紫色土旱坡地油菜/玉米轮作下氮流失的年际变化特征

明确三峡库区紫色土旱坡地氮流失的年际变化特征,为库区的施肥管理措施和面源污染治理提供参考.依托中国科学院成都山地灾害与环境研究所三峡库区试验站,于2018～2020年连续3 a设置不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(F)、优化施肥(OF)、化肥减量配施生物炭(BF)和化肥减量配施秸秆覆盖(SF)5种处理,研究紫色土旱坡地在油菜-玉米轮作模式下氮流失的年际变化特征.结果表明：(1)三峡库区紫色土旱坡地地表径流主要发生在5月和8月,壤中流主要发生在6～10月. 2018～2020年降雨量逐年增加,各处理地表径流产流量逐年减少,壤中流产流量大致呈逐年增加的趋势,年尺度下,壤中流产流量和产流次数均高于地表径流.(2)2018～2020年每年各形态氮的最高流失浓度出现时间大概一致,地表径流全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮最高流失浓度分别出现在5、 8～10和7月,壤中流各形态氮最高流失浓度分别出现在10、 10和5～7月.(3)地表径流各形态氮流失通量呈逐年降低趋势,壤中流各形态氮流失通量大致逐年增加.(4)生物炭和秸秆还田第一年降低氮流失通量的效果较好,但后续两年还田反而加剧了氮素流失通量.因此,三峡库区紫色土旱坡...     

减磷配施有机肥对紫色土旱坡地磷素流失的消减效应

采用野外径流小区对紫色土旱坡地2014年雨季(5~8月)3次典型降雨产流进行定点监测,研究了优化施肥(P)、优化施肥+猪粪有机肥(MP)、优化施肥+秸秆还田(SP)、优化施肥量氮磷钾均减20%+猪粪有机肥(MDP)、优化施肥量氮磷钾均减20%+秸秆还田(SDP)、不施磷肥(P0)等不同方案对紫色土旱坡地地表径流和壤中流磷素流失的影响.结果表明,壤中流是雨季径流主要输出途径,而次降雨地表径流总磷(TP)平均含量和流失负荷都远高于壤中流;地表径流磷素流失是紫色土旱坡地雨季磷素流失主要方式.发现减磷配施有机肥对紫色土旱坡地坡面径流中磷素流失有显著消减效应,SDP、MDP分别比优化施肥P的总磷含量降低57%和48%,配施秸秆效果好于配施猪粪有机肥.次降雨磷素平均流失负荷为0.01~0.26kg·hm~(-2),磷素平均流失负荷表现为PMPSPMDPSDPP0.减磷配施猪粪和秸秆有机肥对土壤磷素地表径流损失具有显著消减效应,但增加壤中流磷素淋失风险.     

紫色土旱坡地氮流失通量对减肥配施秸秆的响应

紫色土旱坡地被认为是三峡库区泥沙和面源污染的主要来源地,加强对紫色土旱坡地壤中流和地表径流中氮流失特征的研究,对防控三峡库区的面源污染有重要的现实意义.依托中科院成都山地所忠县石宝寨试验站的紫色土旱坡地定位径流小区,设置不施肥（CK）、常规施肥（T₁）、优化施肥（T₂）和减肥配施秸秆（T₃）这4种不同的处理,通过监测在油菜-玉米轮作制度下紫色土旱坡地壤中流和地表径流的流失通量、各次径流不同氮形态的流失浓度和流失通量,研究紫色土旱坡地氮流失通量对减肥配施秸秆的响应.结果表明,壤中流径流量占总径流量的比例达到60.14%~88.56%,壤中流氮流失通量占全氮流失通量的72.88%~92.35%.铵态氮主要通过地表径流的方式流失,硝态氮主要通过壤中流的方式流失且是氮流失的主要形态.不同处理的铵态氮和硝态氮流失通量均呈现出T₁ > T₂ > T₃ > CK,T₃处理的氮流失通量为20.07 kg·（hm²·a）^-1,较T₁和T₂分别下降了43.59%和39.55%.减肥配施秸秆显著降低了紫色土旱坡地铵态氮、硝态氮和全氮的流失通量,对紫色土旱坡地雨季径流中氮流失有显著的消减效应.     

紫色土旱坡地不同坡位土壤有机碳组分含量对施肥管理的响应

紫色土旱坡地作为三峡地区的主要耕地类型,其土壤肥力直接决定着作物产量.为探究不同施肥处理对紫色土旱坡地不同坡位土壤有机碳组分含量的影响,在中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所三峡库区试验站开展田间试验,设置5个处理：不施肥（CK）、常规施肥（T₁）、优化施肥（T₂）、85%优化施肥配施生物炭（T₃）和85%优化施肥配施秸秆（T₄）,研究不同施肥处理下土壤团聚体组成及不同坡位土壤总有机碳、可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳含量间的差异.结果表明：①施肥均能增加土壤大团聚体含量,提高土壤有机碳含量,以T₃和T₄处理尤为显著.② CK、T₁和T₂处理的土壤有机碳含量均表现为：下坡位>中坡位>上坡位,而T₃和T₄处理土壤有机碳均是在中坡位含量最大.③随着坡位的降低,CK、T₁、T₂和T₃处理土壤可溶性有机碳含量呈增加趋势,CK、T₁、T₂和T₄处理土壤微生物量碳呈增加趋势,而T₃处理土壤微生物量碳在坡面上的分布为中坡位最高,下坡位其次.总体上,生物炭和秸秆处理均能显著提高土壤碳含量,且能延缓土壤碳素在坡面迁移,对改善三峡库区紫色土旱坡地土壤质量和减少水环境污染具有指导意义.     

生物炭施用对紫色土旱坡地土壤氮流失形态及通量的影响

明确生物炭施用对紫色土旱坡地土壤氮流失形态及通量的影响,为提升紫色土旱坡地耕地质量及减少紫色土旱坡地农业面源污染发生风险提供科学依据.以油菜/玉米轮作农田生态系统为研究对象,通过田间试验,研究了不施肥(对照)、常规施肥、优化施肥及生物炭(化肥减量配施生物炭)这4个处理对紫色土旱坡地地表径流和壤中流氮素流失形态及通量的影响.结果表明:①在各施肥处理中,常规处理总径流量最大,为16 133 L·a~(-1),生物炭处理总径流量最小,为11 893 L·a~(-1).各施肥处理以壤中流为主要径流方式,壤中流流失量占总流失量的61.80%～68.60%;与对照(不施肥处理)相比,其余各施肥处理泥沙流失量均有所降低,其中常规处理降低的效果最明显.②铵态氮主要通过地表径流流失,占总流失通量的86.51%～96.58%;铵态氮流失通量最大的为施生物炭处理[0.69 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)].③各施肥处理产流中的颗粒态氮浓度均高于对照处理,且常规施肥处理的颗粒态氮流失通量最大,为2.87 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1).④各施肥处理的壤中流和地表径流中的全氮浓度和硝态氮浓度均存在极显著正相关关系(P0.01).硝态氮是全氮流失的主要形态,且二者均以壤中流为主要流失途径;全氮通过壤中流流失占比为72.86%～89.13%,且常规施肥处理的全氮总流失通量最大,为35.58 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),而施生物炭处理全氮总流失通量最小,为21.49 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1).化肥减量配施生物炭能明显降低径流量和氮的流失通量,可有效阻控农业面源污染发生的风险.     

生物炭和秸秆还田对紫色土旱坡地土壤团聚体与有机碳的影响

明确生物炭和秸秆还田对未利用的新垦紫色土旱坡地土壤团聚体和有机碳的影响,为三峡库区土壤改良提供科学依据.采用田间试验方法,分析不施肥（CK）、常规施肥（NPK）、优化施肥（GNPK）、化肥减量配施秸秆（RSD）和化肥减量配施生物炭（BC）处理对不同粒径土壤团聚体含量及其有机碳贡献率的影响.结果表明,施肥可提高土壤养分含量水平,尤以RSD和BC处理最为显著;各处理以<0.25 mm粒级团聚体为优势粒级,施肥能显著增加5~0.5 mm粒级团聚体含量,提高平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）和R_0.25（>0.25 mm团聚体含量）值,降低分形维数（D）和土壤结构体破坏率（PAD_0.25）值（P<0.05）;施肥能显著提高土壤有机碳含量,其中BC （6.73 g ·kg^-1）和RSD （5.45 g ·kg^-1）效果显著优于NPK （5.05 g ·kg^-1）和GNPK （3.63 g ·kg^-1）;<0.25 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率最高（34.92%~59.49%）,>5 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率最低（1.55%~6.01%）,BC处理显著提高了5~2 mm和2~1 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率（P<0.05）,而NPK、RSD和GNPK在0.5~0.25 mm贡献率提升最为显著（P<0.05）;各施肥处理均能提高油菜和玉米产量,年际间差异较大,但处理间差异不显著;土壤团聚体稳定性和作物产量随土壤有机碳的增加呈上升趋势.生物炭和秸秆还田能促进土壤中,大、中团聚体形成,有效提高土壤团聚体稳定性,增加土壤有机碳含量,促进作物增产,是改良紫色土土壤结构、提升土壤质量的有效措施.     

化肥减量对紫色土坡耕地磷素流失的影响

采用人工径流小区对紫色土坡耕地降雨产流、磷素流失浓度进行定点观测,研究不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(T1)、优化施肥(T2)、化肥减量配施秸秆(T3) 4种不同处理对紫色土坡耕地磷素在地表径流、壤中流中流失的影响.结果表明,壤中流是紫色土坡耕地的主要产流方式,占比高达70%以上,其中磷素主要通过泥沙、地表径流2个途径流失.化肥减量配施秸秆处理的全磷流失通量为0.412kg/(hm²·a),相比其他施肥处理下降了29.37%~62.62%;正磷酸盐流失通量表现为优化施肥>常规施肥>化肥减量配施秸秆>不施肥,其地表径流流失通量占比达到55.35%~84.65%;化肥减量配施秸秆处理下地表径流中颗粒态磷流失通量最低,为0.032kg/(hm²·a),相比于常规施肥和优化施肥处理,显著下降了70.92%和60.28%;化肥减量配施秸秆处理不仅对地表径流中的磷素流失具有很好的消减效应,对壤中流中的磷素流失同样具有很好的消减效应,配施秸秆处理下壤中流全磷平均流失通量最小,为0.031kg/(hm²·a).因此,化肥减量配施秸秆对于控制三峡库区紫色土坡耕地磷素流失,降低库区农田土壤污染和水体富营养化风险具有可行性.     

化肥减量配施生物炭和秸秆增加了坡耕地壤中流磷流失风险

紫色土坡耕地是中国西南地区的重要农耕用地,也是三峡库区农业非点源污染的主要来源地之一,采取合理的措施控制其土壤养分流失对该区域非点源污染治理具有重要意义.以紫色土坡耕地为研究对象,通过3 a(2018～2020年)大田试验,设置不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(CF)、优化施肥(OF)、生物炭+优化施肥减量15%(BF)和秸秆+优化施肥减量15%(SF)这5个处理,对自然降雨条件下坡耕地地表径流(0～20 cm)和壤中流(20～60 cm)磷流失规律进行监测与评估.结果表明,施肥减少了紫色土坡耕地产沙量和地表径流流失通量,但增加了壤中流流失通量.地表径流正磷酸盐(PO^3-₄-P)、全磷(TP)和颗粒态磷(PP)总流失通量以BF处理最高,SF处理最低.各施肥处理壤中流磷流失通量均高于CK处理,且PO^3-₄-P和TP流失通量以BF处理最高(213.88 g·hm^-2和694.54 g·hm^-2),其次为OF和SF处理.冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,地表径流流失通量和生物...     

化肥减量配施生物炭对紫色土坡耕地磷流失的影响

磷是农作物生长所必需的营养元素,但过量磷的投入是造成水体富营养化问题的重要原因.探究实际生产中施肥方式与磷素流失之间的关系,为科学施肥和合理减施化肥提供理论依据.本试验采用野外径流小区对紫色土坡耕地2017～2018年度多次降雨产流产沙进行定点监测,研究了不施肥处理、常规施肥处理、优化施肥处理和减量施肥配施生物炭4种不同方案对紫色土坡耕地壤中流、地表径流和泥沙磷素流失的影响.结果表明:①各处理的产流总量表现为:优化(20 737.23 L)常规(18 513.17 L)CK(18 134.58 L)生物炭(13 594.85 L),各处理的产沙总量表现为:CK(1998kg·hm~(-2))生物炭(1 884 kg·hm~(-2))优化(1 681kg·hm~(-2))常规(910kg·hm~(-2)).壤中流是紫色土坡耕地雨季产流的主要类型,占到总产流量的60.14%～87.34%,各处理的产沙总量除常规外,其他处理不存在显著性差异(P0.05).②各处理的全磷流失通量均表现为泥沙地表径流壤中流.通过壤中流流失的磷素最少,只占全磷流失通量的2.63%～12.91%,而泥沙磷素流失通量占比可达63.74%～78.74%,是紫色土坡耕地土壤磷素流失的主要输出途经.③配施生物炭可以有效减少紫色土坡耕地土壤的壤中流产流量,以及壤中流的正磷酸盐的流失通量,较常规处理分别减少49.94%和56.45%.但是对地表径流的截留效果不佳,对颗粒态磷的流失通量无明显影响,同时增加了地表径流与泥沙中的全磷流失通量,较常规处理显著增加73.28%和123.53%(P0.05).因此,为控制西南地区紫色土坡耕地磷的流失,应着重减少土壤泥沙流失的发生.而生物碳在农业生产实际应用中也应进一步优化与化肥磷素投入配比.     

不同改良剂对酸性紫色土团聚体和有机碳的影响

研究不同改良剂对酸性紫色土团聚体和有机碳变化特征的影响,为酸性紫色土修复提供科学依据.以紫色土为研究对象,设置不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（F）、化肥配施石灰（SF）、化肥配施有机肥（OM）、化肥配施生物炭（BF）和化肥配施酒糟灰渣（JZ）共6个处理.比较不同改良剂施用下酸性紫色土的团聚体组成情况,以及各粒级团聚体有机碳分布规律,结合团聚体稳定性指标,明确不同改良剂对酸化紫色土团聚体结构的影响.结果表明,施肥处理均显著提高土壤pH,以JZ处理效果最显著,施肥均显著提高土壤有机质含量,以OM处理效果最好,BF和OM处理显著降低土壤容重,同时SF和BF处理显著提高土壤含水率（P < 0.05）;各处理均以 < 0.25 mm粒级团聚体为优势粒级,施肥能显著提高大团聚体（直径 > 0.25 mm的团聚状结构单位）的含量,同时施肥处理均显著提高了土壤几何平均直径（GMD）、平均重量直径（MWD）和R_0.25值（> 0.25 mm团聚体含量）,降低分形维数（D）和团聚体破坏率（PAD）值（P < 0.05）,促进了土壤团聚体的团聚化和稳定性,以OM处理效果最好;与CK处理相比,施肥能显著提高土壤有机碳含量31.71%~209.67%,其中以OM处理最显著;不同处理土壤有机碳主要分布在大团聚体中,与CK处理相比,各处理显著提高大团聚体中有机碳贡献率为19.34%~47.76%,其中OM处理效果最为显著（P < 0.05）.综合来看,化肥配施有机肥能促进酸性紫色土大团聚体的形成,提高土壤团聚体稳定性,增加土壤有机碳含量,是改善酸性紫色土土壤结构和提升土壤质量的有效措施.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.