traffic emission sources.     

Carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere and precipitation of the Nam Co region, central Tibet

A continuous air and precipitation sampling for carbonaceous particles was conducted in a field observatory beside Nam Co, Central Tibetan Plateau during July of 2006 through January of 2007. Organic carbon (OC) was the dominant composition of the carbonaceous particles both in the atmosphere (1660 ng/m³) and precipitation (476 ng/g) in this area, while the average elemental carbon (BC) concentrations in the atmosphere and precipitation were only 82 ng/m³ and 8 ng/g, respectively. Very high OC/BC ratio suggested local secondary organic carbon could be a dominant contribution to OC over the Nam Co region, while BC could be mainly originated from Southern Asia, as indicated by trajectory analysis and aerosol optical depth. Comparison between the BC concentrations measured in Lhasa, those at “Nepal Climate Observatory at Pyramid (NCO-P)” site on the southern slope of the Himalayas, and Nam Co suggested BC in the Nam Co region reflected a background with weak anthropogenic disturbances and the emissions from Lhasa might have little impact on the atmospheric environment here, while the pollutants from the Indo-Gangetic Basin of Southern Asia could be transported to the Nam Co region by both the summer monsoon and the westerly.     

Seasonal variation and sources of derivatized phenols in atmospheric fine particulate matter in North China Plain

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of derivatized phenols in Beijing and in Xinglong were performed from 2016 to 2017 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.The results showed substantially more severe pollution in Beijing.Of the 14 compounds detected,the total average concentration was 100 ng/m~3 in Beijing,compared with 11.6 ng/m~3 in Xinglong.More specifically,concentration of nitro-aromatic compounds(NACs)(81.9 ng/m~3 in Beijing and 8.49 ng/m3 in Xinglong) was the highest,followed by aromatic acids(14.6 ng/m~3 in Beijing and 2.42 ng/m~3 in Xinglong) and aromatic aldehydes(3.62 ng/m~3 in Beijing and 0.681 ng/m~3 in Xinglong).In terms of seasonal variation,the highest concentrations were found for 4-nitrocatechol in winter in Beijing(79.1±63.9 ng/m~3) and 4-nitrophenol in winter in Xinglong(9.72±8.94 ng/m~3).The analysis also revealed diurnal variations across different seasons.Most compounds presented higher concentrations at night in winter because of the decreased boundary layer height and increased heating intensity.While some presented higher levels during the day,which attributed to the photo-oxidation process for summer and more biomass burning activities for autumn.Higher concentrations appeared in winter and autumn than in spring and summer,which resulted from more coal combustions and adverse meteorological conditions.The significant correlations among NACs indicated similar sources of pollution.Higher correlations presented within each subgroup than those between the subgroups.Good correlations between levoglucosan and nitrophenols,nitrocatechols,nitro salicylic acids,with correlation coefficients(r) of 0.66,0.69 and 0.69,respectively,indicating an important role of biomass burning among primary sources.     

北京海淀区夏季交警对多环芳烃的暴露

用个人采样装置测定了北京海淀区交警夏季多环芳烃(PAHs)暴露.以16种PAHs之和计,气态和颗粒物吸附态的平均暴露浓度分别为(1 520±759)ng/m³和(148±118)ng/m³,显著高于定点对照测定结果[气态(588±228)ng/m³,颗粒物吸附态(52±50)ng/m³].交警和对照点具有致癌作用的高环化合物总暴露浓度分别是(14.9±5.9)ng/m³和(6.7±3.6)ng/m³,主要来自颗粒物吸附态暴露.暴露量具有显著的日波动特征,主要受温度和湿度影响.气态浓度与湿度正相关,与温度负相关,颗粒物吸附态浓度则与温度和湿度看不到显著相关关系.     

Atmospheric mercury over the marine boundary layer observed during the third China Arctic Research Expedition

TGM measurements on board ships have proved to provide valuable complementary information to measurements by a ground based monitoring network. During the third China Arctic Research Expedition (from July 11 to September 24, 2008), TGM concentrations over the marine boundary layer along the cruise path were in-situ measured using an automatic mercury vapor analyzer. Here we firstly reported the results in Japan Sea, North Western Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea, where there are rare reports. The value ranged between 0.30 and 6.02 ng/m³ with an average of (1.52 ± 0.68) ng/m³, being slightly lower than the background value of Northern Hemisphere (1.7 ng/m³). Notably TGM showed considerably spatial and temporal variation. Geographically, the average value of TGM in Bering Sea was higher than those observed in Japan Sea and North Western Pacific Ocean. In the north of Japan Sea TGM levels were found to be lower than 0.5 ng/m³ during forward cruise and displayed obviously diurnal cycle, indicating potential oxidation of gaseous mercury in the atmosphere. The pronounced episode was recorded as well. Enhanced levels of TGM were observed in the coastal regions of southern Japan Sea during backward cruise due primarily to air masses transported from the adjacent mainland reflecting the contribution from anthropogenic sources. When ship returned back and passed through Kamchatka Peninsula TGM increased by the potential contamination from volcano emissions.     

Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during heating season in Beijing

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and their nitrated derivatives(NPAHs) attract continuous attention due to their outstanding carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. In order to investigate the diurnal variations, sources, formation mechanism, and health risk assessment of them in heating season, particulate matter(PM) were collected in Beijing urban area from December 26, 2017 to January 17, 2018. PAHs and NPAHs in PM were quantitatively analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). ...     

南京北郊四季PM2.5中有机胺的污染特征及来源解析

2017年12月至2018年11月在南京北郊采集了大气PM_(2.5)样品,对其中的有机胺、主要水溶性离子、有机碳和元素碳进行了定量分析.共测定南京北郊大气PM_(2.5)中5种有机胺:甲胺、乙胺、二甲胺、三甲胺和苯胺.有机胺年平均总浓度为(54. 2±29. 2) ng·m~(-3),其中最丰富的物种为二甲胺[年均值:(20. 2±13. 7) ng·m~(-3)],其次为甲胺[年均值:(13. 1±6. 3)ng·m~(-3)]、三甲胺[年均值:(8. 6±4. 1) ng·m~(-3)]、乙胺[年均值:(6. 3±4. 1) ng·m~(-3)]和苯胺[年均值:(5. 9±3. 9) ng·m~(-3)],有机胺总浓度呈现出明显的季节变化,表现为夏季秋季春季冬季.污染天有机胺的浓度大于清洁天,主要是受大气颗粒物酸性影响大气有机胺气/粒转换所致,并且大气颗粒物酸性也是导致夏季高温条件下颗粒态有机胺仍高于其它季节的另一原因.在新粒子生长天,发现有机胺的浓度会有所增加. PMF法溯源结果显示南京北郊大气PM_(2.5)中主要有6种有机胺排放源:即工业源、农业源、生物质燃烧、机动车排放、二次源和道路扬尘.其中甲胺、乙胺主要来源于二次源和机动车排放;二甲胺、三甲胺主要来源于生物质燃烧、二次源和机动车排放;苯胺主要来源于工业排放和生物质燃烧.有机胺的来源具有显著的季节差异,春季秋季道路扬尘源占比较高,夏季二次源为有机胺主要的污染源,冬季机动车排放源和生物质燃烧源有一定提升.而有机胺的昼夜差异并不明显,二次源、机动车排放源以及生物质燃烧源是3个主要影响因素.     

Trace metals in atmospheric fine particles in one industrial urban city: Spatial variations, sources, and health implications

Trace metals in PM2.5were measured at one industrial site and one urban site during September, 2010 in Ji'nan, eastern China. Individual aerosol particles and PM2.5samples were collected concurrently at both sites. Mass concentrations of eleven trace metals(i.e., Al, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ba, and Pb) and one metalloid(i.e., As) were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy(ICP-AES). The result shows that mass concentrations of PM2.5(130 μg/m3) and trace metals(4.03 μg/m3) at the industrial site were 1.3 times and 1.7 times higher than those at the urban site, respectively, indicating that industrial activities nearby the city can emit trace metals into the surrounding atmosphere. Fe concentrations were the highest among all the measured trace metals at both sites, with concentrations of 1.04 μg/m3at the urban site and 2.41 μg/m3at the industrial site, respectively. In addition, Pb showed the highest enrichment factors at both sites, suggesting the emissions from anthropogenic activities existed around the city. Correlation coefcient analysis and principal component analysis revealed that Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn were originated from vehicular trafc and industrial emissions at both sites; As, Cr, and part of Pb from coal-fired power plant; Ba and Ti from natural soil. Based on the transmission electron microscopy analysis, we found that most of the trace metals were internally mixed with secondary sulfate/organic particles. These internally mixed trace metals in the urban air may have diferent toxic abilities compared with externally mixed trace metals.     

Chlorinated organic compounds in the troposphere over the western North Atlantic Ocean measured by aircraft

Results of 32 individual flights during 1985, 1986 and 1988 using a King Air research aircraft over the western North Atlantic Ocean and the Adirondack Mountains are presented. Measurements were made for selected trace organic compounds including α- and γ-isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), the summed isomers of α- and γ-chlordane, dieldrin and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The concentrations of compounds at altitudes of 300–10,000 ft indicate that these compounds were well mixed in the atmosphere and that for the most part, ground-level and higher-altitude concentrations were similar in magnitude. There was a high degree of variability due to time, meteorological events and location. Concentrations over the Adirondack Mountains in 1985 were the highest measured with means of 0.198 ng m⁻³ for HCB, 0.388 ng m⁻³ for α-HCH, 0.509 ng m⁻³ for γ-HCH, 0.340 ng m⁻³ for dieldrin, 0.480 ng m⁻³ for chlordane and 0.951 ng m⁻³ for total PCBs. Concentrations over the western North Atlantic south-east of Bermuda in summer 1988 wer lower, with means of 0.093 ng m⁻³ for HCB, 0.142 ng m⁻³ for α-HCH, 0.012 ng m⁻³ for γ-HCH, 0.016 ng m⁻³ for dieldrin 0.020 ng m⁻³ for chlordane and 0.600 ng m⁻³ for PCBs. During 1988 concentrations of most of the compounds were similar in the atmosphere of the coastal zone, 50–100 km off the U.S., to those measured near Bermuda. Chlordane, and to a lesser extent dieldrin, showed a decrease in concentration away from North America.     

上海市地表灰尘中PAHs季节变化与功能区差异

研究了上海市中心城区地表灰尘中多环芳烃（PAHs）的季节变化与功能区差异,并探讨了这种变化特征的原因.结果表明,上海市中心城区地表灰尘中PAHs累积水平具有显著的季节变化,PAHs总量和组分均表现出冬季含量高于夏季的特征.冬季样品中PAHs含量为9 176～32?573 ng·g^-1,平均值为20 648 ng·g^-1;而夏季PAHs含量为6?875～27?766 ng·g^-1,平均值仅为14?098 ng·g^-1.PAHs组分也表现出相似特征,冬季含量为50(二氢苊)～3 162 ng·g^-1 (茚并［1,2,3-c,d ］芘),夏季含量为3(苊)～1 485 ng·g^-1 (茚并［1,2,3-c,d ］芘).各个功能区地表灰尘PAHs含量的差异明显.冬季最高值出现在工业区（31 163 ng·g^-1）、商业区（24 932 ng·g^-1）和交通要道（18 815 ng·g^-1）,最低值出现在公园（7 885 ng·g^-1）和绿地（8 036 ng·g^-1）;夏季最低值出现在公园（7 942 ng·g^-1）,最高值出现在交通要道（14 528 ng·g^-1）、工业区（14 247 ng·g^-1）和商业区（11 523 ng·g^-1）.所有功能区样品中PAHs组分含量呈现出按环数或分子量的增加而逐渐升高的趋势.大城市地表灰尘中PAHs的季节变化与功能区差异与其来源密切相关,也受到各组分理化性质的影响.     

Characterization, treatment and releases of PBDEs and PAHs in a typical municipal sewage treatment plant situated beside an urban river, East China

Characterization, treatment and releases of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners and sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wastewater were evaluated along the treatment processes of a typical secondary treatment municipal sewage treatment plant (STP) (in Hefei City) situated the beside Nanfei River, East China. The findings showed that the average concentrations of the total PBDEs in raw wastewater and treated effluent were 188.578 and 36.884 ng/L respectively. Brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) 209 congener, the predominant PBDE in the STP and Nanfei River, could be related to the discharge of car-industry-derived wastes. For PAHs, the average concentrations in raw wastewater and treated effluent were 5758.8 and 2240.4 ng/L respectively, with naphthalene, benzo[a]pyrene and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene being detected at the highest concentrations. PAHs mainly originate from the combustion of biomass/coal and petroleum. The STP reduced about 80% of the PBDEs and 61% of the PAHs, which were eliminated mainly by sedimentation processes. The removal rates of PBDEs/PAHs increased with the increase of their solid-water partitioning coefficients. Accordingly, the STP's effluent, containing some PBDE congeners (e.g., BDE 47, 99 and 209, etc.) and low-molecular-weight PAHs, could be an important contributor of these contaminants' input to Nanfei River. It resulted in a significant increase of PBDE/PAH concentrations and PAH toxicological risk in the river water downstream. About 4.040 kg/yr of PBDEs and 245.324 kg/yr of PAHs could be released into the Nanfei River. The current conventional wastewater treatment processes should be improved to remove the relatively low-molecular-weight PBDEs/PAHs more effectively.     

Biogenic and anthropogenic organic compounds in eolian particulates in the East Mediterranean region—I. Occurrence and origin

Lipids of biogenic and anthropogenic origin were determined in aerosol samples, collected seasonally, in a coastal area on the north of the island of Crete. Lipid classes such as n-alkanes, hopanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, fatty acid salts and α,ω-dicarboxylic acids were characterized by GC/MS and GC/FID analysis, in terms of their contents of homologous compound series. The concentrations ranged between 56 and 215 ng m⁻³ for n-alkanes, 10 and 52 ng m⁻³ for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 2 and 31 ng m⁻³ for fatty alcohols, 13 and 279 ng m⁻³ for fatty acids, 24 and 220 ng m⁻³ for fatty acid salts and 0.4 and 7.5 ng m⁻³ for α, ω-dicarboxylic acid salts. The prevailing winds were influencing the composition of the eolian particles. Generally, aerosols sampled during south wind events predominantly contained lipids originating from higher plants, while when north and northwest winds prevailed the major components were of marine origin. The absence of unsaturated fatty acids in all aerosol samples is related to the presence of α,ω-dicarboxylic acids, which are believed to be their photo-oxidation products.     

长白山地区大气气态总汞含量的季节性特征研究

利用高时间分辨率自动大气测汞仪(Tekran(R) 2537A),于2005-08～2006-07对长白山地区大气气态总汞进行了连续1a的野外观测.结果表明,长白山地区气态总汞的年平均含量为(3.22±1.78)ng·m-3,按季节表现为:冬季＞春季＞秋季＞夏季.长白山地区气态总汞含量高于北半球大气汞含量的背景值(1.5～2.0 ng·m-3),表明该地区已受到一定程度的大气汞污染.在对长白山地区气态总汞来源的解析中,该区频率最高的指示风向西南(SW)、西北(NW)和非主导风向东北(NE)方位上,城镇人为采暖、燃煤以及对生物燃料的使用成为该地区的气态总汞的主要来源,而土壤释放或其他来源的大气汞经中长距离的迁移也是造成该区域大气汞含量升高的原因.     

Seasonal trend of ambient PCDD/Fs in Tianjin City, northern China using active sampling strategy

The spatial concentrations, seasonal trends, profiles and congener pairs of ambient polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were investigated within a seasonally active sampling scheme during Jun 2008 and Jan 2009 in Tianjin City, northern China. The PCDD/F concentrations ranged 14.2-172 fg I-TEQ/m³ (average 69.3 fg I-TEQ/m³) in summer and (89.8-1.01) × 10³ fg I-TEQ/m³ (average 509 fg I-TEQ/m³) in winter, respectively, except for the E-waste dismantling site where much higher values were observed (1.04 × 10³ fg I-TEQ/m³ in summer and 7.123 × 10³ fg I-TEQ/m³ in winter). The results indicated a significantly seasonal trend with higher TEQ values in winter as compared with summer, which could be related to increased emission sources and seasonal variations of the atmospheric boundary layer height. 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF was the dominant contributor to the total PCDD/F toxic equivalents, and 2,3,7,8-TCDD was detected at almost all the sampling sites in winter. Most of the similarly substituted PCDD/F congener pairs exhibited high correlations, suggesting that they might have similar environmental fate or sources. But different seasonal and spatial distributions of PCDD/F concentrations indicated that the emission sources might be intermittent.     

A long-term (1975–1988) study of atmospheric SO42−: Regional contributions and concentration trends

A long-term study of aerosol SO₄²⁻ concentrations ([SO₄²⁻]) has been conducted at Mayville in the western and Whiteface Mountain in the northeastern New York State. From 1975 to 1988, 2382 daily aerosol samples were collected at Whiteface Mountain using high-volume samplers. Similarly, 1863 samples were collected at Mayville for the 1981–1988 period. Both sites are downwind of large SO₂ sources in the Midwest. Whiteface Mountain is located approximately 600 km to the northeast of Mayville. The [SO₄²⁻] at Mayville were approximately twice that of Whiteface Mountain. The highest concentrations at both locations were observed in summer and the lowest during winter. Photochemical reactions appear to be the primary reason for this behavior. Air trajectories (Hefter model) were used to relate the observed [SO₄²⁻] with the upwind SO₂ source regions. In addition, a method based on V/Se ratios was used to resolve SO₄²⁻ contributions between Midwestern sources and those in the East Coast. Approximately, two-thirds or more of the total SO₄²⁻ at the two sites was derived from the Midwestern emissions. At Whiteface Mountain the [SO₄²⁻] for summer months from 1975 to 1988 suggest a decrease of approximately 3% per year between 1978 and 1988. A similar decrease was also observed in SO₂ emissions.     

上海崇明地区大气分形态汞污染特征

2014年3月~2015年2月对上海崇明东滩湿地公园的气态零价汞(GEM)、活性气态汞(RGM)和颗粒态汞(PBM)分别进行了为期1a的连续监测.GEM、RGM和PBM的年平均浓度分别为(2.75±1.13)ng·m~(-3)、(13.39±15.95)pg·m~(-3)和(21.89±40.42)pg·m~(-3),明显高于对应北半球背景值浓度.GEM浓度在夏季最高(3.65 ng·m~(-3)),受自然源排放影响较大,秋冬季较低,受人为源排放影响较大;RGM浓度在春季最高,冬季最低,主要受风速风向的影响;PBM浓度在秋冬季节明显高于其他季节,受秋冬季节较多的细颗粒物重污染过程的影响.GEM和PBM浓度均夜间较高,白天较低,主要受空气气团混合作用影响.RGM浓度在下午较高,主要是由于GEM在下午的光氧化作用加强,利于RGM的生成.GEM和PBM浓度在偏西风向上浓度较高,受上海、江苏等地人为源排放影响较大.RGM浓度在东南风向上浓度明显高于其他方向,这是因为RGM主要来源为人为排放,其浓度受风速影响较大,东南风向上平均风速较小,持续的弱风及停滞的空气不利于RGM的扩散.     

基于后向轨迹对城市大气中二噁英长距离迁移来源的探讨

通过对广州某商住区大气中二噁英的季节性监测,结合后向轨迹的计算,对大气中PCDD/Fs的浓度及其长距离迁移来源进行分析.结果表明:大气中二噁英浓度有季节性变化特点,其趋势为冬季(14.4 pg·m^-3)>秋季(10.0 pg·m^-3)>春季(5.54 pg·m^-3)>夏季(3.88 pg·m^-3).同时,大气中PCDD/Fs单体特征也具有季节性特点,秋冬季节七氯代、八氯代PCDD/Fs百分比高于春秋两季,春夏两季低氯代单体百分比含量高于秋冬两季.追溯采样期间该城市大气的后向轨迹,发现秋冬两季到达广州的气团主要经过湖南、湖北和江西等北方或东北方的内陆省份,而春夏两季到达广州的气团主要经过我国东海和南海海域上空.而这种变化很可能是造成广州大气中二噁英浓度季节性变化的主要原因.     

港口地区大气PM2.5中多环芳烃污染特征及来源分析

为探究港口地区污染大气中多环芳烃（PAHs）的污染特征和潜在来源,以青岛港为研究对象,于2018年8月至2019年5月期间采集了4个季节的PM_2.5样品（n=59）,分析了PM_2.5中PAHs的季节变化和组成特征,使用相关性分析探索了气象因素对PAHs浓度的影响,并采用正定矩阵因子分解和潜在来源贡献函数模型对潜在来源进行解析.结果表明,ρ（PAHs）平均值为（8.11±12.31） ng·m^-3,秋冬季节高于春夏季节.PAHs的季节性分子组成相似,以4~5环PAHs （75.43%）为主.荧蒽、苯并［e］芘、苯并［a］蒽、菲、芘和䓛是研究区域PAHs的优势物种,这与船舶尾气中主要化合物组成相似.相关性分析表明,PAHs浓度与温度和相对湿度呈极显著负相关,与大气压和风向呈极显著正相关,与风速的相关性较差.PMF分析提取出6个贡献因子,结果表明,青岛港地区受航运排放（28.83%）影响最大,其次是机动车排放（20.49%）以及原油挥发（13.47%）等,夏季受航运排放影响最大.PSCF结果表明,京津冀、环渤海和鲁北地区是远距离传输的主要来源区域.     

广州某工业区大气中PCDD/Fs含量水平及其季节性变化特征

通过对广州某工业区大气中2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs的季节性监测,并对大气中PCDD/Fs的浓度与季节性变化进行了分析.结果表明,该工业区大气中PCDD/Fs的浓度范围为2.33~75.4 pg·m-3,平均值为23.2 pg·m-3,毒性当量浓度I-TEQ范围为0.229~10.7 pg·m-3,平均值为2.00 pg·m-3,高于日本环境空气质量标准推荐年均值0.6 pg·m-3.该工业区PCDD/Fs浓度季节性变化明显,最高的季节为春季(37.8 pg·m-3),浓度最低的季节为夏季(13.5 pg·m-3),其次为秋季(22.3 pg·m-3)和冬季(19.1 pg·m-3);毒性当量浓度变化高低顺序为:春季(5.58 pg·m-3)>夏季(1.06 pg·m-3)>秋季(0.839 pg·m-3)>冬季(0.525 pg·m-3).降雨、季风的季节性变化可能是引起大气中PCDD/Fs浓度季节性变化的原因.     

Comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution in Chinese and Japanese residential air

Comparative studies on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution in residential air of Hangzhou (China) and Shizuoka (Japan) were conducted in summer (August, 2006) and winter (January, 2007). Total concentrations of 8 PAHs ranged from 7.1 to 320 ng/m³ and 0.15 to 35 ng/m³ in residential air of Hangzhou and Shizuoka, respectively. Air PAH concentrations in smoking houses were higher than that in nonsmoking houses. In nonsmoking houses, mothball emission and cooking practice were the emission sources of 2- and 3-ring PAHs in Hangzhou, respectively. The 2- and 3-ring PAHs were from use of insect repellent, kerosene heating and outdoor environment in nonsmoking houses in Shizuoka. The 5- and 6-ring PAHs in residential air were mainly from outdoor environment in both cities. Toxicity potencies of PAHs in residential air of Hangzhou were much higher than that in Shizuoka.