长三角典型站点冬季大气PM2.5中OC、EC污染特征

对2015年1月9日~2015年1月31日临安、南京和苏州3个站点采集的PM_(2.5)样品(共计279组),使用热光反射法(thermal/optical reflectance,TOR)分析了样品中有机碳(OC)与元素碳(EC)的含量,并研究了长三角地区冬季PM_(2.5)中OC和EC的污染特征.结果表明,采样期间临安、南京和苏州的PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度分别为(123.56±61.11)、(144.77±62.91)和(156.5±68.97)μg·m-3,均超过我国《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)规定的PM_(2.5)日均值75μg·m-3;其中3个站点OC与EC的平均质量浓度依次分别为(21.93±11.69)/(6±3.6)、(20.32±10.3)/(5.39±3.07)和(27.08±14.35)/(6.4±4.29)μg·m-3.临安作为长三角大气环境背景点,OC与EC的污染也较为严重.3个站点OC与EC的相关性为临安(R2=0.83)、南京(R2=0.72)和苏州(R2=0.72),表明冬季长三角地区的碳质气溶胶的来源较为一致和稳定.3个站点样品中的OC/EC值均大于2.0,样品的OC/EC值主要分布在2.5~6.0这个区间内,表明燃煤源和机动车尾气排放源是OC与EC的主要来源.使用EC示踪法估算临安、南京和苏州3个站点的二次有机碳(SOC)平均质量浓度分别为(9.23±5.26)、(6.82±4.36)和(12.56±7.52)μg·m-3,在OC中占比为42%、34%和46%,表明SOC是OC的重要组成部分.后向轨迹显示,PM_(2.5)、OC和EC的质量浓度与主要气团的传输路径有较好的相关性,自空气质量较差区域气团的PM_(2.5)、OC和EC的质量浓度是来自空气质量较好区域的1.14~1.7倍、1.55~2.1倍和1.94~2.47倍.     

上海城区和临安本底站PM_(2.5)的物化特征及来源解析

2008年4月在上海城区(徐家汇)和浙江临安大气污染本底站2个地区同步采集PM2.5样品,利用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM/EDS)和同步辐射相关技术对两地PM2.5的微观形貌、化学元素组成及来源,以及重金属元素Zn的价态进行了分析.结果表明,徐家汇、临安的PM2.5平均质量浓度分别为(131.6±65.2),(83.5±22.9)μg/m3.徐家汇地区PM2.5主要由烟尘、飞灰、矿物质等组成;临安地区PM2.5中主要为不规则形貌颗粒物.上海城区PM2.5中重金属元素的浓度明显高于临安地区样品.同步辐射X射线吸收近边结构谱的结果显示,两地PM2.5中的Zn元素都以ZnSO4为主要存在形式.富集因子法分析19种元素中,除K、Ca外,其他元素在PM2.5中富集程度上海均高于临安地区.     

霾与轻雾天气下水溶性离子的组分特征——冬季长江三角洲地区一次污染过程分析

于2015年1月9~31日同步采集了南京、苏州和临安3个站点的PM2.5样品,深入探讨冬季长江三角洲地区霾与轻雾天气下水溶性离子(Na~+、NH_4~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、NO_2~-、F~-、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-))的理化特征并进一步分析其来源及形成机制.结果表明:冬季长三角地区颗粒物污染严重,采样期间南京、苏州及临安PM2.5日均浓度分别为(150.54±53.56)、(159.37±58.39)和(123.64±53.25)μg/m~3,是国家环境空气质量二级标准的(2.13±0.71)、(2.01±0.77)和(1.65±0.71)倍.轻雾天PM_(2.5)及总水溶性离子(TWSIs)质量浓度较霾天显著上升,其中尤以二次离子(SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+和NO_3~-)浓度增长最多,分别是霾天的1.70、1.62和1.48倍,相对湿度(RH)的升高对南京二次离子浓度的影响最大.3个站点轻雾天原位p H值分别为2.55、2.44和2.5,均高于霾天,由于其颗粒物含水量较高导致酸性较弱;其硫氧化率(SOR)与氮氧化率(NOR)也均大于霾天.RH与SOR间较高的相关性表明观测期间硫酸盐主要通过非均相氧化反应生成,轻雾天颗粒物中较高的液水含量很可能促进了这一反应的发生.在前人研究的基础上通过NOR与NH_4~+的高相关性以及对过量NH_4~+和NO_3~-间拟合直线的分析,推断NO_3~-主要通过气相均相反应生成,而轻雾天较弱的酸度可能更有利于这一反应的发生.     

冬季PM_(2.5)中含碳气溶胶的污染特征——长江三角洲地区一次区域重污染过程分析

2015年1月16~26日长江三角洲(以下简称长三角)地区出现了一次持续区域性重污染过程,为研究重污染过程期间含碳气溶胶的区域分布特征及其来源.使用中流量采样器分别对南京、苏州和临安1月13~28日PM2.5进行了连续采样,并使用Model 2001A热/光碳分析仪分析了样品中的有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)含量.结果表明:长江三角洲地区冬季重污染过程中以PM_(2.5)污染为主,南京、苏州、临安PM_(2.5)的平均浓度分别为176.84,176.65,158.07μg/m~3,是清洁天的1.91、2.01和2.97倍.含碳气溶胶是PM_(2.5)的重要组成部分,总碳(TC,TC=OC+EC)占PM_(2.5)的比例分别为南京(18%)、苏州(21%)、临安(23%).轻度污染天和中/重度污染天,长三角地区PM_(2.5)中OC的平均浓度分别为20.75,32.64μg/m~3,为清洁天的1.66和2.61倍;EC的平均浓度分别为5.41,8.87μg/m~3,为清洁天的2.06和3.37倍.污染过程中不同碳组分的变化特征不同.一次有机碳(POC)、二次有机碳(SOC)、焦炭(Char-EC)的浓度随着污染程度的加剧而不断上升;烟炱(Soot-EC)随着污染程度变化较小.4个采样时段中,OC、EC浓度峰值出现于15:00~20:40时段.污染期间,长三角地区含碳气溶胶的主要来源为燃煤和机动车尾气,同时还有部分生物质燃烧源的影响,柴油车尾气的影响较弱.清洁天,影响长三角地区的气团主要来自于海洋上空,气团较为清洁,碳气溶胶来源简单;污染天气团主要来自于我国西北地区及长三角周边省份,受到外来输送与本地源排放的影响,使得碳气溶胶来源变得相对复杂.     

临安夏季霾和清洁天气PM2.5化学组成特征比较

本研究对长江三角洲背景地区临安大气本底站夏季PM_(2.5)进行连续采集,并对其分别进行OC/EC和水溶性离子测试分析.研究结果发现,临安夏季PM_(2.5)中OC和EC平均质量浓度分别为(14.3±3.95)μg·m-3和(3.33±1.47)μg·m-3.与城市地区相比,本研究临安背景地区夏季气溶胶中OC和EC相关性较弱(R2=0.31,P0.01).二次无机离子,即SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH_4~+(SNA),明显高于其它水溶性无机离子,平均浓度分别为(8.70±5.66)、(2.04±1.07)和(3.25±2.29)μg·m-3.基于对临安夏季PM_(2.5)连续加密观测、气团后向轨迹以及火点图研究分析,发现静稳天气条件和区域传输都可以影响临安地区PM_(2.5)的化学组成特征.此外,通过对临安本底站霾天和清洁天PM_(2.5)化学组成特征比较发现,与清洁天相比,霾污染天气POC和EC占PM_(2.5)的质量分数没有明显变化,而SOC占PM_(2.5)的质量分数却呈现了明显的下降趋势.与SOC不同,SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+占PM_(2.5)的质量分数在霾污染天气均呈现了上升的趋势,说明二次无机离子有另一种明显增强的化学生成路径,即非均相化学反应.     

北京市近地层颗粒物浓度与气溶胶光学厚度相关性分析研究

利用2009年北京市大气颗粒物质量浓度和气溶胶光学特性的同步观测研究发现,北京市城区颗粒物污染严重.PM2.5、PM10年平均浓度分别为(65±14)、(117±31)μg·m-3,均超出国家2016年拟执行环境空气质量二级标准,PM2.5、PM10日均值超标率分别为35%、26%.细粒子PM2.5污染与可吸入颗粒物PM10污染呈显著性相关,相关系数R约为0.90(P<0.001),二者相关性伴随PM2.5在PM10中所占比重自春季到冬季逐渐增大而增强,年均PM2.5占PM10比重为61%.气溶胶光学厚度AOD(500 nm)与气溶胶波长指数(α)年均值分别为(0.55±0.10)、(1.12±0.08).PM2.5、PM10与AOD间全年及各季节均呈显著线性相关,相关系数R≥0.50;但其相关系数与相关函数存在着显著的季节差异,夏秋季节相关性显著高于春冬季节,且全年相关会掩盖较大的季节性系统差异.对PM2.5、PM10数据进行湿度订正,对AOD进行混合层高度订正,PM2.5、PM10与AOD之间的相关性得到一定提升,且更适合指数相关.     

珠江三角洲地区亚运期间颗粒物污染特征

为研究2010年广州亚运会期间珠江三角洲地区颗粒物污染特征,2010年11月11日—30日分别在广州市区城市点及下风向鹤山区域点采集24h颗粒物样品,对其主要化学组分(有机碳OC、元素碳EC和水溶性离子)进行测量.结果显示,观测期间广州和鹤山PM2.5平均质量浓度分别为(73.3±16.5)μg·m-3和(98.2±20.8)μg·m-3.鹤山PM10平均浓度高达131.6μg·m-3,且PM2.5占PM10的74%,表明区域PM2.5污染凸显.广州和鹤山PM2.5中二次无机离子(SNA)分别占39%和42%,有机物(OM)分别占31%和26%,EC分别占5%和6%.根据EC示踪法粗略估算,广州和鹤山PM2.5中一次有机碳POC分别占15%和13%,二次有机碳SOC分别占4%和3%.总体上,广州和鹤山PM2.5中二次生成(SNA+SOA)均约占50%,表明珠江三角洲地区PM2.5区域性二次污染的特征.广州市区PM2.5及SNA、Cl-和EC明显低于区域点鹤山浓度水平;与2004年同期研究(PRIDE-PRD2004)结果相比,气象条件相似,而广州市区PM2.5及EC浓度分别显著降低达29.6μg·m-3(29%)和3.5μg·m-3(49%),反映出亚运期间一次排放得到有效控制.     

成都市城区PM2.5中二次水溶性无机离子污染特征

2009年4月~2010年1月在成都市城区采集131个PM2.5样品,应用离子色谱法对PM2.5中二次水溶性无机离子(NH+4、NO-3和SO2-4)含量进行分析,并探讨其污染特征.结果表明,PM2.5中NH+4、NO-3和SO2-4的平均浓度值分别为(10.4±8.6)、(19.7±14.6)和(32.8±21.8)μg·m-3,分别占PM2.5质量的(5.5±2.8)%、(11.1±3.5)%和(19.3±6.4)%,三者总和占PM2.5质量浓度的(35.9±12.7)%.PM2.5中NH+4、NO-3和SO2-4的季节变化特征明显,夏、冬两季NH+4、NO-3和SO2-4的浓度均为SO2-4>NO-3>NH+4,其总和占PM2.5质量浓度的百分比为冬(44.3%)>夏(39.4%).相关分析结果显示,NH+4、NO-3和SO2-4在成都主要以NH4HSO4、(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3形式存在;NO-3/SO2-4比值表明,成都市大气中硫和氮的主要来源以固定源为主;硫氧化速率和氮氧化速率的年均值分别为:0.33±0.12和0.19±0.09,表明成都市PM2.5中SO2-4和NO-3主要经二次转化形成.     

南京冬季典型霾天气过程多元对比分析

选取2017～2020南京地区冬季3个典型霾天气过程,综合分析了霾天气过程中污染物、气象要素以及边界层条件等影响机制与特征变化.结果表明,3次过程中,AQI指数峰值分别为304(严重污染)、227(重度污染)与176(中度污染),且与PM2.5、PM10浓度变化基本趋于一致,PM25与PM10比值基本都大于0.7;污染...     

万州城区夏季、冬季PM_(2.5)中有机碳和元素碳的浓度特征

在位于三峡库区腹心的山地城市万州城区采集夏季和冬季PM2.5样品,采用热光反射法(Thermal Optical Reflection,TOR)测定了PM2.5中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的浓度,探讨了其污染特征及来源.结果发现,OC和EC在夏季的平均浓度分别为(7.09±1.86)μg·m-3和(3.49±0.64)μg·m-3;冬季分别为(16.82±6.87)μg·m-3和(6.21±2.06)μg·m-3,高于夏季,这可能与冬季当地居民生物质燃烧的贡献显著增加有关.冬季OC和EC显著线性相关(r=0.89),表明冬季两者的一次污染来源相近.冬季PM2.5中总碳(TC)和水溶性K+含量的相关性(r=0.88)高于夏季(r=0.69),表明冬季生物质燃烧对碳污染贡献显著.利用OC/EC比值法对二次有机碳(SOC)进行估算,SOC的浓度均值在夏季为(2.17±1.46)μg·m-3,占OC比例为28.18%±13.85%;冬季为(4.46±3.69)μg·m-3,占OC的23.13%±12.30%.通过计算PM2.5中8个碳组分丰度,初步判断机动车尾气排放和生物质燃烧是万州城区碳组分的主要来源.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.