雷州半岛地下水化学特征及控制因素分析

雷州半岛地下水资源为雷州半岛经济社会发展提供有力的资源支撑,厘清该区地下水化学特征及形成机制对水资源的合理开采及可持续利用具有重要意义.本研究采集43组雷州半岛地下水样品,运用描述性统计分析、Piper三线图、ArcGIS空间插值、Gibbs图以及离子比值等方法分析地下水水化学特征及其控制因素.结果表明：①研究区地下水阴阳离子以HCO₃^-、Ca²⁺和Na⁺为主,水化学类型以HCO₃-Cl-Na-Ca、HCO₃-Cl-Na-Ca-Mg、HCO₃-Cl-Na-Mg和HCO₃-Na型为主.研究区地下水中的Cl^-、SO₄^2-和Na⁺在雷州市西部含量较高,在其他区域均较低,HCO₃^-、NO₃^-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和K⁺这5种离子含量较高的区域主要集中在西南和东部沿海.②地下水化学演化过程主要受水岩作用、阳离子交替吸附和人类活动的影响.Na⁺和K⁺来源主要是蒸发盐岩和硅酸盐岩,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺主要来源于碳酸盐岩溶解,NO₃^-主要来源于人类活动.     

小浪底水库水沙调控期滨河湿地地下水与河水转化关系

以小浪底水库下游武陟湿地为研究区,综合运用数理统计、水文地球化学和同位素技术相结合的方法,研究了小浪底水库水沙调控期滨河湿地地下水与河水转化关系.结果表明,小浪底水库调水调沙期间下游水体阳离子以Na⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺为主,阴离子以HCO₃^-为主.调水调沙初期河水水化学类型为HCO₃-Na·Ca·Mg型,地下水水化学类型为HCO₃-Ca·Mg·Na型;调水调沙中期和末期河水均为HCO₃·SO₄-Na·Mg型,地下水均为HCO₃-Na·Mg型.水库水沙调控过程中,水体的水化学组分从受碳酸盐和硅酸盐矿物溶解的共同作用过渡到以碳酸盐岩溶解为主.随着调水调沙的进行,河水与近岸带地下水的氢氧同位素组成逐渐富集,表明河水来源于上游水库表层水和大气降水,地下水则受到河水与大气降水的共同补给.在上游来水与水文地质条件等因素影响下,滨河湿地地下水与河水之间的转化主要发生在近岸带（距离河岸0~100 m内）,表现为河水补给地下水,随着调水调沙的进行,河水对地下水的补给增强.     

贵州威宁草海流域地下水水化学特征及无机碳通量估算

贵州威宁县草海是我国最大的岩溶湿地,岩溶地下水是其重要的补给水源和物质来源.本研究在丰水期、枯水期和平水期对草海流域内12处地下水进行了采集并测定,揭示了该流域地下水水化学特征和主要离子来源,并基于水化学径流模数法初步估算了草海流域岩溶碳汇通量.结果表明,草海流域地下水水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型为主,东南部个别泉点在平水期为SO₄-Ca型.地下水中优势离子均以Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和HCO₃^-为主,季节上SO₄^2-和Mg²⁺平均质量浓度呈现出平水期 > 枯水期 > 丰水期,NO₃^-平均质量浓度则表现为丰水期 > 枯水期 > 平水期,其他离子季节变化特征不明显.空间上草海北部地下水中Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-质量浓度相对较高,K⁺、Na⁺和Cl^-在西南部地下水中质量浓度较高,东南部地下水中Mg²⁺、NO₃^-和SO₄^2-质量浓度较高.地下水中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和HCO₃^-主要受到碳酸盐岩溶蚀的控制,碳酸、硫酸和硝酸均参与了流域内碳酸盐岩的风化,三期大部分地下水中NO₃^-主要受土壤氮和生活污水的影响,东南部地下水NO₃^-则主要受农业活动影响,K⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-的来源则无明显时空差异,前3种离子主要受人类活动影响,而SO₄^2-则主要来源于地层中含硫化合物的溶解.研究区外源酸参与流域碳酸盐岩风化具有较高比例,季节上表现为平水期外源酸参与流域碳酸盐岩比例最高,丰水期最低的特征,在扣除外源酸参与流域碳酸盐岩风化的比例后,初步估算草海流域无机碳通量平均约为181.5 t·a^-1,岩溶地下水向草海输送HCO₃^-量平均约为1144.1 t·a^-1.     

会仙岩溶湿地地下水主要离子特征及成因分析

以我国最大的低海拔岩溶湿地会仙岩溶湿地为研究区,对该区丰水期、平水期和枯水期共采集的27组地下水样品中常规离子进行检测和分析,在分析会仙岩溶湿地地下水主要离子化学特征和不同时期变化基础上,运用单指标污染标准指数法对不同时期地下水进行污染评价,利用多元统计、Gibbs模型和离子比例关系识别地下水主要离子成因.结果表明,研究区内岩溶地下水主要为弱碱性淡水,Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-为优势离子.不同时期地下水主要离子总浓度顺序为：平水期 > 丰水期 > 枯水期,枯水期水质优于丰水期和平水期.地下水中K⁺和NO₃^-主要受含水层空间分布差异影响,Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-、NO₂^-、NH₄⁺和TDS受时空尺度综合作用,Na⁺、Ca²⁺、HCO₃^-和Cl^-为水体中较稳定离子.受碳酸盐岩控制,丰水期、平水期和枯水期地下水化学类型具有高度一致性,HCO₃-Ca水占比分别为77.78%、77.78%和88.89%.地下水主要受SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NO₂^-污染,NO₃^-出现极严重程度污染样点,SO₄^2-在丰水期和平水期出现较重污染样点.地下水化学组分主要受水岩作用控制,Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-主要来源于方解石风化溶解,少量水点受白云岩、白云质灰岩及硫铁矿控制导致Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-浓度偏高,K⁺、Na⁺、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Cl^-部分来源于大气降水,Na⁺和Cl^-部分来源于当地居民生活,K⁺与种植施用的钾肥相关,NO₃^-主要来源是化学肥料.     

店埠河流域地表水-地下水水化学特征及其成因分析

巢湖是我国水污染防治的重点水体,但近年来一直处于较高的富营养化水平.以巢湖二级支流店埠河流域内的地表水和地下水为研究对象,测试不同水体水化学组成和氢氧同位素值,综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图和离子比值等方法,分析其季节性和空间变化特征,探讨地表水和地下水的水化学特征和形成机制.结果表明,①大气降水是店埠河流域地表水和地下水的主要补给来源,地表水的蒸发分馏效应比地下水更显著.不同时期,地表水比地下水更富集氢氧稳定同位素.地表水和地下水中氢氧稳定同位素均呈季节性变化特征,丰水期相对富集,枯水期相对贫化.②店埠河流域地表水和地下水均为弱碱性水,地表水中各离子浓度明显小于地下水,地表水中阳离子以Ca²⁺和Na⁺为主,地下水中阳离子以Ca²⁺为主,水体中的优势阴离子均为HCO₃^-.地表水的水化学类型以HCO₃·Cl-Na·Ca型水为主,地下水以HCO₃-Na·Ca型水为主.③地表水和地下水主要水化学指标浓度具有一定的时空差异性.从丰水期到枯水期,地表水中TDS、K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-浓度整体呈现上升趋势.地下水中Na⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺浓度整体变化不大,略有增加趋势,Cl^-、SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度整体呈上升趋势.从上游到下游,地表水中主要水化学指标浓度呈现先减小后增大的趋势,NO₃^-浓度增幅最大.地下水在径流方向上主要水化学指标浓度整体变化不大,但呈现出排泄区大于补给区的规律.④水体水化学特征的形成主要受水-岩作用控制,同时还受到人为因素影响.水-岩作用主要为硅酸盐岩、盐岩和碳酸盐岩等矿物的风化溶解.污水处理厂污水、生活污水和粪肥等污染物已明显改变了局部水体的水化学特征.⑤与2016年相比,地表水中的NO₃^-浓度已有不同程度地减少,当地政府进行的氮污染控制工作已取得一定成效,但仍需在店埠河下游、部分支流（定光河和马桥河）和部分居民点加强对污水及粪肥的污染防控.     

丰沛平原浅层地下水化学特征分析

为研究丰沛平原浅层地下水化学特征及主要离子来源,采集浅层地下水样品27组,采用数理统计、舒卡列夫分类、Gibbs图和离子比例系数等方法,对丰沛平原浅层地下水化学特征及形成作用进行了研究。结果表明:研究区地下水中的阳离子以Na⁺和Ca²⁺为主,阴离子以HCO₃^-为主,HCO₃^-、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺的空间变异系数相对较小,NO₃^-变异系数较大。根据沉积环境不同,浅层地下水化学类型具有明显的水平分布过渡带,浅层地下水在黄淮海冲积平原沿着浅层地下水流向自西南向北东方向水化学类型阴离子从HCO₃→HCO₃-Cl→HCO₃-SO₄→SO₄-HCO₃型过渡,阳离子从Ca-Na-Mg→Na-Mg-Ca→Na-Mg型过渡,微山湖沿岸冲湖积平原主要分布HCO₃-Cl·Ca-Mg-Na型水。岩石风化作用、蒸发结晶作用、离子交换作用是影响研究区地下水化学组分的主要因素。部分地区地下水受工矿活动影响较大,受农业活动和生活污水排放影响较小,呈点状分布。     

长江流域安庆段浅层地下水水化学特征及控制因素

浅层地下水为安庆市居民生活用水和工农业生产用水的主要水源,是维持社会经济可持续发展和区域生态环境的重要基础保障.为深入研究安庆市浅层地下水的水化学特征及控制因素,采集了196组浅层地下水水样,综合运用Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比值和数理统计方法对安庆市地下水的水化学特征及控制因素进行研究,定量评估不同来源对地下水水化学组分的贡献.结果表明,安庆市浅层地下水呈弱碱性,pH值在5.84～8.38,均值为7.21; ρ（TDS）介于47～1 620 mg·L^-1,均值为324.21 mg·L^-1,阴阳离子主要以HCO₃^-和Ca²⁺为主,水化学类型为HCO₃-Ca型.地下水水化学组分受岩石风化溶滤作用、阳离子交替吸附作用、矿物溶解和沉淀以及人类活动综合影响.Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和HCO₃^-主要来源于碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩的风化溶解作用,Na⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-受工业活动和生活污水的排放、K⁺和NO₃^-受农业活动的影响.APCS-MLR受体模型分析进一步揭示地下水水化学组分主要有地质因子、工业因子、农业因子和未知源这4种来源,其贡献率分别为45.35%、14.19%、25.38%和15.08%.地质因子是浅层地下水水化学组分的重要来源,人类活动则加剧了地下水水化学的演变.     

黄河流域内蒙古段水化学同位素特征及水体转化关系

以黄河流域内蒙古段为研究区,于2021年7月（丰水季）和10月（枯水季）采集降水、黄河干流、黄河支流与季节性河流、乌梁素海、哈素海、岱海、灌区渠系和地下水等水样,测试不同类型水体的水化学组成和氢氧同位素值.综合运用Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比例和MixSIAR混合模型等研究方法,分析了黄河流域内蒙古段水化学演变规律,并揭示降水、地表水和地下水的转化关系.结果表明,研究区地下水和地表水均偏弱碱性,水体中优势阴离子为Cl^-,优势阳离子为Na⁺,地表水水化学类型以Cl ·SO₄-Na ·Mg和SO₄ ·HCO₃-Na ·Mg为主,地下水水化学类型以Cl ·SO₄-Na ·Mg和SO₄ ·HCO₃-Na ·Ca.地下水Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺主要来源于硅酸盐和蒸发岩的溶解,地表水Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺主要源于碳酸盐岩溶解,且水中碳酸和硫酸参与了碳酸盐矿物和硫化矿物溶解的过程,不同水体Na⁺和Cl^-均受人为污染源的影响.受季节效应影响,地表水和地下水δD和δ¹⁸ O丰水期较枯水期高,研究表明,地表水在接受大气降水补给后受到了蒸发分馏作用的影响,地下水补给源复杂.MixSIAR模型揭示出,研究区地表水是地下水的主要补给来源,占总补给量的52.4%~62.2%,大气降水是地表水的主要补给来源,占总补给量的85.4%~97.1%.     

汾河流域地表水水化学同位素特征及其影响因素

汾河是山西的母亲河.由于水资源过度开发及社会经济发展影响,生态环境恶化.经过一系列治理保护措施,水质得到改善.利用统计学、Piper三线图和Gibbs模型等方法,分析了汾河流域地表水水化学和氢氧同位素特征及其来源,揭示了汾河流域地表水水质演化过程.结果表明,汾河干流地表水中主要水化学组分沿着径流路径含量逐渐增加;汾河上游地表水水化学类型主要以HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Ca·Na·Mg为主,中游和下游地表水水化学类型主要以SO₄·HCO₃·Cl-Ca·Na·Mg为主.汾河流域地表水水化学组成主要受岩石风化作用和蒸发结晶作用影响,而降雨影响较小.Na⁺和K⁺主要来源于蒸发盐岩的溶解以及周边黄土中含Na矿物溶解,水体中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和HCO₃^-主要来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解,SO₄^2-除来源于石膏的溶解,还可能来源于汾河周边黄土层中硫化矿物的溶解.干流地表水δD和δ¹⁸ O平均值分别为-62.60‰和-8.42‰,氢氧同位素特征进一步表明其主要受蒸发作用的影响.流域内支流及岩溶水水化学组分差异较大.结果可为汾河流域生态修复保护及生态文明建设提供依据.     

贵州乌都河流域雨季河水水化学特征及其控制因素

乌都河是贵州西部典型的矿业型岩溶山地流域.对乌都河流域干流、支流、泉水和矿井水进行采样分析,通过Gibbs图、Piper图和数理统计分析等方法,研究了乌都河流域水化学特征及控制因素,并计算了不同因子对河水的贡献率.结果表明,乌都河流域水体pH值范围为7.87~8.52,均值为8.14;ρ（TDS）范围为135~243 mg ·L^-1,均值为191.7 mg ·L^-1.天然河水和泉水中阳离子以Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺为主,阴离子以HCO₃^-为主,水化学类型为HCO₃-Ca型;但受矿业活动影响后,部分支流河水中阳离子以Ca²⁺和Na⁺为主,水化学类型过渡为HCO₃ ·SO₄-Ca和HCO₃ ·SO₄-Ca ·Na型.乌都河流域河水离子组分受矿井水排放和阳离子交换作用、碳酸盐岩风化、硅酸盐岩风化和农业施肥这4个因子的影响.矿井水中具有较高浓度的SO₄^2-和Na⁺,是乌都河支流河水中SO₄^2-和Na⁺的主要来源.化学物质平衡法计算表明,碳酸盐岩风化的贡献率为44.12%~86.92%,均值为74.32%;矿业活动的贡献率为3.28%~37.07%,均值为11.61%;碳酸盐岩风化是乌都河流域河水水化学的主控因素,矿业活动对河水水化学组分也有不可忽视的贡献.大气降水、硅酸盐岩风化、农业活动和生活污水的贡献率均值分别为3.75%、4.67%、2.85%和2.81%,对流域水化学的影响有限.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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